special senses. olfactory (smell) receptors pathways discrimination
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Gustation (taste) Papillae
Receptors Taste buds
Basal cells (stem cells)
Gustatory cells Taste pore Survive 10 days
Discrimination
Primary taste sensations Bitter Sour Salty Sweet
Secondary taste sensation Umami Water
Aging
Vision Accessory structures
Palpebrae (eyelids) Medial/lateral canthus
(corners of your eye) Eyelashes Tarsal glands Lacrimal caruncle
Thick fluid
Conjunctiva Conjunctivitis
Palpebral conjuctiva
Cornea
Eye Iris
Pupil (opening) Constrictor muscles Dilator muscles
Retina Photoreceptors
Rods Cones
Optic disc Blind spot
Chamber of the eye Anterior Posterior
Lens Cataracts
Refraction (light is bent) Focal point
Accommodation Astigmatism
Image reversal
Visual acuity
Visual Physiology
Recovery after stimulation Bleaching Night blindness
Color vision Blue cones Green cones Red cones Color blindness
http://colorvisiontesting.com/ishihara.htm
http://www.color-blindness.com/ishihara-38-plates-cvd-test/#prettyPhoto
http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/games/illusions/lots_of_illusions.htm
Visual pathway
Visual Physiology
Central processing of visual informationField of vision
Depth perceptionBrain stem and
visual processingCircadian rhythm
Equilibrium and Hearing
External ear Auricle Acoustic canal Tympanic membrane Ceruminous glands Cerumen
Middle ear Tympanic cavity Auditory tube Auditory ossicles
Malleus, incus, stapes
Inner ear Bony labyrinth Cochlea
Equilibrium Semicircular ducts
Hair cells
Utricle and saccule Receptors for gravity
and balance
Pathways for sensations vestibular
Hearing
Cochlear Duct
Introduction to sound Amplitude: how high
the wave travels Wavelength: top of
one wave to the next
Frequency/Pitch: how many times the wavelength repeats in a second
Decibels (amt of energy)
Hearing Hearing Process
Spiral ganglion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkPj4IGbmQQ&
feature=related
Auditory pathways Cochlear branch
Auditory sensitivity
Hearing Process Step 1: Sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane.
Step 2: Movement of the tympanic membrane causes displacement of the auditory ossicles. In this way, sound is amplified.
Step 3: Movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves of the vestibular duct.
Step 4: The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct. Information about frequency is translated into information about position along the basilar membrane.
Step 5: Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells leading to the release of neurotransmitters and thus to the stimulation of sensory neurons. The number of hair cells responding provides information on the intensity of the sound.
Step 6: Information about the region and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII).