Speak Test Reviewer

General questions which you may encounter during your speak test:

1. What is your full name and LCP file number?2. What can you say about Canada?3. What do you do in your free time?4. Why did you apply as a caregiver?5. What is you funniest moment? Who is with you? Explain.6. Why do you like to go to Canada? Explain and defend your answer.7. What is your favourite movie? Why is it your favourite?8. From what school did you graduate and give us the fondest memories you have there.9. What is your initial reaction when you received the speaktest letter?10. How did you feel when you received the speaktest letter?11. Where were you when you received the speaktest letter?12. How did you celebrate your Valentine’s Day? With whom?13. Last valentine’s day, what did you do? Explain….14. What is your memorable experience with your…15. Tell about the last movie you watched.16. What was the recent movie you watched? Tell something about it.17. What is your most memorable birthday?18. When was the last wedding you attended?19. How did you celebrate your last birthday? With whom?20. Describe your last vacation21. What is your most memorable vacation?22. Where did you spend your last summer vacation, who were with you? How was it?23. What did you eat this morning?24. What is your scariest experience/moment?25. What is your happiest moment?26. How did you spend your last Christmas? With whom? What happened?27. Tell something about your employer.28. What experience encouraged you to take up caregiving?29. From what city or town do you came from?30. What are your skills in caregiving?

What is the treatment for Asperger’s Disease?The ideal treatment for AS coordinates that address the three core symptoms of the disorder: poor communication

skills, obsessive or repetitive routines, and physical clumsiness. There is no single best treatment package for all children with AS, but most professionals agree that the earlier the intervention, the better.

An effective treatment program builds on:

o The child’s interests, offers a predictable schedule,o Teaches tasks as a series of simple steps,o Actively engages the child’s attention in highly structured activities,o Provides regular reinforcement of behaviour.

Give signs that a child is under stress?Children become stressed when there are threats to their security and familiar routines, or when they are sick or

there is illness at home. You may notice: Refusal to follow familiar household routines

Shyness Fear Withdrawal Aggressive behaviour Jealousy Nightmares and fears Denial of condition Overdependence Bed-wetting (enuresis) Regression – loss of skills learned

What is Insomnia? How can you help a patient with insomnia?Insomnia is the inability to fall or remain asleep when a person wants to be sleeping. It is due to changes in sleep

patterns that occurs with aging. Certain behaviors can also cause or contributes to insomnia, these are: drinking large amount of fluids during evening, taking drugs that have a stimulating effect, and smoking. It could also be a symptom of a physical, mental disorder or sleep disorder. We can help a patient with insomnia by:

Encouraging him to refrain from napping during the day Eat dinner 2-3 hours before going to bed Avoid beverages that contains caffeine during late afternoon and evening Engage in relaxation activities such as reading or listening to music Provide a quiet room with dim light, and warm comfortable bed sheets Dress your patient in comfortable sleep wear A warm relaxation bath before bedtime may help Give foods that have natural sleep inducing substances (banana, milk, tuna, salmon)

How can you avoid spoilage of food in the refrigerator? Keep your refrigerator clean Check the shelf life of your food regularly Cooked food usually spoils after 48 hours. Clean and wash raw foods like fruits and vegetables before placing then in the refrigerator Fish, pork and beef should be placed in separate clean containers

How do you manage eye infection? Apply warm or cold compresses several times a day to relieve discomfort Don’t wear contact lenses until the infection is gone Antibiotics as prescribed Wear protection eye pad or eyeglasses

What food should you give to a 2 year old child to prevent choking? Food for toddlers should be soft and easy to chew and swallow to avoid choking. Avoid giving hard candies Do not give popcorn, nuts to children below 3 years old.

A cancer patient wants to die. What will you do? Offer emotional support by offering yourself to listen with an open heart and mind but with a closed mouth. Listen to her wishes and concerns. Encourage other persons to visit the cancer patient. Tell funny stories and encourages him to go out and enjoy his life by visiting friends, having lunch dates or simply

watching movies.

What is frostbite? Frostbite is a localized cooling of the body resulting to tissue damage. It happens when the body is exposed to

extreme negative temperature. Commonly affected parts include the ears, face fingers and toes.

Sy/sx

White and waxy skin that turns greyish blue as frostbite worsens Skin feels cold and soft becoming hard as frostbite worsens Pain in early stages followed by numbness in the affected area

First aid for frostbite:

Prevent further heat lost Rewarm the frost-bitten part gradually with the heat of your body

o Firm steady pressure on a warm hando Breathing on the frost-bitten parto Placing the frost-bitten area in close contact with your body

Do not apply direct heat Do not rub or put snow on a frost-bitten area

What is eye infection?The most common eye infection in Conjunctivitis (Red eye/ sore eyes/ pink eye) caused by viruses or bacteria. It

causes inflammation of the conjunctiva and can be very contagious. It also called pink eye.Symptoms include:

Redness in the white of the eyes Red and swollen eyelids Lots of tears Itching or burning\sandy sensation in the eyes Sensitivity to light Eye discharge

How do you prevent spread of pink eye?

Do not share towels, handkerchiefs, pillow, makeup or contacts lens Wash your hands before and after handling patients with pink eyes Wear safety glasses.

What is motion sickness? Give some signs and symptoms.Motion sickness or kinetosis (movement), also known as travel Sickness, is a condition in which a disagreement exist

between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system’s sense of movement.Symptoms:

Paleness of the skin Yawning Restlessness Cold sweat Malaise and drowsiness Excessive salivation Nausea and vomiting may follow.

What is the treatment for motion sickness?

Non-prescription antihistamine treatments are believed to block signals from the inner ear to the vomiting center.—Dramamine, stugeron, bonamine

o Most effective if taken 30 minutes to an hour before traveling and as directed.o Should not be taken by children under 12 or by persons with other health problems without a doctor’s

consent. Anti-nausea and anti-vomiting drugs are available. Ginger may be effective in prevention of motion sickness.

Prevention of Motion Sickness:

Place yourself where motion is least. In a car, sit in the front seat, looking ahead. In an airplane, choose a seat over the wing. On a ship, remain at the middle of the ship (preferably on deck). In a bus, take a seat just behind the front door.

Keep your head still and focus on the distant horizon. Close your eyes to avoid looking at fast moving scenery or waves. Attention should be focused away from the motion of the vehicle. Reading is not recommended.

Avoid over indulgence in food or alcohol for at least 24 hours prior to travel.

What are skin boils? How do you treat skin Boils?Skin Boils are staphylococcal bacterial infection of the skin causing local inflammation with production of pus.

Wash boil-prone areas with soapy water. Use anti-bacterial soap Avoid clothing that is too tight Do not squeeze, scratch, drain or open boil Apply warm compress to the boil 20-30 minutes, 3-4 times a day Continue applying warm compress for 3 days after the boil opens. Apply bandage to keep draining material from spreading, and change bandage daily. Seek medical help for draining and antibiotics.

What are the signs and symptoms of depression?Depression is extra-ordinary sadness that interferes with the ability to function.

Sy/sx:

Feeling of emptiness or absence of emotion Absence of pleasure or interest in activities Sleeping difficulty Loss of appetite Feeling of hopelessness, worthlessness Guilt feelings Withdrawal symptoms Feeling tired all the time Moves slowly gains weight

What are the importance of back rub (massage)?Backrub refreshes client’s muscles and stimulates circulation because of pressure cause by the bedclothes and lack of

movement to stimulate circulation.Procedure: How do you perform backrub massage?

1) Assemble all equipment2) Wash hands3) Provide privacy to your client

4) Tell the client you are going to give him a back rub5) Raise the bed to the highest horizontal position and lower the side rails on the side you are working.6) Warm the lotion by placing it in a basin of warm water. Put on gloves.7) Expose the client’s back and buttocks.8) Pour a small amount of lotion into the palm of your hand9) Rub your hands together, using friction to warm the lotion.10) Apply lotion to the entire back with the palm of your hands. Use firm long strokes from the buttocks to the shoulder

and the back of the neck and shoulders.11) Use circular motion on each bony area (1-3 minutes)12) Pat dry the client’s back.13) Assist the client in putting back his clothes14) Wash hands and remove gloves.

Differentiate sterilization and disinfection?STERILIZATION is the process of killing microorganisms including spores, in a certain area while DISINFECTION is the

process of destroying as many harmful organisms as possible. It also means slowing down the growth and activity of the organisms that cannot be destroyed.

Your 6 month old client is on teething period, what will you do to promote comfort?

To ease discomfort to a teething baby, try the ff:

1) Rub or massage the gums using one of your fingers. Make sure that your hands are clean.2) Give cold rubber teething or teething rings.3) Give acetaminophen for pain and fever.

Michelle is a 3 year old girl who is active. Give the stages of development of Michelle:Physically, a 3 year old has better control of gross motor (walking & running) and fine motor skills (hand & finger)

than a 1-2 year old child. She can ride a 3 wheel bike (trike), can walk up and down the stairs alternating steps, can run without losing balance. She can hold crayons with fingers and can draw a circle when ask to draw a man.

Mentally, she is imaginative, talks loud and with fear. She may be physically aggressive.

Socially there is still attachment to mothers and caregivers. Says no and shows food likes and dislikes. She can understand simple explanation, may or may not share toys.

Give 3 physical activities for a 3 year old boy that you can play with him.Activities: indoor- storytelling, pull toys, stackable objects, simple puzzles and ball games.

Outdoor- simple ball games, riding a trike, running in playgrounds.

Simon is 5 years old, what are the characteristics of his age of development?Simon, is lean and can stand more erect than a 3-4 year old child. He can run, skip and hop without losing balance.

Can ride a bike and can throw/ catch a ball. He can draw a face with more details. He learns to share things and is more sociable. He may be imaginative and loves to role play. He begins to have friends, show appropriate manners and separates easily from mother. May show affection and jealousy of parents.Activities: Indoor—simple puzzles, ball games, role playing

Outdoor—playgrounds, play tags, bike, skates ball games.

What is the first aid for electrical burns/electrical shock?

Scene survey.

Shut off the current and get victim from the electrical source. Perform primary survey and give life-saving first aid Cover the entry and exit wounds with clean dry dressing. Steady and support fractures and/or dislocations. Obtain medical help.

What things should be placed at the bedside of an elderly?

Medications Pitcher/glass of water Aids likes eyeglasses and hearing aids Telephone if available Bell Assistive devices Lamp/ flashlight Bedpan/ urinal

What is the procedure for back clapping/ chest tapping?

- Back clapping or chest taping is done to patient with cough. It helps move thick mucus from the smaller airways of your lungs into the larger airways. The procedure is as follows:

o Let the patient sit or turn on his side if bedridden. Postural drainage position is also recommended. If the patient cannot do this, stack 2-3 pillows on the bed and let the patient lay face down across them so that the pillows are under his hips and pelvis.

o Put your hands in a cupped shape, with your finger flexed and thumbs pressed tightly against the side of your index fingers.

o Rhythmically pat the back of the patient 3-5 mins, alternating your cupped hands. You can start on one side of the back, just above the waist and percuss upward, changing sides as you continue. Percussion should feel firm but should not hurt. You should hear a hollow sound like horse galloping.

How do you promote the self-esteem and independence of an elderly who lives alone?

- Teach the elderly self-reliance through activities that need minimal supervision.- Acknowledge the contribution of the elderly to the family.- Make the elderly feel important- Teach the elderly self-hygiene.- Give the elderly instructions for medications and range of motions exercises.- Enrol the elderly in support groups- Give the elderly activities for recreation and self-improvement.

What is the management for Croup?Croup is a viral infection affecting the respiratory tract, usually affecting children from 6 months- 4 years old.

Symptoms include a barking cough that usually worsens at night and fever.Management includes:

1) Calm the child. Crying makes breathing more difficult.2) Use a cool humidifier to moisten the air.3) If he doesn’t improve after several minutes, bring the child to the bathroom and turn on the hot water faucet to

create steam. Close the door, and sit with your child while he breathes in the moist air for several minutes.4) If the child still does not improve, bundle him up and go outside into the cool night air.

When do you automatically take the rectal temperature instead of oral temperature? Give at least two conditions.

1) When the clients is an infant or a child who cannot safely use an oral thermometer.2) When the client is having warm or cold applications on his face and neck.3) When the client cannot keep his mouth closed around the thermometer.4) When the client finds it hard to breathe through his nose.5) When the client’s mouth is dry and inflamed.6) When the client is restless, delirious, unconscious or confused.7) When the client is getting oxygen by cannula, catheter or face mask.8) When the client has had major surgery in the areas of his face or neck9) When the client’s face is partially paralysed, as from a stroke.

Give at least 2 outdoor activities (sports) for a 14 year old.

1) Ball games- basketball, baseball, soccer, volleyball2) Biking3) Swimming4) Ice Hockey, Ice skating5) Roller Blading, Roller Skating6) Tennis, Badminton

How do you teach discipline to a 5 year old child inside the house?

Treat child as an individual Discuss with the child the expectations related to is behaviour or a particular task. Encourage and praise a child whenever possible. Use positive suggestions—avoid saying “don’t” rather, say “please make your bed." Explain the limits that are set upon the behaviour before the child makes mistake. Encourage parents to take an active part in making decisions. Do not take sides in arguments. Suggest that people separate during an argument before harsh words are said or physical punishment takes place. Do not be judgemental.

How do you promote intellectual development in a child?

Give activities that stimulates mental skills like reading books, jigsaw puzzles, crossword puzzles, scrabble, chess Give nutritious food (tuna, salmon, nuts, banana, milk)

What are the 5 food groups?The 5 food groups are:

Carbohydrate group- examples: bread, cereal, rice, pasta (GO foods) Protein Group- examples: meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk and milk products (GROW foods) Vegetable group- examples: broccoli, cabbage, carrots, lettuce Fruits Group- examples: apples, orange, strawberries Fats- Examples: oil, butter, lard

What are proteins and give 3 examples of protein sources?

Proteins are nutrients that build and renew body tissues, regulate body functions and supply energy. They are also known as “grow food” Examples: meat, milk, eggs, fish, poultry, cheese

What are carbohydrates and give 3 examples of carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are nutrients that provides work energy for body activities They give heat energy for maintenance of body temperature They are also known as “GO food” Examples: cereal grains and their products (bread, pasta)

What are fats and their sources?

Fats are nutrients that give work energy for body activities They give heat energy for maintenance of body temperature They act as carriers of fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E, K Examples: lard (animal fat), vegetable fats, oils, butter

What does calcium do to your body? Sources of Calcium.

Calcium builds and renews bones, teeth and other tissues It regulates the activities of the heart muscles, heart and nerves, prevent of osteoporosis It also control the clotting of blood Examples: milk and milk products, except butter, dark green vegetables, canned salmon

What is the role of iron? Sources of iron.

Iron build and renews haemoglobin ( carrier of oxygen) Examples: eggs, meat, liver and kidney, deep yellow and dark green vegetables

What does thiamine do to our body? Sources?

Maintain a healthy condition of nerves It fosters good appetite and helps the body use carbohydrates Examples: whole grain, eats (especially pork, liver and kidney), dried beans and peas, brown rice.

What is the role of iodine and it sources?

Iodine is associated with thyroid It Is for the normal function of thyroid Sources: seafood, iodized salt

What is the role of vitamin C? Sources of vitamin c (ascorbic acid).

Acts as a cement between body cells, strengthen the immune system and is a good anti-oxidant It also maintains a sound condition of the bones, teeth and gums Examples: fresh, raw citrus fruits and vegetables

What is vitamin D? Its function and source.

Vitamin D enables the body to use Calcium and Phosphorus to build bones and teeth. Examples: milk, margarine, fish, liver oil, eggs and sunshine

Give 5 importance of water:

Water regulates body processes It aids in regulating body temperature It carries nutrients to body cells

It carries waste products through the stool, urine and sweat It helps lubricate joints

How can you keep your client hydrated?/ how do you prevent dehydration?

To keep my client hydrated and prevent dehydration, I will encourage him to drink 8-10 glasses of water a day. Other sources of water are milk, milk drinks, soups, vegetables, fruits and fruit juices.

What is a BLAND diet? What is the indication for a BLAND diet? Give example.

BLAND diet is a diet that is mild in flavour, easy to digest and does not contain spices It is given to patients with ulcer and colitis to prevent irritation of the gastro intestinal tract Examples: puddings, creamed dishes, milk, eggs and plain potatoes, gelatine unsweetened

What type of meal is given to malnourished patients?

For underweight and malnourished patients, high calorie diet or food high in protein, minerals and vitamins are given Examples: eggnog, ice cream. Frequent snacks, peanut butter, milk

What meal is recommended for patients with heart disease?

For patients with heart disease, a low fat, low cholesterol and low salt diet is recommended. A low fat diet has limited amounts of butter, cream, fats and eggs. Examples: veal, poultry, fish, skim milk, fresh fruits

and vegetables A low cholesterol diet is low in eggs, whole milk, cheese and meats. Examples: fruits, vegetables, cereals, grains, nuts

and vegetable oil A low fat diet is a diet containing limited amounts of sodium. Examples: puffed wheat/ rice or shredded wheat, fruits,

fruit juices.

What is hydration?A state of the body wherein there is enough water to regulate body processes.

What meal is given to a patient with Liver and Gall Bladder disease?

A low fat diet is recommended to patients who have difficulty digesting fats as with patients with liver and gall bladder problem.

What is a Diabetic diet? Give example.

A diabetic diet contains a balance of carbohydrates, proteins and fats devised according to the insulin and nutritional needs of the client.

Examples; fresh fruit and vegetables, low-sugar products

What should a diabetic avoid?

A diabetic should avoid high-sugar foods, alcohol and carbonated beverages.

What meal is recommended to patients with kidney problem?

A low salt diet is recommended to patients with water retention as in patients with renal disease.

How can you help an elderly with poor vision?

Keep her eyeglasses within reach at all times Keep her room and home well-lit.

Keep the floor free from clutter to avoid accidents.

A man had fall and cannot move his left. You suspect a sprained ankle? what will you do?

Assist the man and the following first aid would be helpful:o Rest the sprained limbo Apply ice compress (cold compress) to reduce swelling and paino Put a soft splint bandage to help immobilize the sprained limbo Elevate the leg

What is the first aid for sunburn?

For MINOR sunburno Sponge the burned area with cool water or cover the area with a cloth soaked in cool water.o Apply sunburn ointment or cream according to the direction on the labelo Protect burned areas from the suno Do not break blisters- because it provides protection.

For MAJOR sunburno Give first aid same as for minor burnso Monitor for signs of shocko Monitor for signs of heatstrokeo Get medical help immediately

AGREE or DISAGREE- is it okay to put a soiled diaper cloth in the same hamper where you put dirty clothes and why?

I disagree because soiled diaper cloth is contaminated with microorganisms from the stool and mixing it with the other dirty clothes will contaminate them. It should be soaked and washed separately and immediately. Wafter washing, they should be sterilized or ironed to kill the microorganisms.

What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s?Parkinson’s diseases is a slow, progressive, chronic degenerative condition affecting the part of the brain that controls

movements and balance.

Tremors of the hand and legs Difficulty of walking Slowness of movements Change in vision Drooling Difficulty of swallowing Inability to control bowel and bladder function

How do you take care of a patient with Parkinson’s disease?

Provide emotional and psychological support to the patient and his family Encourage the clients to be as independent as possible an use coping skills Help him identify activities that he can continue to participate. Establish a routine for activities Provide assistive devices as appropriate. Assist with medications and report any reactions to medication Give regular exercises such as walking, swimming or riding a bike. Provide rest periods in between activities Give meals that are high in nutrition and fibber

Give foods that are easy to chew and swallow. Monitor fluids intake.

Which of the following is not the signs and symptoms of Tuberculosis?

a. TB is caused by bacteriab. TB is spread by dropletsc. TB can be seen only among poor people ( anybody can be infected of this diseases)d. TB can be prevented

What are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis?

Weight loss Loss of appetite Feeling sick, weak or tired Low grade fever-usually in the afternoon Night sweats Chest pain Chronic cough Coughing up blood Unexplained pain in any body part

How is tuberculosis diagnosed?Tuberculosis is diagnosed by medical history and physical examination, skin test, an x-ray and sputum sample

examination.

What is the importance of hand washing? (Significance)

Microorganisms will get into your hand as you touch clients and handle supply and equipment used in the treatment and care. They could also be moved from your own face and mouth. Constant washing of hand can prevent transfer and contamination of microorganisms.

What are the guide lines for hand washing?

Hand washing must be done before and after each task and before and after direct client contact. The water faucet is always considered dirty and my contains pathogens. Use paper towels to turn the faucet on and

off. If your hands accidentally touched the inside of the sink, start over. Do the whole procedure again. Take soap from a dispenser rather than using bar soap. Hand washing should be done before you put on gloves for a procedure and again after you remove the gloves.

How do you change linen in an occupied bed?

Change linen after giving the client a bed bath. Cover the client with a bath blanket while making the bed Get the sheets smooth and tight under the client so there will be no wrinkles to rub against the skin. Divide the bed in two parts- the side the client is lying on and the side you are making. The sheet must be placed so the rough seam edges are kept facing the mattress and away from the client’s side. Always keep the side rails up on the client’s side Talk to your client while you are making the bed.

What are the safety measures in taking care of a child?

Small children should never be left unattended. Articles used in childcare should be kept out of reach of a toddler. Toys should never be left carelessly on the floor. The sides of a child’s crib should be up at all times except when someone is giving direct care to the child. Doors to stairways and the kitchen should be closed and locked. Venetian blind cords should be kept out of the reach of children. Be sure there are no small toys or objects in the bed/crib that could be swallowed Be sure there are no large objects in the bed or crib that the child could stand on. Keep all poisonous substances in a high place behind locked doors.

How do you prevent colic?

In order to prevent colic, burp the baby every feeding 2 ounces of milk or halfway through feeding and after feeding. Make sure that the neck of the bottle is always full of milk to prevent swallowed air.

What will you do with a colicky baby?

Try to burp the baby to get rid of swallowed air Warm compress over the tummy may help to relieve colic pain

What is wet heat sterilization?

1. Assemble all equipment.2. Wash your hands3. Place the equipment in the pot so that the water touches all parts of it. If there are glass parts, put a clean piece of

cloth in the bottom of the pot to protect them.4. Cover the contents of the pot with cold water;5. Put the pot on a source of heat that is big enough to heat it. Turn handles away from the edge of the burner.6. Bring water to boil. Do not open the pot. Note the steam escaping under the cover.7. Boil the contents undisturbed and cover for 20 minutes.8. Turn off the heat.9. Allow the contents to cool undisturbed. Leave the equipment on the pot until you are ready to use it.10. With the sterilized thongs, remove the contents to a sterilized holder.

How do you feed a patient on chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

Decrease intake of red meats; give fish, chicken, turkey and other non-meat foods high in protein Decrease intake of sweets intake and fried or fatty foods; this will decrease nausea and decrease intake of empty

calories. Eat non-gas producing foods. Vary the diet Eat small frequent meals; chew food well, eat warm not hot food Maintain adequate fluid intake of cool, clear liquids Use plastics utensils- some people complain of bitter taste from metal utensils Maintain patient in a sitting position for 2 hours after meals Provide a pleasant, quite atmosphere

How do clean a client’s dentures?

1. Assemble all equipment2. Wash hand3. Provide privacy to the client

4. Tell the client you will clean his dentures5. Put on clean gloves6. Spread the towel across the client’s chest to protect his bedclothes. Put on gloves.7. Ask the client to remove his dentures and be ready to receive the dentures with an emesis (kidney) basin8. Take the dentures to the sink in the basin. Fill the sink with water.9. Apply toothpaste or denture cleaner to the dentures and brush them until they are clean.10. Rinse the dentures thoroughly under cool water.11. Fill the denture cup with denture soaking solution, cool water, or some mouth wash or water. Place the dentures in

the cup, and cover it.12. Help the client rinse his mouth with water and /or mouthwash13. Have the client replace the dentures in his mouth if that is what he wants14. Remove gloves and wash your hand

How do you assist with dressing/undressing?

Allow a client to choose his own clothes if he wishes to do so. If a client has a method of dressing himself that suits him and is safe, allow him to continue using his personal method Do not expose the client unnecessarily as you assist him to avoid chilling and embarrassing him. An injured or inflexible arm or leg is first the garment and last out.

How do you take the rectal temperature (using glass thermometer)

1. Assemble all equipment2. Wash your hands3. Provide privacy to your client4. Tell your client you are going to measure this temperature rectally5. Put on gloves6. Lower the backrest of the bed7. Inspect the thermometer for cracks or chips and shake down the mercury below calibrations8. Put a small amount of lubricating jelly on a piece of tissue. Lubricate the bulb of the thermometer with the jelly9. Ask the client to turn on his side. If he is unable to turn, position him on his side.10. With one hand, raise the upper buttock until you see the anus. With the other hand, gently insert the bulb 1 inch

through the anus into the rectum.11. If the client is an infant, lay the baby on his back and raise his legs with one hand.12. With the other hand, insert the thermometer ½ inch into the rectum. Always hold the thermometer while it is in the

child’s rectum.13. Hold the thermometer in place for 3 minutes. Do not leave the client with a thermometer in the rectum.14. Remove the thermometer from the client’s rectum. Wipe it with a tissue from stem to bulb.15. Read the thermometer. Remove gloves and wash hands.

How do you take tympanic temperature?

1. Assemble all equipment2. Wash your hand3. Provide privacy to your client.4. Tell your client that you are going to take his tympanic temperature.5. Cover the probe with a disposable cover.6. Select the correct setting on the thermometer7. Put on gloves if appropriate.8. Position the patiently correctly9. Gently pull the top of the ear up and back

10. Place the probe correctly11. Quickly presses the button to measure the temperature12. When the buzzer signal that the temperature has been reached, remove the probe. Read the thermometer13. Throw the disposable sheath cover in the trash.14. Remove gloves and wash hands15. Turn off the thermometer.

What are the guidelines for changing diapers?

Change the diaper often to decrease odor and irritation of the baby’s skin. Clean the baby’s genital area each time you change the diaper and apply barrier cream to prevent diaper rash If you use rubber pants on top of cloth diapers, be sure the elastic is loose enough to allow air to circulate in the

pants. Do not use rubber pants over disposable diapers, as they already have a rubberized protection. Observe the skin of the baby each time you change the diaper for change of color, texture and discharge.

How do you clean a circumcised penis?

Keep the penis protected from rubbing on a diaper. Ask the physician about bathing instructions Keep the pines clean and free of fecal matter Observe for bleeding and drainage

How do you give tub bath to a baby?

1. Assemble the equipment.2. Wash your hands3. Wash the sink or tub with a disinfectant cleanser and rinse thoroughly4. Line the sink or tub with a bath towel5. Place a towel on the counter next to the sink or tub6. Fill the tub or sink with 1-2 inches of warm water7. Undress the infant, wrap him in a bath towel or blanket, and bring him to the tub or sink8. Using a cotton ball moistened with warm water, gently wipe the infant’s eyes from the nose toward the ears. Use a

clean cotton ball for each eye.9. To wash the hair, hold the infant in the football hold, with the baby’s head over the sink or tub.10. Apply a small amount of shampoo and rinse the hair.11. Dry the infant’s head with a towel12. Unwrap the baby and gently place him on the towel in the sink or tub13. Wash the infant’s body with the soap and the washcloth14. Rinse the infant thoroughly with warm water15. Lift the infant out of the water and onto the towel16. Dry the infant well17. Diaper and dress the infant.

Mrs Grey has a baby, how will you help her with bottle feeding?

Make sure that the formula is fresh and the bottles have been properly stored Follow the mother’s wishes as to the temperature of the bottles when the baby is fed. Check the temperature of the formula before you feed the baby. Babies should be held while they are given bottles. Do not prop bottles. Do not leave babies unattended while they

are drinking bottles. Hold the bottle so that the nipple is full of formula and the baby does not suck air.

What are the guidelines for storing milk formula?

Formula can be refrigerated for 2 days without spoiling. After 2 days, it must be thrown away. If you do not know how long the formula has been in the refrigerator, discard it. Formula will begin to spoil within 2 hours when left at room temperature. Keep the bottle refrigerated until 10

minutes before feeding.

Do you agree or disagree in giving leftover milk?

I disagree in giving left over milk because milk formula should always be fresh. Contaminating the milk with the baby’s saliva will spoil it.

What is the importance of burping?

Bottle-fed babies swallow some air while drinking milk. Air in the gastro-intestinal tract can cause vomiting and abdominal pain. Feeding the infant slowly and stopping after 2 ounces to burp the baby can prevent build-up of air.

What are the methods of burping?There are 2 methods of burping:

1. Method A—Cover your shoulder with a clean cloth. This could be a small towel or a cloth diaper. Hold the baby in a vertical position so his head is resting on your shoulder. Gently rub and/or pat the infant’s back until you hear the burp.

2. Method B – sit the infant on your leg so his feet are dangling on your side. Put one of your hands, on the infant’s chest, and lean the baby over so your hands support him. Gently rub the baby’s back with your other hand until you hear the burp.

What are the signs of aging?

Physical Signso Reflexes slowo Circulation becomes less efficiento Hair turns gray and change in textureo All bodily processes slow downo Skin loses elasticity and fats, becomes thin and fragileo Senses becomes less cute and aids are neededo Posture becomes stooped and walking becomes difficult.o Muscles loses strength, and familiar tasks become difficulto Sensing of temperature of water and air becomes less accurate.o Healing takes longero Short-term memory decreases so directions have to be repeated often

Mental Changeso Dementia—the gradual decrease in a person’s ability to make judgment or loss of mental powers may occur.

Social Changeso Retiremento Change in incomeo Change in level of activityo Fear of illnesso Isolation from friends and familyo Death of a spouseo Change in housing

o Increased dependence on others

What are the benefits of exercise?

A feeling of well-being Increased strength of bones Increased cardiac and respiratory capacity Increased strength and tone of muscles Decrease of weight Decrease blood pressure Decrease of anxiety Better sleep habits Regularization of bowel movement

Differentiate Discipline from punishment.

DISCIPLINE is a set of rules that govern conduct and actions, resulting in orderly behaviour. It can be strict or loose. It can be accepted or followed for fear of punishment. PUNISHMENT is a harsh act given as a result of an offense or wrongdoing, as when a rule or discipline is broken.

What is a splint?A splint is a device used to immobilize or prevent an injured body part from moving to avoid further injury.

Describe the physical characteristics of a 10 year old—Boy:

o Stands erect and shows great agility of gross motor skills and well-coordinated fine motor skills.o At beginning puberty, he starts to develop lower and deeper voice, broadening and widening of shoulders

and chest, hairs starts to grow on the face, armpit and genital area, starts producing sperm, pimples starts to appear and sweat glands become active.

Girl:

o Stands erect and shows great agility of gross motor skills and well-coordinated fine motor skills.o At the beginning puberty, breast starts to develop, tone of voice becomes higher, body starts to take shape

at the waist and hips, hair starts to grow in the armpit and genital area, ovulation starts and menstruation starts, pimples begin to appear and sweat glands become active.

Guidelines when feeding a bedridden client:

Place the bed in the highest horizontal as possible to prevent aspiration Allow clients to feed themselves as much as possible, only give assistance as needed Do not rush the feeding Be gentle with the fork and spoons; straw may help in feeding liquids. Keep the conversation pleasant and make the meal a highlight of the day. Feed the foods separately rather than mixed together. When offering a glass or cup, first touch it to the lips. Record the intake and output Record your observations about the client when you were feeding him.

Safety Factors:

Be sure the patient swallow before you put food in his mouth. Some clients will be able to swallow one food and not another.

Pay special attention to the temperature of the food. If the food is hot, tell the client and offer him a small amount. If the food is cold, do the same.

Keep food on a table away from the client’s bed so that the client can change position without spilling the food. If the client is blind, name each mouthful before offer it to him.

The frying pan caught fire. What will you do?

Keep calm. Do not panic Turn off the burner and remove the pan from the stove. Cover the pan with a pot cover or wet rag. If this is not available, use a chemical type fire extinguisher or baking soda to smother the fire.

How do you store flammable materials?

Dispose of articles in well-ventilated containers. Do not keep used rags in closed containers Do not store flammable liquids near any source of heat. Keep them in the garage but away from cars. Use flammable

liquids in a well-ventilated area. Do not keep piles of newspaper.

What are the common cause of fire?

Smoking and matches Misuse of electricity Defects in heating systems Improper rubbish disposal Improper cooking techniques Improper ventilation

You and your client are inside a burning building. What will you do?

If a fire is behind a close door, do not open it. Take the shortest route or exit out of the building to safety If you must go through a smoke-filled room, put a cloth over your mouth and nose and one over those of your client Crawl along the floor to safety and keep your client as close to the ground as possible Remove/get your client out of the building Keep your client warm and comfortable Stay with your client.

Describe the recovery position?/ what & how do you position a client in recovery position?

The recovery position is the position where an unconscious victim who is breathing and with pulse is placed. It helps keep the airway open because it prevents the tongue from falling back to the throat. It also allows fluids to drain from the mouth and prevents aspiration in case the victim vomits.

The following are the steps in recovery position:1. Position the victim left arm above the head2. Move the victim right arm across the chest and against the cheeks.3. Keep the victim hand under the cheek to support the head4. Bend the victim right leg and roll over the victim onto his side

5. Adjust the victim’s position as needed to ensure the airway remains open.

What happens during suffocation?During suffocation, normal breathing is prevented when there is obstruction over the mouth or nose, a weight in a

victim’s chest or abdomen or when the victim is breathing in smoke or fume-filled air. There is an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the lungs which may lead to difficulty of breathing and unconsciousness.

The following is done to victims of suffocation:

1. Remove the obstructing object to restore breathing as quickly as possible or remove him from the smoke or fume filled air.

2. Call 911 or send for medical help3. Perform primary survey and monitor the victim’s ABC4. Treat any life threatening condition, and give Rescue Breathing or CPR when necessary.5. If the victim is unconscious but breathing and with pulse, place him in the recovery position.6. Continue monitor his ABC until medical help arrives

How do you serve hot soup?Hot soup should be served carefully to clients in order to prevent burn and scalding. It should never be serve too hot.

When serving hot soup, set it or placed it on the table first, before calling your client to eat. If your client is already on the table before the soup has been served, served it from the opposite site of the table, away from your client’s side to prevent accidental scalding. Walk carefully when carrying of handling hot food.

Do you agree or disagree in assisting your client with eating? I agree in assisting my client with eating if:

The client cannot use his hands The doctor wants the client to save his strength and to be on complete bed rest. The client may be too weak to feed himself.

Otherwise, clients should be taught to be self-reliant and feed themselves as much as possible and only give assistance as needed.

What are the safety measures in taking care of a client on oxygen therapy?

Put up a “No Smoking” sign in the room where the client uses oxygen. Use cotton bed sheets and clothes to decrease static electricity Do not use electric plugs out of the walls while the oxygen is running. Do not use open flames or candles in the room. Avoid combing a client’s hair while he is receiving oxygen. Ask instruction as to which valve turns the oxygen on and off. Do not change the setting on any oxygen equipment Avoid using oil, talcum powder and alcohol to rub clients while oxygen is running Check the equipment regularly for leaks and proper functioning.

What is the first aid for a choking infant?

1. Support the infant’s head on one hand, with the torso on your forearm on your thigh.2. Give up to 5 back blows between the shoulder blades.3. Check mouth for expelled object.4. If object is not expelled, roll the infant face up.5. Give up to 5 chest thrusts with middle and ring fingers. Check mouth for expelled objects6. Repeat steps 1-4, alternating back blows and chest thrusts and checking the mouth

A choking child?

1. Kneel behind the child and reach around the abdomen.2. Make a fist with one hand and grasp it with the other.3. Thrust inward and upward into the abdomen with quick jerks.4. Continue until the child expel the object or becomes unresponsive, the give CPR

How will you know if the person is choking?

1. Coughing2. Trying to speak but no sounds will come out3. Cyanotic

How do you clean wounds?

1. Gently wash the wound with soap and water and a gauze pad or clean washcloth to remove dirt.2. Use the gauze pad and tweezers to remove any small particles.3. Pat the area dry. 4. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and bandage.

What is the first aid for drowning?

1. Remove the victim from the water, carrying the victim with the head lower than the chest.2. Have someone call 911 immediately. Check the ABCs. If you are alone, give first aid for one minute before calling 911.

Then continue rescue breathing/BLS3. Be prepared for vomiting and to turn the victim on his side.4. If the victim has signs of breathing and circulation, place him on the recovery position.

What do you do with dog bites?

1. Clean the wound with soap and water. Run water over the wounds for 5 minutes2. Control bleeding3. Cover the wound with a sterile dressing and bandage and seek medical help.

Do you agree or disagree in transferring a poison to another container?

I disagree in transferring poison to another container because it can cause accidental poisoning. Transferred poisons, however, should be properly labelled and kept locked out of the reach of children.

Do you agree or disagree that you should read labels of canned goods? AGREE- labels of canned goods should be read properly in order to:

Check the shelf life or expiration of the product Check the ingredients for their nutritional value Check the product for ingredients that may cause allergy to your client

Which of the following is not true of Heimlich maneuver? Why?

a. It is done to unconscious victimb. Can be done to everyone - because we cannot give this to a pregnant woman. It will compress the infant instead give

her a chest thrust.c. Also called as abdominal thrust

d. Can be done to conscious victims

Give 5 basic needs of childrenChoose any 5 from the ff:

Physical Needso Shelter o Activity (developmentalo Resto Exerciseo Avoidance of paino Safetyo Clothingo Food

Emotional Needso Recognitiono Independenceo Socializationo Acceptanceo Affectiono Securityo Trusto Love

What are guidelines for child abuse?

Do not be judgmental. Do not compare one case with another Be supportive of the parents Observe family dynamics Look for signs of abuse and any unusual behaviour If you suspect that something is wrong in the family dynamics, report your observations immediately.

How do you sterilize feeding bottles?

1. Assemble all equipment.2. Wash your hands3. Scrub feeding bottles, nipples and caps with hot soapy water.4. Rinse thoroughly with hot water.5. Place the bottles on the sterilizing rack.6. Place the caps and nipples into a clean, empty jar and place it into the pot at the center of the bottles.7. Pour water into and around the bottles and into the jar with the nipples until two-thirds of each bottle is under water8. Cover the pot.9. Let the water boil for 25 minutes10. Remove the jar with the nipple and caps 10-15 minutes after the full boil begins.

What is the management for flu?Flu is a viral respiratory infection caused by influenza virus.Purely supportive since viral infections are self-limiting

Adequate bed rest Lots of fluids Acetaminophen for pain and fever Provide cool, humidified air Expectorant for cough Oxygen for dyspnea Monitor respiratory rate Warm bath or a heating pad to relieve muscle pains

Sy/Sx:

1. High grade fever (>40*C)2. Chills3. Headache4. Red watery eyes5. Muscle pain6. Runny nose7. Sore throat8. Cough

Give 5 diseases with abnormal breathing

Pneumonia- inflammation of the terminal airways (bronchioles and alveoli) caused by bacteria or viruses Tuberculosis- respiratory infections caused by the tubersilous bacilli; spread by droplets and prolonged contact with

an infected person; can spread to other parts of the body. Asthma- inflammation of the airways causing constriction and narrowing of the bronchioles; can be precipitated by

triggers COPD- Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Diseases

o Emphysema- destruction of the alveoli causing over-distended non-functional air sacs.o Chronic Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi causing excessive mucous secretions, chronic cough and

dyspnea

What are the eating disorders of children?

Some children have anorexia (loose of appetite) Some children are picky or choosy eaters Some children prefer only one type of food Some children eat a lot and the vomits (bulimia)

How do you prevent constipation?

Encourage your client to drink plenty of water Eat a high fiber diet (fresh fruits and vegetables) Do regular exercises

What instruments are used in taking the blood pressure?In taking the blood pressure, we use an instrument called the sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope to listen to the

brachial pulse.

How do you take the blood pressure?

1. Assemble the equipment2. Wash your hands.3. Tell the client that you are going to take his blood pressure4. Let the client rest before taking the blood pressure5. The client’s arm and hand should be well supported and resting comfortably.6. Wrap the cuff snugly and smoothly around the client’s arm above the elbow.7. Leave the area clear where you will place the bell or diaphragm of the stethoscope.8. With your fingertips, find the brachial pulse at the inner side of the arm above the elbow. Inflate the cuff until the

pulse disappears. This is the palpated systolic pressure. Quickly deflate the cuff.9. Put the ear pieces of the stethoscope into your ears and place the bell or diaphragm of the stethoscope on the

brachial pulse.10. Inflate the cuff until the dial points to 30 mm above the palpated systolic pressure.11. Deflate the cuff slowly until the sound of the pulse comes back. This is the systolic pressure.12. Continue releasing the air from the cuff, when the sounds change to a softer and faster thud or disappear, this is the

diastolic pressure.13. Deflate the cuff completely; remove it from the client’s arms.14. Wash your hands.

How do you change a non-sterile bandage/ dressing?

1. Assemble the equipment2. Wash hands and put on gloves3. Provide privacy to your client4. Tell the client you are going to change his dressing.5. Open the clean dressings without touching the center.6. Position the client so that the wound is exposed.7. Remove the old dressing.8. Cleanse the wound and the skin. Use circular motions and clean from the clean areas to the dirty.9. If a medication is to be applied to the wound, assist the client with the application.10. Apply clean dressings.11. Discard the old dressing in a covered container and clean the equipment.12. Remove gloves and wash your hands

How do you take care of a client’s feet?

Inspect the feet each day for changes before you wash them. Wash and dry feet daily. If the skin is dry, a lubricant or cream can be applied. Do not cut nails and corns. Help your client choose the proper shoes for each activity. Stocking of the proper size should be worn. Check the temperature of the bath water. The client should use cotton socks and slippers inside the home and insulated boots outdoors. Walk in well-lit areas. Avoid walking in areas with trash and debris. In warm weather, keep feet protected from hot sand, boardwalks, objects on the beach and the sun. Diet is important and a nutritionist should be consulted for specific foods that will affect the client’s feet. Elevate swollen legs and feet on a chair. Stop exercise and activity when in pain. Rest.

How do you clean pressure sores (bed sores)?

The bedsores should be cared for 24 hours a day. The wounds must be kept clean and the rules of asepsis must be followed. Change the position of the client regularly to remove pressure from the bedsores. Avoid urine and feces to drain into any bedsores. If the care of the bedsore is simple non-sterile dressing, clean the area and cover it. Encourage all practices of good basic skin care to prevent skin deterioration and improve the healing climate.

What are the safety measures in the bathroom? / bathing?

Keep the bathroom floor always dry and provide a non-skid rubber mat. Provide grab support for elderly clients Keep the bathroom well-lit and ventilated Prepare all bath materials before the bath Prepare the tub and check the bath water temperature before calling your client Assist the client when going into the tub. Label the hot and cold faucet properly. Keep all electrical equipment away from the tub and water source. Drain the tub of water after use.

Give 4 considerations in carrying an infant(Choose from the ff;)

Always support the child’s head Hold the infant close to you. Do not carry other objects while you are carrying a baby. Do not hold an infant while you are talking on the phone or cooking at the stove. Do not carry a baby into a dark room. Turn on the light before you enter. Be alert to basic household hazards, such as liquids spills, shoes, clothing on the floor and loose rugs. Be alert while carrying a baby up and down the stairs. Wear good supporting shoes with non-skid soles while you are carrying a baby.

What is dry heat sterilization?Dry heat sterilization is a method of sterilizing equipment or dressing and oven by heating it to 350 degrees

Fahrenheit for one hour.

It is done by the ff:1. Assemble all equipment2. Wash your hands.3. Place the clean dressing or things to be sterilized wrapped in clean cloth in the pie tin or sterilizing tray.4. Place the pie tin or tray in the oven at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for one hour.5. Allow to cool and unwrap.

A child burn his arm, what will you do?

Put the body part in cool water, if possible. Let it remain there for 2-5 min. Do not put ice on the burn. Cover the area with sterile or clean cloth. Continue to put cool water over the dressing. Get medical help.

Aside from calling 911, what will you do in case of emergency?

Get the person to a safe, firm ground away from danger. But do not move the person unless he is in the great danger of further injury.

Do not leave the person who needs help. Monitor ABC and give appropriate first aid for life threatening conditions. Keep the person warm, comfortable and safe.

What is DNR?DNR means DO NOT RESUSCITATE. Some clients may choose DNR. It means that if his heart stops or he stops

breathing, no medical procedures like CPR or RB will be started to reverse the status.

How do you take care of a bed ridden client?

Always lock the side rails when the patient is asleep and when you are leaving the room Change the client’s position regularly to prevent bedsores. Change beddings and linens/ clothes regularly Assist with medications Assist personal hygiene Offer the bed pan/urinal when needed Monitor the vital signs as instructed Monitor and record input and output as instructed Provide a stress-free quiet environment

How do you ensure the safety of a child when riding a car?

Never leave a child unattended inside a vehicle Never let a child sin in front. The safest seat for a child is the back seat. Always use car seats that are age appropriate and weight appropriate. For babies, use infant seats that are place facing the rear portion of the car. Secure car seats and infant seats safely with seat belts. Don’t let a child put out his head or any part of his body through the window while the car is in motion. Always lock the doors of the vehicle when riding a car.

A client while eating suffers from heartburn. What will you do?Advice the client:

Eat smaller meals, avoid late night snacks Sit up after eating, wait 2-3 hours before lying down Avoid foods that bring heartburn—chocolates, fatty/fresh foods coffee and other carbonated drinks, alcohol. Limit acidic foods that irritate the oesophagus like citrus fruits and juices (orange/ tomato) Limit spicy foods Avoid clothes with tight belts or waistbands Stop smoking Lose weight if over weight Raise the head of the bed 15-20 cm to prevent reflux when lying down Avoid Aspirin, Ibuprofen and other NSAID; instead use Acetaminophen Take a non-prescription product for heartburn such as antacids.

An 8 year old child fell down with bruises and discoloration of skin. What will you do?

Apply ice or cold packs on the affected area for 10 minutes several times a day for the first 48 hours. Elevate the bruised area above the heart level if possible Rest the injured area

After 48 hours, warm compress can be applied.

What is the management for diarrhea? Diarrhea is having three or more loose or liquid stools per day, or as having more stools than is normal for that

person.

Give frequently fluids like water, rehydration salt/drink, apple juice for every LBM Monitor for signs of dehydration If the patient is not vomiting, you may give banana, rice, apple sauce/juice and toast Avoid spicy foods, alcohol and caffeine containing drinks Seek medical help if there are signs of dehydration

What is the importance of disposing properly soiled linens and diapers?

Diseases caused by pathogens can be transferred thru these materials they are not disposed properly. Sterilized soiled linens after laundry.

Signs of dehydration:Mild:

Thirst Crying Irritable

Moderate;

Decrease urine output Sunken eyeball/ fontanel Dry lips Wrinkled skin Rapid pulse

Severe:

No urine output for the last 8 hours Weak, rapid pulse Cold, clammy skin No tears Unresponsive

What are the risk factors for hypertension?

Family history of hypertension, heart disease and kidney disease Smoking Obesity High salt diet High fat diet African-American descent

What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes?

Fatigue and tiredness Loss of weight

Poor healing ulcers and sores High blood sugar Frequent urination (polyuria) Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Excessive eating (polyphagia) Poor vision Inflammation of the vagina

Which of the following is not true of diabetes?

a. Frequent urinationb. Hyperglycaemiac. Controlled thirst (should be excessive)d. Swelling of vagina

What is arthritis? What are the 4 most common types of arthritis?Arthritis is inflammation of the joints. The 4 most common types are:

Osteoarthritis—most common in elderly, due to wear and tear, destruction of the cartilage protecting the joints Rheumatoid Arthritis—more common in elderly women, debilitating and causes deformity Gouty Arthritis—more common in middle age to elderly men, due to high intake of purine rich foods like organ meats,

gravies, bean, red meats, fish like mackerel, salmon, tuna. Ankylosing Spondylitis—more common in young male adult, affects the cervical spine, shoulder joints and pelvis

How do you take care of a patient with arthritis?

Establish a daily routine for daily care that is safe and efficient and that decreases muscle stress and fatigue To relieve morning stillness, take a warm shower or bath. If the joint is not swollen, apply moist heat for 20-30 minutes, 3x a day. If the joint is swollen, apply cold packs for 10 minutes once an hour. Rest sore joints Avoid activities that put weight or strain on the joints for a few days. Exercise regularly to maintain strength and flexibility and perform range of motion exercises once or twice a day. Try low impact activities-swimming, water aerobics, biking and walking Take Acetaminophen or Aspirin for pain NSAID-non steroidal anti-inflammatory pain like Ibuprofen, Mefenamic Acid or Naproxen Sodium Weight reduction for obese patient

Aside from bringing to the doctor, how can you help a patient with gout?

Get some answer from above then… Advise the client to avoid foods that are high in purine and uric acid like organ meats, gravies, beans and fishes like

mackerel, tuna and salmon

How do you make a trip enjoyable to a child?

Bring provisions for long trips to prevent the child from getting bored Bring the following:

o Adequate food/snacks and watero Comfortable clothes for changingo Bookso Favorite toys

Play games during the trip Tell stories Show the child things that you pass by

What are the common causes of cancer?

Chemicals—insecticides, pesticides Smoking Heredity-increased risk factors for certain types of cancer—prostate cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical and

uterine cancer, breast cancer Viruses- increased the risk of certain cancer after infection—hepatitis B virus, increases the development of liver

cancer, Human Papilloma Virus infection (HVP) increases the risk of developing cervical cancer Hormones- estrogen levels increases the size and make cancer cells grow fast Radiation—chronic exposure to nuclear radiation, ultraviolet rays of the sun, x rays, radiatin from television, cell

phones and computers Pollution—air pollutants coming from exhaust of vehicles and factories.

What are the common signs and symptoms of cancer?

Abnormal bleeding and discharges A thickening or lump Severe anaemia Urinary difficulties Difficulty in swallowing An uncle which remains open Persistent cough or hoarseness Persistent digestive disturbances

What are the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?Alzheimer is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system which affects mental judgement and

memory.

Stage 1—beginning stage: memory loss, decreased speech, emotional agitation, depression, apathy, withdrawal form usual activities.

Stage 2 – extending over the years: forgetfulness worsens, stop speaking, wander and repetitive movements in meaningless way; may put all things in his mouth, increase appetite, continually pace in small area.

Stage 3 – terminal stage: completely dependent, needs continuous supervision, appetite decreases, some are unresponsive, loss of bowel and bladder control.

How do you take care of a patient with Alzheimer?

Maintain a routine and structured environment Be alert for safety – may forget instructions, constant supervision of activities and movements needed Provide a quiet, unstressed environment and avoid excessive stimulation Keep familiar objects and pictures at bedside (memory aids) Maintain the personal hygiene of the client Maintain a toileting routine Encourage sufficient fluid intake and adequate nutrition Monitor sleeping habits Encourage client to exercise but provide rest periods Be supportive to the family

Do not be judgmental

How to use a digital oral thermometer?

1. Assemble all equipment2. Wash hands3. Tell your client you are going to take his oral thermometer4. Have the patient sitting or lying in bed.5. If the patient has taken any hot or cold food or drinks, wait for 10 minutes before taking oral temperature.6. Turn the digital thermometer on by pressing a small button usually located on the face of the thermometer. A beep

may sound to indicate that the thermometer is ready to be used. Digital thermometer are battery operated and must be turned on and off for proper use.

7. Place the thermometer under the tongue for oral use. Make sure that the tip of the thermometer is securely placed under the tongue for the most accurate measurement. Keep the thermometer in place until a beeping noise sounds, indicating the temperature has been read.

How do you assist with client’s medication? / What are the steps in preparing & administering medication to a client?

PROCEDURE:

1. Assemble all equipment2. Wash your hands3. Ask the visitors to leave the room, if appropriate4. Remind the client it is time for his medication5. Check the 5 rights of medication

a. Right medication – check that you are giving the right medicine, read and check the name of the medicationb. Right person – check that you are giving the medication to the right or correct personc. Right amount – check that you are giving the correct dose of the medicationd. Right time – check the schedule, frequency and time of administering the medication e. Right method – check that you are giving the medicine by correct route

6. Place the medications within reach of the client7. Assist the client as necessary with oral medication, ointments and eye drops8. Make the client comfortable9. Put the medication in its proper place. Dispose of the used equipment10. Wash your hands.

What is the first aid foe 3rd degree burns?

1. Stop the burning process by flushing with cool running water2. Check to see if the person is breathing. Resuscitation may be necessary.3. Keep the person’s airway open4. Cover the area with sterile or clean dry cloth or sheet.5. Do not wet dressing – it will chill the person and cause shock6. Get medical help. Stay until someone arrives

Things that you should have in your first aid kit:

1. Sterile dressing and bandage2. Bandage compress3. Adhesive tape and bandages4. Eye covering5. Eye wash

6. Cold pack7. Medical examination gloves8. Scissors9. Tweezers10. Antiseptic11. Antibiotic ointment 12. Burn ointment

How will you know if a wound is infected?

A wound is infected if you see the following signs and symptoms:

- Wound area red, swollen and warm- Pain- Pus is present- Fever- Red streaks or trails on the skin near the wound are signs that the infection is spreading.

What are the safety precautions in the kitchen?

- Keep the kitchen well ventilated- Unplug all kitchen appliance after use- Keep matches and all flammable materials out of reach of children- Keep children out of the kitchen at all times- Keep knives in cabinets beyond reach of children when not in use- Always check the gas tank and tube for leaks- Keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen

What are the signs that a 2 year old is ready for toilet (potty) training?

- Physiologic readiness: a toddler who stays dry for an hour or two during the day and occasionally wakes up dry from naps is physically ready to begin toilet training

- Regularity of bowel movements- Increased awareness of body functions- Interest in being neat and dry- Familiarity with bathroom terminologies “pee” “poo”- Interest in wearing underpants- Ability to do simple dressing- Curiosity about the bathroom habits of others

How do you control profuse/severe/ excessive bleeding? / What emergency procedure can you apply to a bleeding wound?

Control bleeding by:

1. Applying direct pressure to the bleeding site, using your hand over a pad of dressings.2. Continue pressure and secure dressing with firm bandage.3. If the dressing become blood soaked, do not remove them but apply additional dressings and secure with fresh

bandages.4. Raise the injured limb above the level of the heart to help reduce blood flow of the wound.5. Place the victim at rest or put him in the shock position.

What is diabetes? What are the 2 types of diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot convert sugar into energy because of lack of insulin.Two types:

Type I – IDDM (INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS), early onset/ juvenile diabetes, can be inherited, and requires early treatment with insulin.

Type II – NIDDM (NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS), adult or late onset, can be controlled by diet, exercise and oral hypoglycaemic

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

Symptoms develops over hours or days Pulse is weak and rapid breathing is deep, with sigh Skin is flushed (red), dry and warm Breath odor is musty apple or nail polish Gradual onset of unconsciousness Unsteady nausea

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

Symptoms develop very rapidly Pulse is strong and rapid Breathing is shallow Skin is pale and sweating Breath is odourless Fainting to unconsciousness develops quickly Headache Trembling Hunger

A 7 year old has a nosebleed while playing. What will you do?

Do a scene survey Do a primary survey Place the victim in a sitting position, with the head slightly forward Tell the victim to pinch the soft part of her nose with the thumb and forefinger for about 10 minutes or until the

bleeding stops. If she cannot do this, do it yourself. Loosen tight clothing around the neck and chest. Keep the victim quiet to avoid increased bleeding. If the bleeding does not stop, you can repeat the procedure. If bleeding recurs or does not stop, get medical help. When bleeding stops, tell the victim not to blow her nose for a few hours.

What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis / severe allergic reaction?You can recognize anaphylaxis or severe allergic reaction by any of the following:

Sneezing, coughing and red watery eyes Swelling of the face, mouth and throat Labored breathing with wheezing. Weak rapid pulse Vomiting and diarrhea Pale skin, blueness (cyanosis) or both Changes in the level of consciousness

Symptoms:

Tightness in the chest Sever itching and hive Dizziness Severe abdominal pain Nausea

What is the first aid for an allergic reaction/ anaphylaxis?

Send for medical help Monitor airway, breathing and circulation. Check for any medical alert information Assist the conscious victim to take his prescribed medications Provide care for shock until medical help arrives.

What is the management for bee sting?

Scrape the stinger and poison sac carefully from the skin using the blunt edge of a knife, or a credit card. Do not squeeze the stinger

Apply rubbing alcohol or a paste of baking soda and water. If the sting is in the mouth, give the person a mouthwash of one teaspoon baking soda to a glass of water, or ice to

suck. If there is swelling in the mouth, and breathing difficulties, get medical help.

What are the causes (triggers) of asthma?

House dust Smoke Pollen Insects (bee sting, cockroaches, caterpillars) Furry or feathered animals (dog, cat, birds) Foods (peanuts/nuts, strawberry, egg, fish, chicken) Drugs (aspirin, antibiotics – Penicillins) Cold/ respiratory infection Physical exhaustion Emotional stress

What are the signs and symptoms of asthmas?

Shortness of breath Coughing and wheezing Fast and shallow breathing Tightness in the chest Victim sitting upright in the tripod position Bluish color (cyanosis) Fast pulse rate Anxiety Restless then fatigue Shock

What is the management of asthma?

Call for medical help Stop any activity that could have triggered the attack Place the victim in the tripod position Reassure the victim Do not feed nor give any drink Assist the victim to take his prescribed medications for asthma.

What is a gran mal seizure (epilepsy)? What are its signs and symptoms?It is a disorder of the nervous system resulting in recurring convulsions, which may partial or complete loss of

consciousness.Signs and symptoms:

Victim drops to the floor Upward rolling of eyeballs Sudden loss of consciousness Noisy breathing Clenched teeth/grinding of teeth Frothing and drooling of saliva Uncontrollable muscle contractions/spasms/ convulsions with arching of the back Bowel and bladder incontinence Presence of aura in some patients= a sensation such as sound, smell or feeling of movement in body

that tells that a seizure is about to occur.

What is the first aid for gran mal seizure?

Begin scene survey Clear the area of any hard object that could cause injury Protect the head from injury Ensure victims privacy/ clear the area of onlookers Do not restrict movement Loosen tight clothing Turn the victim on his side (side-lying) to prevent aspiration and falling of tongue back to the throat Do not forcibly open the victim’s mouth to put anything between the teeth When convulsion stops:

o Place victim in the recovery positiono Wipe any fluids from the mouth and noseo Do secondary survey to check for any injurieso Monitor the victim’s ABC until medical help arrives

What is the first aid for fever convulsions?

Protect the child from injury Clear the area of any hard objects that could cause injury Loosen tight clothing Do not restrain the child When the convulsion stops, place the child in the recovery position Reassure the child’s parents Seek medical help

What is the first aid for hyperthermia (fever)?

Call the child’s doctor and follow his advice Give Acetaminophen for fever Encourage the child to drink Give sponge bath with lukewarm water for 20 minutes Monitor the child’s temperature

Signs and symptoms of an impending heart attack.

Signs;

Shortness of breath Paleness, sweating and other signs of shock Vomiting Unconsciousness

Symptoms:

Crushing chest pain which may or may not be severe Shortness of breath Fear, feeling doom Feeling of indigestion Nausea Pain or weakness radiating from the neck shoulder and upper arm

A 58 year old man is walking chest pains (angina)/ a 58 year old man has a signs of heart attack. What will you do?

Get medical help immediately call 911 Please the victim in semi-sitting position to ease the work of the heart and help breathing Loosen tight clothing at the neck, chest and waist Preserve body heat by covering the victim with blanket Reassure the victim Assist the victim with his prescribed medications Monitor ABC closely while waiting for medical help Be prepared to give rescue breathing or CPR when needed.

Give some signs and symptoms of stroke

Signs:

Decrease level of consciousness Paralysis of facial muscles Slurred speech Difficulty of swallowing Drooling of saliva Unsteady gait Loss of coordination Bower and bladder incontinence Unequal size pupils

Symptoms:

Numbness or weakness of arms or legs Severe headache

What is the first aid for stroke?

Call 911 or obtain medical help Monitor the victim’s ABC Protect him from injury Place him in semi-sitting position Reassure the victim Loosen tight clothing Moisten his lips and tongue with wet cloth when thirsty If the victim is unconscious,

o Place him in the recovery position with the paralysed or weakened side upo Do not give anything by mouth.

A child has severe chemical burn in his arm, what will you do? What is the first aid for spilled chemicals?

Begin scene survey: check the victim Immediately flush the burn area with cool water for 15-20 minutes Flush during removal of clothing; check the ABC Perform primary survey and give first aid for life-threatening conditions If the corrosive is dry chemical, remove contaminated clothing Brush off any dry powder from the skin before flushing, do not use your bare hands After flushing: cover the burned area with a clean dressing Seek medical help

When do you suspect poisoning (swallowed/ ingested poisoning)?

Poisoning is suspected if there are the ff signs and symptoms: A half or completely empty pill box, cleaning fluid bottle or other containers near or beside the victim Discoloration or burn around the lips and mouth Smell on the breath (like gas) Vomiting, diarrhea Breathing problems Unconsciousness Nausea Severe abdominal pain

How will you handle swallowed corrosives?

1. Call the poison control center

If the person is conscious and you cannot immediately reach the poison information center,

Begin scene survey Perform primary survey and give first aid for life – threatening conditions Wipe the person’s face to remove any corrosive material Rinse or wipe out the mouth Do not give anything by mouth, do not offer water or food Do not induce or force vomiting Obtain medical help quickly

Monitor the ABC while waiting for medical help

What is the first aid for snake bites?

Begin scene survey Perform primary survey and give first aid for life threatening conditions Calm and reassure the victim Place the victim at rest in semi-sitting position Flush the bite area with soapy water if available Do not apply ice to the wound Monitor breathing closely Do not try to suck the poison out of the wound with your mouth or cut the bite mark with a knife, it will cause

bacterial infection Do not let the person walk Do not give the person alcoholic beverages

What is hypothermia?Hypothermia is a generalized cooling of the body, with body temperature falling below 35 degrees Celsius. It usually

develops from exposure to abnormally low temperature over prolonged period of time.

Signs and symptoms of hypothermia

Pulse becomes slow, weak and irregular, it may be absent in severe hypothermia Breathing becomes slow and shallow, it may cease in severe hypothermia Shivering Slurred speech Clumsiness Level of consciousness varies from withdrawn, confused, sleepy irrational to unconscious

What is the management for hypothermia?

Handle the victim gently with the least possible movement Remove him from the cold environment or exposure and bring the victim with warm blanket Protect him from the wind by huddling (group hug) Give the victim a warm sweet drink. Do not give alcohol or any caffeine-containing drink Monitor breathing and pulse If breathing is ineffective, give rescue breathing IF VICTIM BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS,

o Obtain medical help immediatelyo Carefully cut off wet clothing and cover the casualtyo Monitor ABC and give first aid (recue breathing or CPR) when necessary

How do you perform rescue breathing in an adult? (12 breaths per min)

Perform scene surveyo Assess responsiveness – tap the victim’s shouldero Get medical help/ Call 911

Perform primary surveyo Open the airway- do the head tilt/chin lift maneuvero Check for breathing

Look for the rise and fall of the chest

Listen for the air coming out of the nose and mouth Feel for air coming out of the nose and mouth

o Give 2 slow breathso Check for signs of circulation – feel the carotid pulse for 10 secondso Continue giving 1 breath/ 5 seconds or 12 breaths per minute (2 cycles)o Recheck breathingo Place the victim in recovery position, if breathing and continue monitoring ABC while waiting for medical

help to arrive.(Adult: 24 cycles- breath 1, 1002, 1003, 1001)

How do you perform rescue breathing in infants?

Perform scene surveyo Check for responsiveness – tap the baby’s feeto Get medical help/ call 911

Perform primary surveyo Open the airway – do the head tilt/chin lift manuevero Listen for breathing

Look for the rise and fall of the chest Listen for air coming out of the nose and mouth Feel for air coming out of the nose and mouth

o Give 2 slow breaths, seal the mouth and nose with your moutho Check for signs of circulation – feel the brachial pulse for 10 secondso Continue giving 1 breath/ 3 seconds or 20 breaths per minute ( 2 cycles)o Recheck breathingo Place the victim in recovery position, if breathing and continue monitoring the ABC while waiting for medical

to arrive

How do you perform CPR in a toddler/child?

Perform scene surveyo Assess for responsivenesso Get medical help/ call 911

Perform primary surveyo Check the ABCo If no breathing and pulse can be detected, give CPR

Landmark for chest compressions Give 5 cycles of 30 compressions and 2 ventilations in 2 minutes Recheck breathing and circulation If nothing can be detected, continue chest compressions and ventilation If patient shows sign of recovery, place him in recovery position and wait for medical help to arrive

while monitoring the ABC continually. (count 1-20 the 1-9 = 1 complete cycle)

What is shock? Give common causes of shock.Shock is a condition of inadequate circulation to the body tissues. It results when the brain, heart, lungs and kidneys

are deprived of Oxygen.Common causes are:

1. Breathing problems (asthma)2. Severe bleeding

3. Severe burns4. Spinal cord injuries5. Heart attack6. Medical emergencies like diabetes, allergy and poisoning

Signs and symptoms of shock

Signs:

Restlessness Decreased consciousness Pale skin at first, later becoming blue (cyanosis) Cold, clammy skin Profuse sweating Vomiting Shallow, irregular breathing Weak, rapid pulse which may be absent in severe cases

Symptoms:

Feeling of anxiety or doom Dizziness or confusion Extreme thirst Nausea Faintness Pain

What is the first aid for shock?

Get medical help Give prompt and effective first aid for any injury or illness Reassure the casualty Loosen tight clothing around the neck, chest and waist Place the victim in the shock position – feet and legs raised about 30 cm (12 in) Cover the victim with blanket above and underneath to preserve body heat Give nothing by mouth (NPO) Moisten the lips only if the victim complains of thirst Monitor the ABC until medical help arrives

What will you do if you see an unconscious person?

Perform scene surveyo Check for responsivenesso Get medical help

Perform primary survey and give first aid for life-threatening conditions (ABC) Loosen tight clothing Place the victim in recovery position and continue to monitor his ABC until medical help arrives.

What causes fainting and what is the management for fainting?

Fainting maybe caused by:

1. Fatigue, hunger or lack of fresh air

2. Fear and anxiety3. Long periods of standing or sitting4. Severe pain, injury or illness

First aid for fainting is as follows:

Act quickly and put the person down in shock position Ensure a supply of fresh air Loosen tight clothing around the neck, waist and chest If you cannot lay the person down, have him sit with his head and shoulders lowered When the victim becomes unconscious, manage him similar to the first aid for unconscious person When he recovers or regains consciousness, make him comfortable but keep him lying down in shock position for 10-

15 minutes.