Special Report on ICSSR sponsored Course on Research Methodology in Social Sciences

Organized by Department of Sociology

Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur from 1st March to 10th March, 2016 organised the course on Research Methodology in Social Sciences. Dr. Jagan Karade, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology worked as Course Director and Dr. Pratibha Desai, Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology as Course Co-director. This course on ‘Research Methodology in Social Sciences’ was designed to impart knowledge for scientific research to integrate qualitative and quantitative approaches in research and orient the young researchers to new advanced techniques for precise, rational and scientific research. It also aimed to train the scholars with advance statistical packages including SPSS for using in various fields and sub fields of social sciences. It was particularly meant for those who are engaged in survey research and have some basic knowledge of data processing, analysis and interpretation.

The purpose of the course was to make aware and help the concern scholars with basic features of computerized database management system and simultaneously concentrating on the usage of computers in data analysis and data interpretation.

The course included a combination of theoretical lectures and respective practical on computers and a few commonly available and need based computer applications for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data both. The delegates were given some research project and the data generated was used for application of various statistical concepts and techniques. It was to be from simple uni-variate to more complex multi-variate techniques of data interpretation. Excel and SPSS both be used for data processing and analysis.

The course was operated through theoretical lectures on research methodology and practical applications of different research modules and statistical techniques. The participants were provided with some data generated and computers for application of discussed research methodology. Group participation, field survey as well as research paper writing techniques also executed as per the itinerary of the event. Objectives of the Course: 1. Philosophy of enquiry and scientific knowledge. 2. Social science research designs and techniques. 3. Data collection and data analysis. 4. Use of the Statistical Package in Social Science research. 5. Developing and Presenting Academic Writings. Selection of Participants:

Only 30 seats were available for the course as per rules given by ICSSR, New Delhi. Registered Ph. D. students of any recognized Indian university/ research institute from any branch of Social Sciences could be invited for this training workshop. The candidates with its basic knowledge of statistics and computer application and belonging to Scheduled Caste community from the nearby states e.g. Karnataka, Goa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh were given preference.

With these parameters, 30 interested and eligible candidates were selected. Out of 30, initially 10 were local and 20 were outstation participants from Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat and other universities of Maharashtra. There was no registration fee and selected candidates were provided accommodation at University guest house and travel allowances were given to outstation participants. Selected participants’ disciplines were Sociology, Political Science, History, Economics, Geography, Commerce, Management and Mass Communication. The Course Content of the Resource Persons

Eminent Resource persons with good academic and research background were invited for course. Total 28 resource persons were invited and 35 lectures were conducted. Out of 28 resources persons, one was acting Chancellor, four former Vice Chancellors and directors of reputed research institutes such as Centre for

Social Studies, Surat, TALEEM, Ahmadabad. While inviting resource persons preference was given from resource persons from research pool. On the demand of students four extra lectures on plagiarism, research ethics and SPSS were conducted. First session on 01-03-2016: Dr. D.N. Dhanagare

The first session started by eminent personality Dr. D.N. Dhanagare, former Vice Chancellor of Shivaji University, Kolhapur. He delivered lecture on “Nature of scientific method and its application to social phenomenon and nature importance and scope of Research”. The resource person gave initial steps to researchers, what to do what not to do in research. Research scholars have lot of confusions in their minds while selecting topic, even after selecting topic many research scholars will be in doubt where my the topic is selected for my study is correct or not. But the honourable resource person gave clear cut view to all researchers. He also explained the difference between

history and myth and the application in research. Second session on 01-03-2016: Dr. S.M. Dahiwale Pre-lunch session was taken by Dr. S.M. Dahiwale, Retired Professor, Department of Sociology. He spoke on “Types of Research: Historical, Analytical, Interdisciplinary, Evaluative, Participative and Action Research.” The resource person explained the importance of scientific research method; he said that scientific method is a method which give the systematic frame our research work and also he was spoke about historical method, in that he said historical aspect is subjective interpretation of an action plan e.g: 1. It explains about social mobility, 2. Occupational mobility etc. Analytical research is method analysing/ interpreting the fact as the view of researcher and giving the fact to the world. He said that establishing the fact is real research. Interdisciplinary research is having more value in this 21st century, the world changing so fast and opportunities becoming so critical. In this competitive world inter-disciplinary research gives more value to the researcher in his academic field. Third session on 01-03-2016: Dr. D.N. Dhanagare After lunch session was delivered by Dr. D.N. Dhanagare on “Steps in the process of research problem

selection, formulation and planning: how to write a proposal". Once again scholar got the opportunity to listen the eminent Dr. Dhanagare. He explained about how to select the research problem. He said that before selecting research problem every research scholar need to study the earlier review of literature. He told that everyone could write proposal but the interesting thing was to write a good proposal. Good proposal gives strong base to the research work. So while writing research proposal researcher should follow few steps in systematic way. Those are as following-

Introduction: which gives very brief explanation what has been done still today in the research work and what has to be done in future, Statement of the problem, Reviewing of related literatures, Framing of Objectives and Sypnosis Writing.

Methodology: The sources of data to be used for study and selection of primary data, secondary data and the study area which the researcher is going to select is very important.

Data analysis: The statistical tools used for analysing the data collected from field work.

Limitations: The boundaries for the study. Conclusion: The ultimate goal of the research. Also expect suggestions for the further research,

wherever possible. He also explained how to conduct historical research and what should be the views of researcher while

conducting historical research. Fourth session on 01-03-2016: Dr. Vijay Marulkar Dr.Vijay Maurkar, Retired Professor (SNDT) and UGC Emeritus Fellow, talked on Types of Research Designs like Exploratory, Diagnostic and Descriptive. He said that research is very hectic and complicated thing for researcher and real research is that adding up knowledge to the existing knowledge. He said very well about constitution of research design.

1. Why do we conduct research? 2. What to do with research? 3. How to conduct research? 4. For what purpose the research is important? 5. What type of data should be used? 6. Where can the required data will be found? 7. What will be the sample size and what are the techniques should be used?

First session on 02-03-2016: Prof. P.S. Kamble Prof. P.S. Kamble, Professor, Department of Economics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur delivered his lecture on Hypotheses. His subject was “Concept and types of hypothesis, formulation of hypothesis, testing of hypothesis.” Prof. Kamble has given the clear concept of hypothesis, he explained about which is called as null hypothesis and which is called alternative hypothesis, what is the importance of testing hypothesis in research etc. More important is finding the type one error and type two errors.

1. Reject the Ho when it is true is called as type one error. 2. Accept the Ho when it not true is called as type two error. His application based teaching help scholars to understand very well in the topic of hypothesis. He also

took some examples on testing of hypothesis and which formula and how to apply for testing hypothesis. Second session on 02-03-2016: Dr. Md. Irfan Khan

Resource for second session of the second day was, Dr. Md. Irfan Khan (Acting Chancellor, Himagiri University, Uttarakhand and Director of TALEEM, Ahmadabad) He is eminent and experienced resource person in his field of research. He taught scholars on “Types of Research Design: Experimental: Control group and Experimental group, Research design”. Sir has made them very clear about types of research design, he explained control group and experimental group while testing selected hypothesis by using varies statistical tools. Control group is a group of respondents which is kept for observation and experimental group will be used for experiment for the given period of time. Control group will be kept away from experiment group, because if control group get

contact with experimental group then the answer given by controlled group may be influenced by experimental group or the answers may be bias. e.g: control group is largely used in medical science field and experimental groups largely used in universities especially in social science researches. Also he explained about quasi experimental design.

Third session on 02-03-2016: Prof. R.G. Dandge After lunch session was taken by Prof. R.G. Dandge (Professor, Department of Economics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur) on “Concepts in research, variables, attributes.” He explained about different concepts in social science researchers and also he explained about variables, Role of variables in hypotheses, importance of variables in testing and analysing hypotheses.

Fourth session on 02-03-2016: Field Visit to Kaneri Math Fourth session of course is field visit to Kaneri Mat which represents a traditional village and Dr. Pratibha B. Desai, course co-director has given guidelines and suggestions for presentation to the participants. First session on 03-03-2016: Dr. Pradip Aglave

First session was quite interesting, Dr. Pradip Aglave (Head and Professor, Department of Sociology, SRT, Nagapur) was Resource person for the session. He explained about Universe, Nature and types of Sampling, probability sampling simple random sampling. Sir has explained the importance and types of samples in research work. He also explained about how to use the probability sampling, simple random sampling. Interesting things are proportionate and disproportionate stratified random sampling, cluster

sampling. Second session on 03-03-2016: Dr. V.B. Jugale

Second session of third day was started bit late. Resource person for the session was Dr. V. B. Jugale (Retired Professor, Department of Economics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur) was spoke on Non-probability sampling: Accidental sampling, Quata sampling, purposive sampling, Snowball sampling. He has also explained very well how to reduced sample error.

Snowball sampling created lot of discussion in the group with Dr. V. B. Jugale. One of participant asked to the resource person what the use of Snowball sampling is. Why do we use snowball sampling? Then the resource person

explained about snowball sampling with some examples. Third session and Fourth session on 03-03-2016: Dr. Satyakam Joshi

Dr. Satyakam Joshi (Director, Centre for Social Studies, Surat) was the resource person for the third session of the third day. After lunch session will be bit difficult to concentrate even though resource person grabbed our attention with some examples and questioning to scholars. Dr. Satyakam Joshi taught on what is Qualitative research method and Quantitative research techniques like observation, interview, case study and focus group discussion. Dr. Satykam Joshi shared his own experience in research work on tribal community. From the examples scholars came to know how to do observation, case study and

interview.

First session on 04-03-2016: Dr. R.B. Patil Fourth day scholars were very much excited about first session because, the first session was on How to write a Research Proposal. The resource person for the session was Dr. R.B. Patil (Head and Professor, Department of Sociology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur). He told them that, they all knew writing research proposal but he would teach them how to write a good proposal. Writing good proposal is one of good skill, the one who knows about writing good proposal will be succeed in his/ her academic field. He said, their topic should be very clear, it should not be confusing, it should not be very lengthy, it should not be copied from others topic. The topic you selected should be very specific and narrow. He also told good proposal includes writing introduction for the specific selected topic, writing research gap, and statement of the problem, objective, research methodology, suggestions conclusion and limitations. Second session on 04-03-2016: Dr. Pradeep Kumar Dr. Pradeep Kumar, Professor, Department of Social Work, SIBER, was the resource person for the second session of the fourth day. He explained on Research Design, research design is the blue print for the overall research thesis. So while framing research design researcher should be very brief about it. Research design includes Introduction, Statement of the Problem, Need for the study, Framing Objectives, Hypotheses, Methodology in the methodology primary data, secondary data, and Analysis of data by using statistical tools and techniques. Limitation of the study, summary and conclusion this are the important things in research design he explained. Third session on 04-03-2016: Dr. V.B. Kakade This session has taken by Dr. V. B. Kakade, Head and Professor, Department of Economics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. He glanced on Rating scales: Osgood, Bogrdus. Dr. Kakade concentrated mainly on rating scales in research. Fourth session on 04-03-2016: Dr. Umesh Bagade

The last session has been taken by Dr. Umesh Bagade, Head and Professor, Department of History, Dr. Babaseheb Ambedkar University, Aurangabad, on Tool of data collection: primary and secondary data, Questionnaire. Types and formats. Session was entirely based on how to collect secondary data and how to collect primary data, after collecting data how to analyse the data by using different statistical tools. While framing questionnaire every researcher gets lots of confusion, here sir made very clear about what is content in the questionnaire and what not to had in the questionnaire

and also suggested to conduct the pilot study before framing concrete interview schedule. First session on 05-03-2016: Dr. P.S. Kamble The first session was delivered by Dr. P.S. Kamble (Professor, Department of Economics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur) about Writing of a Research Paper. Sir explained about the importance of publications in research, he told that every researcher should publish his two papers in international journals or ISIN/ISBN to get eligibility for submission of his Ph.D. to the respected university and that paper should be on his/ her selected research topic or related to selected research topic. He explained what should be in the paper.

Abstract must be at the beginning of the paper after his/ her selected topic, then Key words the key words must be four/five. Second session on 05-03-2016: Dr. Vikas Jambulkar

Dr. Vikas Jambulkar (Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Nagpur) was the resource person for the second session and he explained about Content Analysis. He told that Content analysis is a overall reference for our research work. He stated in the lecture that who says what to whom and with what effect. Contain analysis refers to raised various question like who, what, whom, effect, when, how, why etc. in systematic manner. There is some model which explain the border line and criteria of contain analysis in research.

Sir also explain the Barelson model of 1952 and so on. Third session on 05-03-2016: Dr. B.N. Kendre Third session was on Qualitative Research Designs, the resource person for the session was Dr. B.N. Kendre (Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Mumbai). He explained about how to collect Quantitative data source for primary data. While collecting data researcher should be clear what question should ask to respondent, he should avoid asking unnecessary questions to the respondents. Because respondents have their own responsibilities, if the researcher keep asking unwanted questions they may avoid answering such questions and sometimes they may give bias answer to the researcher. The researcher should be careful about the place and time while interviewing the respondents, if he interviewing a house wife in presence of her mother-in-law and husband. She may scare about answering to questions and she may not give right answer what actually she wanted to answer. So qualitative data is not like quantitative data source, quantitative data source is like collecting specific yes or no, answers. It will specify the answer to respondents clearly, but in case of qualitative data the questions will be open ended so there the answer different person to person. Fourth session on 05-03-2016: Dr. Sampat Kale Fifth day last session was taken by Dr. Sampat Kale on Participatory Research: PRA & RRA. 1. PRA: Participatory Research Appraisal 2. RRA: Rapid Rural Appraisal First session on 06-03-2016: Dr. N.R. Chaudhari Dr. N.R. Chaudhari (Retired Associate Professor, YCMOU, Nasik) was the resource person for the first session of sixth day, he talk on Measurement of central tendency, dispersion, regression and correlation. Descriptive statistics is a method of analysing the result drowns by using the various statistical tools like central tendency, dispersion, regression and correlation. In research using statistical tool is so difficult if you are using any statistical tools, then you must be aware of it. While using tool every researcher should be careful about the hypothesis which he/she used in research and what are the sample size and which sampling method he/she used for selecting the sample respondent is very important. Second session on 06-03-2016: Dr. U.B. Bhoite

Second session was hosted by Dr. U.B. Bhoite, (Former, Vice-chancellor, Bharati Vidyapeet,Pune) on Ethno methodological Perspective. He explained about how human being generate concepts and different social aspects in their mind. Sir also elaborately explained the social facts. Basically social facts are abstract things for

examples marriage systems, traditions etc. social facts can be studied by subjective perspective. Sir emphasis on various aspects of research such as phenomenology, ethno-methodology, even sir told us how to write Ph.D. thesis. Third session on 06-03-2016: Dr. Dhanraj Patil Dr. Dhanraj A. Patil (Assistant Professor, Walchand College, Solapur) was the resource person for the particular session, he spoke on Measurement of Correlation: Karl pearson correlation and rank correlation. Correlation has two types 1. Positive correlation 2. Negative correlation. Sir explained karl pearsons correlation in easy way that everyone can understand. Fourth session on 06-03-2016: Dr. P.G Jogdand

Dr P.G. Jogdand (Observer from Department of Sociology, University of Mumbai) explained us on the general topic on research but very useful and important one such as what is the difference between methods and methodology? What is concept in research? What is theory in research? What are their importances in research? How we can take concepts and theory in our Ph.D. research? Sir has explained us very simple phenomenon of research and essential for our research.

First session and Second on 07-03-2016: Dr. D.T. Shirke Dr. D.T. Shirke (Professor, Department of Statistics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur) was the resource person for the morning session on seventh day, he spoke on Analysis of variance and co-variance, One way and two way classification. He told that testing hypothesis is scientific method in research, he told 100 statistical tests. Third session on 07-03-2016: Dr. B.C. Barik

The second session was about report writing and writing Bibliography and References for thesis, Dr. B.C. Barik who is former Vice-Chancellor, Sambhalpur University, Odissa was the resource person for the session. He explained very well about how to write report for the thesis. He told Writing report for thesis is main part of you thesis, should be careful while writing report for your thesis. He told the report will carry the overall statement for your entire thesis. He also explained about writing Bibliography for thesis. He clarified the difference between Bibliography and references. Bibliography will be the

body of thesis whatever you refer for your thesis, you should mention in bibliography. Reference is that what researcher cited in his thesis is should be mention in the part of reference. He gave with some examples. In reference, author's name should be first, then the year in which the article published and then the title of the article then the journal in which the article published and at the end - the volume no., Serial no., page no., e.g: Barik.B.C (2001) “Women empowerment in rural India”, “Economic and Political weekly”, volume no, 55. No. 10, Pp -5-9. Third session on 07-03-2016: Dr. Praveen Jadhav After lunch session was quite interesting Writing references in thesis, resource person was Dr. Praveen Jadhav(Associate Professor, Department of Economics, TMU, Pune).He spoke about what to write in reference and what not to use in reference. Sir told citation is known as intellectual honest and failure of referencing is called as plagiarism.

First session on 08-03-2016: Dr. Bhanumate The first session on eighth day was on basic computer knowledge on learning Excel, the resource person was Dr. Bhanumate (Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Solapur, University,Solapur). He explained about excel from very begging, when he was explaining we felt that we do not know many things in excel. Sir told that if you are master in excel than you need not to go for SPSS, STAT, etc. Excel is mother of all statistical tool so if you became master in excel you will be able to analyse your data without using SPSS which is very costly. Second session on 08-03-2016: Dr. S.S. Mahajan Dr. S.S. Mahajan (Head &Professor, Department of Commerce, Shivaji University,Kolhapur) gave lecture on How do we prepare questionnaire? In social science various social and psychological variables. What is measured is not the object, person, state or event itself but some characteristic of it. For example, we do not measure the object itself but some characteristics of being present. We never measure people, only their age, height, weight, or some other characteristic. Measurement- the assignment of numerals to characteristics of objects, persons, state, or events according to rules. Sir finally conclude Understand the scales of measurement, Formulate the questions accordingly, Collect the data properly, Analyze the data properly Third session and Fourth on 08-03-2016: Dr. Vimal Trivedi Very important part of the workshop is learning SPSS, Dr. Vimal Trivedi (Associate Professor, Centre for Social Studies, Surat) was the resource person for the after lunch session he tuck to session till 5 pm evening. It was very interesting interactive and informative calls for us. Scholars learn so many statistical tools in this session. Sir explained how to coding questionnaire by giving number. How to fill the data into excel or SPSS. If the data entered in the excel sheet first, then how the data extract to SPSS from excel sheet. After extracting data to SPSS how to proceed with varies statistical tools. Extra Lecture on Research Ethics and Plagiarism (5.00p.m to 6.00.p.m): Dr. V.B. Jugale Dr V.B. Jugale covered topic in his lecture as follows how to write research paper? How to choose research areas, problem of tree, sir taught us which test will be applicable to which data type and why? For examples mean standard deviation, one sample test, unpaired test, paired test, one-way ANOVA etc. sir focused on, how to write report? What are the basic reason of low publish ability of research paper and Research Ethics and Plagiarism. Field Visit Report Presentation by Participants: Participants were already suggested to presentation on Field Visit Report on the field visit day. Six groups were formed and each group had five participants. All participants were from different disciplines such as sociology, economics, political science etc. and present their presentation with their own perspectives. For example sociology student present his presentation with Sociological Perspective, Management students with managerial perspective etc. Four groups presented their presentation in session I,II,III &IV on 9-3-2016. Dr.Bhagawan Mane, Professor, Department of Political Science, worked as expert for presentation of participants. 10-3-2016- SESSION-I &II Field Visit Report Presentation: Remaining two groups presented their presentation . SESSION-III Dr. S. N. Pawar (Retired Professor, Department of Sociology, SUK) took lecture on observation. He has explained the various tools and techniques of observation while going for research area. Observation is

primary source of data collection and it requires alertness. In some cases, we may not able to collect data because respondent may or may not be educated to answer your question in such a case observation technique use. In spite of that sometime researcher has to be unbiased for observation and collect data.

- Dr. Jagan Karade, Course Director, - Dr. P.B. Desai, Course Co-Director