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[Appendix]

Spatial Development of Seoul-History & Prospect-

2012.5.22

Dr. Jung-Joong, LeeChief of Researcher

City Planning CommissionSeoul Metropolitan Government

- Contents -

. Urban Development HistoryⅠ

. Spatial Structure ChangesⅡ

. Prospect as a Global CityⅢ

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. Urban Development HistoryⅠBefore Modernization(Chosun Dynasty) : Hanyang■

o the capital city of Korea(Josun Dynasty) since 1394o based on 'traditional geographical concept of the oriental society( )風水- ancestral temple : the east of palace- royal temple : the westo Population : 150,000 people (as of 1394)

the planning concept of Hanyang the street of the early 20 C

Introduction of Modern Planning : Kyungsung■o 1930s : the first modern planning act and plan was introduced- Josun City Planning Act: 1934(regulating zoning, infra-facilities and urban development, etc)- Gyungsung City Plan: 1936 (target population : 700,000)

Central Street of Seoul(1936) The 1st railway : Seoul Incheon(1899)↔

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■ After the Korean War(1950s) : Era of Reconstructiono The Korean War devastated the entire urban structure of the city.

o Urban problems : poverty, housing shortages, waste management.

The devastation of street and historical building

The Growth of Seoul■o a leading place for the nation-wide economic and social growth since1960s.

o Rapid increase of population and concentration of socio-economicfunctions to Seoul brought about congestion problem.- 593 ('60s) 605 (from '73 present)㎢ → ㎢ ∼

o Between 1970 and 1980, about 3 million people emigrated from localregion to Seoul city.- 800 people/a day requiring about 200 houses a day in Seoul.☞

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Increased distribution of urban centers according to spatial expansion

Changes of Administration and Planning Area of Seoul■

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Growth Statistics of Seoul■

1960 1990 2010population(million) 245 1,061 10.450

income $90 $5,886 $28,794('05)car 11,000cars 1.193 million 2.954 millionhouse 580 thou.('70) 1.43 million 3.258 million

The Change of Housing types■o According to rapid increase of population, many houses have beenconstructed by a Big Urban Development Project(Land Adjustment,Urban and Housing Renewal, ect.)

o The ratio of 'Apartment' goes on increasing continuously.54.3%(2005) 56.8%(2010)※ →

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. Spatial Structure ChangesⅡ1960s~'70s : Industrialization and Urban Sprawl■

o Main factors and issues- Concentration of Population Rapid Urban Sprawl Relocation of→ →population in Seoul Metropolitan Region

- Implementation of policies for decentralizing the principal functions andfacilities of the city, e.g., public offices, and major educationalinstitutions, ect.) from Gangbuk(old town: the north of the Han River) toGangnam(new developed area : the south of Han Rive)

Development Plan of Yoido(1969), Under Construction of Kangnam Street

the first Apartment Site('61) overpass road('70)

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Main Infrastructure and Facilities■

Covering Construction of Cheonggyecheon(1958 1961. 12)∼

Gwanghwamun Under Pedestrian Passage(1966)

Sewoon Mixed Use Building(1967. 6)

Namsan 1·2 Tunnel(1969.3 1970. 8)∼

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Subway Line 1(1974. 8)

Sejong Center (1978. 4) Sungsoo Bridge(1979. 9)

Main Measure for Urban Development■o Land Adjustment Development Project('60s~'80s)- Developed Area : 113 (80.7% of street)㎢

merit of project : minimizing cost of public investment※

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o Development of Apartment District

year District Size of Area( )㎢ HouseholdTotal 14 11.321 141,109

Low Density APT. District 1976~79 5 3.793 50,152High Density APT. District 1976~83 13 7.528 90,957

Low Density District High Density District

Goals of project: extension of housing supply & development of※orderly arranged sites.

The Change of Floor Area Ratio(FAR)■o The FAR of Residential and Commercial Area(legal zoning) has changedfrequently following socio-economic situations and policy considerations.

o The regulations of FAR shall be designated as municipal ordinance underthe law.

- General Residential ZoningArea(in relation to Act): 400%('70) 500%('72)→ →300%('73) 300%(→ APT: 200%,'78)400%('86) 200% 400%('88)→ → ～400%('92) 150~250%(2000)→ →

- General Commercial Zoning Area: 800%('70) 1,000%('72)→ →1,500%('86) 500 1,100%('88)→ ～1,300%('92) 600% 800%(2000)→ → ～

The Change of FAR(Architecture Act City Planning Act)→

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The History of Revised 'Parking Act'■o 1962 : Legal defining Parking as one of public facilities in City Planning Acto 1967 : Obligatory establishing Parking in the building having total floor area

over than 2,000 (Architecture Act)㎡ Expansion of underground parking▶o 1976 : Regulation of Parking Standards(Architecture Act)o 1979 : Institution of Parking Act(parking attached to a building)o 1982 : Policy inducing underground parking around Station Area and CBDo 1988 : Development Plan of Underground Parking under Public Land

and Space(11 places, 5,100 lots)o after 1996 : Inducing and encouraging parking lots in residential area,

transfer station in the outer cityRestriction in CBD, Sub-Center, Commercial Zone

■ Towards a World City in the Age of Globalization (1980 '90)∼o Remarkable Progress- The Asian Game(1986) and the Olympic Game(1988) became importantsteppingstones to promote national status.(Urban Development, Innovation of IT and Acceleration of High Tech, BioSector and so on)

Olympic Main Stadium('86, '88) New Town Development(1981~88)

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Olympic Trunk Road(1986.5) Inner-Circular Road(1991.1)

Mokdong New Town(1983~95) Olympic Park and Hostels

Main Infrastructure and Facilities■

Seoul Grand Park(Gwachun City, 1977. 1 1984. 5)∼

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Subway Line 2(1978. 3 1984. 5)∼

Subway Line 3(1978. 3 1984. 5) Subway Line 4 (1985. 10)∼

88 Olympic Trunk Road(1986. 5)

Collapse of Sungsoo Bridge(1994. 10)

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Collapse of Sampoong Department Store(1995. 6)

Subway Line 5(1990. 5 1995. 11)∼

■ Residential Area Development: government-initiated developmento Serious housing shortage in Seoul committed the government to initiatepolicy focusing on housing supply and public development- Development Sites: 41 Sites, 32 , 310 thousands houses, 1.23 millions㏊inhabitants(Gaepo, Mokdong , Godeok, Sanggye, Moonjung, ect.)

Sanggye Residential Development(86~91) Gayang(1990~96)

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■ The Construction of High-rise Apartment(above 30 stories)o High-Rise Apartment began to be constructed from the mid-1990s; Thiscontributed efficient lands use, housing supply, improving urbanenvironment.

o Mixed Use Buildings have been constructed in commercial zones.Issue: Proper land use in urban center※

Prospects of Seoul in the 21C.■o Maximum Utilization of Strength and Opportunities- Global City: held the World-Cup Football Game(2002)- The Human City Harmonizing with Nature: Restoration of Cheonggyecheon& Creation of Seoul Square- Balancing Sectoral Development: "New Town in Town"- Focusing on Public Traffic System : Bus, Metro(subway), Walk and Bike

Sangam World-Cup Stadium Subway Lines(1~9 Line)

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Restoration of Cheonggyecheon (before after)→

Seoul Square(2004) (before after)→

Construction of Gwanghwamun Square(2009)

Central Exclusive Lane for Only Bus

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Intelligent Buildings(SKT Tower $ POSCO)

Seoul Forest(2005)

The New Town Project■o Main Purposes as a comprehensive plan: Rational planning for properland use and preparation of infrastructure.

o Deregulation in line with public contribution(donation & preparation)

Location of New Town Sites & Balanced Development District

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. Prospect as a Global CityⅢHigh Rise-Density Mixed Used Development(MXD)■

o The Functions of International Business Districts are as follows :- Finance, Insurance, International Organization, Education, Media, Convention,Art-Cultural Center, Commercial, Housing and so on

Yongsan IBD(106F) Sangam DMC(133F) Jamsil Lotte World(123F)

Mixed Utilization of Underground Space■

Underground Space at COEX Mall in the Sub-center of Gangnam, Seoul

Mixed-Use of Gangnam Express Bus Terminal(Terminal, Hotel, Convention, Department Store, ect.)

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Diverse Utilization of Underground■o Reviewing to plan U-Smartway(underpass) & Great Train Express(GTX)- U-Smartway : E W 3 Lines, S N 3 Lines, Length : 149↔ ↔ ㎞- GTX : Gyeonggi Province Seoul Gyeonggi Province 3 Lines, 145.5↔ ↔ ㎞

노선도 수도권 광역 급행철도U-Smartway (GTX)

Development of Waterfront for Regeneration■"Hangang(river) Project"

o Main Theme: Restoration of Ecological Environment and Creation ofEconomic Potentiality along the Han River.- Improving Accessibility, Developing Waterfront Town, Reinforcing UrbanCenter, Inducing Fine Townscape and Skyline, Forming Riverfront Park, etc.

o Strategic Development for Characterizing the Waterfront Area

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Typical Themes and Functions of Each Region■o Central Region : Yongsan, Yoido(Business, Culture)o Western Region : Sangam, Magok(Industry, Nature, History)o Eastern Region : Ttuksom, Jamsil(Leisure, Sports)

Cafeteria and Observatory on the bridge of the Hangang(river)

Yongsan International Business District (Development of Waterfront)