spatial organisations and relationships

8/11/2019 Spatial Organisations and Relationships

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AED 1104 Environmental Design 1, 2008/2009Input Lecture- Organisation o !orm an" #pace

ORGANISATION OF FORM AND SPACE

1. SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS

$%o spaces ma& 'e relate" to eac( ot(er in several un"amental %a&s)

a) Space within a space

A space ma& 'e containe" %it(in t(e volume o a larger space*

+isual an" spatial continuit&'et%een t(e t%o spaces can 'eeasil& accommo"ate", 'ut t(e

smaller, containe" space "epen"s on t(e larger,enveloping space or its relations(ip to t(eeterior environment*

In t(is t&pe o spatial relations(ip, t(e larger,enveloping space serves as a t(ree-"imensionalel" or t(e smaller space containe" %it(in it*!or t(is concept to 'e perceive", a clear"i.erentiation in sie is necessar& 'et%een t(et%o spaces*

$o en"o% itsel %it( a (ig(er attention-value,t(e containe" space ma& s(are t(e orm o t(eenveloping s(ape, 'ut 'e oriente" in a "i.erentmanner* $(is %oul" create a secon"ar& gri" an"a set o "&namic, resi"ual spaces %it(in t(elarger space*

$(e containe" space ma& also "i.er in ormrom t(e enveloping space in or"er tostrengt(en its image as a reestan"ing volume*

$(is contrast in orm ma& in"icate a unctional"i.erence 'et%een t(e spaces or t(e s&m'olicimportance o t(e containe" space*

Applicatin!

Etracte" rom Chapte" #$ O"%ani&atin o !rancis D** (ings Arc(itecture) !orm, #pace an" Or"er, 2003, o(n 5ile& 6 #ons, Inc* $(is

(an"out is meant '" %(ieline nl** !urt(er rea"ing on t(e topic is (ig(l& recommen"e"*

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+) Inte"lc,in% spaces

$(e el" o a space ma& overlap t(e volume o anot(erspace*

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An interloc7ing spatial relations(ip results rom t(eoverlapping o t%o spatial el"s an" t(eemergence o a one o s(are" space* 5(en t%ospaces interloc7 t(eir volumes in t(is manner, eac(

retains its i"entit& an" "enition as a space* utt(e resulting conguration o t(e t%o interloc7ingspaces is su'ect to a num'er o interpretations*

• $(e interloc7ing portion o

t(e t%o volumes can 'es(are" e:uall& '& eac(space*

•

$(e interloc7ing portion canmerge %it( one o t(espaces an" 'ecome anintegral part o its volume*

• $(e interloc7ing portion can

"evelop its o%n integrit& asa space t(at serves to lin7t(e t%o original spaces*

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c) A-acent spaces

$%o spaces ma& a'ut eac( ot(er or s(are a common'or"er*

A"acenc& is t(e most commont&pe o spatial relations(ip* It allo%s eac( space to 'e clearl&"ene" an" to respon", eac( in its o%n %a&, to specicunctional or s&m'olic re:uirements* $(e "egree o visual an"spatial continuit& t(at occurs 'et%een t%o a"acent spaces"epen"s on t(e nature o t(e plane t(at 'ot( separates an"'in"s t(em toget(er*

$(e separating plane ma&)

• Limit visual an" p(&sical

access 'et%een t%oa"acent spaces, reinorcet(e in"ivi"ualit& o eac(space, an" accommo"atet(eir "i.erences*

• Appears as a reestan"ing

plane in a single volumeo space*

•

De "ene" %it( a ro% o columns t(at allo%s a (ig("egree o visual an"spatial continuit& 'et%eent(e t%o spaces*

• e merel& implie" %it( a

c(ange in level or a

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contrast in surace material or teture 'et%een t(e t%o spaces* $(is an" t(e prece"ing t%o cases can also 'e rea" as singlevolumes o space %(ic( are "ivi"e" into t%o relate" ones*

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) Spaces lin,e +* a cn space

$%o spaces ma& rel& on an interme"iar& space ort(eir relations(ip*

$%o spaces t(at are separate" '& "istance can 'e lin7e"or relate" to eac( ot(er '& a t(ir", interme"iate, space*

$(e visual an" spatial relations(ip 'et%een t(e t%ospaces "epen"s on t(e nature o t(e t(ir" space %it(%(ic( t(e& s(are a common 'on"*

$(e interme"iate space can "i.er in orm an" orientation rom t(e t%o spaces toepress its lin7ing unction*

$(e t%o spaces, as %ell as t(e interme"iate space, can 'ee:uivalent in sie an" s(ape an" orm a linear se:uence o spaces*

$(e interme"iate space can itsel 'ecome linear in orm to lin7 t%ospaces t(at are "istant rom eac(ot(er, or oin a %(ole series o spacest(at (ave no "irect relations(ip to oneanot(er*

$(e interme"iate space can, i large enoug(, 'ecome t(e"ominant space in t(e relations(ip, an" 'e capa'le o organiinga num'er o spaces a'out itsel*

$(e orm o t(e interme"iate space can 'e resi"ual in nature an"'e

"etermine"solel& '& t(eorms an"orientationso t(e t%o spaces 'einglin7e"*

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Applicatin!

/. SPATIAL ORGANI0ATIONS

a) Cent"ali&e "%ani&atin

A central, "ominant space a'out %(ic( a num'er o secon"ar&spaces are groupe"*

A centralie" organiation isa sta'le, concentrate"

composition t(at consists o a num'er o secon"ar&spaces groupe" aroun" a large, "ominant,central space*

$(e central, uni&ing space o t(e organiationis generall& regular in orm an" large enoug(in sie to gat(er a num'er o secon"ar&spaces a'out its perimeter*

$(e secon"ar& spaces o t(e organiationma& 'e e:uivalent to one anot(er in unction,orm an" sie, an" create an overallconguration t(at is geometricall& regular an"s&mmetrical a'out t%o or more aes*

$(e secon"ar& spaces ma& "i.er rom oneanot(er in orm or sie in or"er to respon" toin"ivi"ual re:uirements o unction, epresst(eir relative importance or ac7no%le"ge t(eirsurroun"ings* $(is "i.erentiation among t(esecon"ar& spaces also allo%s t(e orm o acentralie" organiation to respon" to t(eenvironmental con"itions o its site*

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#ince t(e orm o a centralie" organiation isin(erentl& non-"irectional, con"itions o approac( an" entr& must 'e specie" '& t(esite an" t(e articulation o one o t(esecon"ar& spaces as an entrance or gate%a&*

entralie" organiations %(ose orms arerelativel& compact an" geometricall& regularcan 'e use" to)

• esta'lis( points or places in

space

• terminate aial con"ition

• serve as an o'ect-orm

%it(in a "ene" el" orvolume o space

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+) Linea" "%ani&atin

A linear se:uence o repetitive spaces*

A linear organiation consistsessentiall& o a series o spaces*

$(ese spaces can eit(er 'e"irectl& relate" to one anot(eror 'e lin7e" t(roug( a separate

an" "istinct linear s(ape*

A linear organiation usuall& consists o repetitive spaces %(ic( are ali7e in sie, orman" unction* It ma& also consist o a single t(atorganies along its lengt(s a series o spacest(at "i.er in sie, orm or unction* In 'ot(cases, eac( space along t(e se:uence (as aneterior eposure*

#paces t(at are unctionall& or s&m'olicall& important to t(e organiation can occuran&%(ere along t(e linear se:uence an" (ave t(eir importance articulate" '& t(eirsie an" orm* $(eir signicance can also 'e emp(asie" '& t(eir location)

• At t(e en" o t(e linear

se:uence

• O.set rom t(e linear

organiation• At pivotal points o a

segmente" linear orm

ecause o t(eir c(aracteristic lengt(, linear organiations epressa "irection an" signi& movement, etension an" gro%t(* $o limitt(eir gro%t(, linear organiations can 'e terminate" '& a "ominantspace or orm, '& an ela'orate or articulate" entrance, or '&merging %it( anot(er 'uil"ing orm or t(e topograp(& o its site*

$(e orm o a linear organiation is in(erentl&>ei'le an" can respon" rea"il& to variouscon"itions o its site* It can a"apt to c(anges intopograp(&, maneuver aroun" a 'o"& o %ater or

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a stan" o trees or turn to orient spaces to capture sunlig(t an" vie%s* It can 'estraig(t, segmente" or curvilinear* It can run (oriontall& across its site, "iagonall& upa slope or stan" verticall& as to%er*

$(e orm o a linear organiation can relate to ot(er orms in its contet '&)

•

Lin7ing an" organiingt(em along its lengt(

• #erving as a %all or 'arrier

to separate t(em into"i.erent el"s

• #urroun"ing an" enclosing

t(em %it(in a el" o space

Applicatin!

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c) Raial "%ani&atin

A central space rom %(ic( linear organiations o space eten" in ara"ial manner*

A ra"ial organiation o space com'ines

elements o 'ot( centralie" an" linearorganiations* It consists o a "ominantcentral place orm %(ic( a num'er o linear

organiations eten" in a ra"ial manner* 5(ereas acentralie" organiation is an introverte" sc(eme t(at ocusesin%ar" on its central space, a ra"ial organiation is anetroverte" plan t(at reac(es out to its contet* 5it( its lineararms, it can eten" an" attac( itsel to specic elements or eatures o its site*

As %it( centralie" organiations, t(e central space o a ra"ial organiation is generall& regular in orm* $(elinear arms, or %(ic( t(e central space is t(e (u',ma& 'e similar to one anot(er in orm an" lengt( an"maintain t(e regularit& o t(e organiations overall orm*

$(e ra"iating arms ma& also "i.er rom one anot(er in or"erto respon" to in"ivi"ual re:uirements o unction an" contet*

A specic variation o a ra"ial organiation is t(e pin%(eelpattern %(erein t(e linear arms o t(e organiation eten"rom t(e si"es o a s:uare or rectangular central space* $(isarrangement results in a "&namic pattern t(at visuall&suggests a rotational movement a'out t(e central space*

Applicatin!

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) Cl(ste"e "%ani&atin

#paces groupe" '& proimit& or t(e s(aring o a common visual traitor relations(ip*

A clustere" organiation

relies on p(&sicalproimit& to relate itsspaces to one anot(er* It

oten consists o repetitive, cellular spacest(at (ave similar unctions an" s(are acommon visual trait suc( as s(ape ororientation* A clustere" organiation canalso accept %it(in its composition spacest(at are "issimilar in sie, orm an" unction, 'ut relate" to one anot(er '& proimit&or visual or"ering "evice suc( as s&mmetr& or an ais* ecause its pattern "oes notoriginate rom a rigi" geometrical concept, t(e orm o a clustere" organiation is>ei'le an" can accept gro%t( an" c(ange rea"il& %it(out a.ecting its c(aracter*

lustere" spaces can 'e organie" a'outa point o entr& into a 'uil"ing or alongt(e pat( o movement t(roug( it* $(espaces can also 'e clustere" a'out alarge "ene" el" or volume o space*

$(is pattern is similar to t(at o acentralie" organiation, 'ut it lac7s t(elatters compactness an" geometricalregularit&* $(e spaces o a clustere"organiation can also 'e containe"%it(in a "ene" el" or volume o space*

#ince t(ere is no in(erent place o importance %it(in t(e pattern o a clustere"organiation, t(e signicance o a space must 'e articulate" '& its sie, orm ororientation %it(in t(e pattern*

#&mmetr& or an aial con"ition can 'euse" to strengt(en an" uni& portionso a clustere" organiation an" (elparticulate t(e importance o a space or

group o spaces %it(in t(eorganiation*

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Applicatin!

e) G"i "%ani&atin

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#paces organie" %it(in t(e el" o a structural gri"or ot(er t(ree-"imensional rame%or7*

A gri" organiation consists o orms an" spaces%(ose positions in space an" relations(ips %it( one

anot(er are regulate" '& a t(ree-"imensional gri"pattern or el"*

A gri" is create" '& t%o, usuall& perpen"icular,sets o parallel lines tat esta'lis( a regularpattern o points at t(eir intersections*?roecte" into t(e t(ir" "imension, t(e gri"pattern is transorme" into a set o repetitive,mo"ular units o space*

$(e organiing po%er o a gri" results rom t(eregularit& an" continuit& o its pattern t(atperva"es t(e elements it organies* Its patternesta'lis(es a sta'le set or el" o reerencepoints an" lines in space %it( %(ic( t(e spaceso a gri" organiation, alt(oug( "issimilar insie, orm or unction, can s(are a commonrelations(ip*

A gri" is esta'lis(e" in arc(itecture most oten '& a s7eletal structural s&stem o columns an" 'eams* 5it(in t(e el" o t(isgri", spaces can occur as isolate" events or asrepetitions o t(e gri" mo"ule* @egar"less o t(eir "isposition %it(in t(e el", t(ese spaces,i seen as positive orms, %ill create a secon"set o negative spaces*

#ince a t(ree-"imensional gri" consists o repetitive, mo"ular units o space, it can 'esu'tracte" rom, a""e" to or la&ere", an" stillmaintain its i"entit& as a gri" %it( t(e a'ilit&to organie spaces* $(ese ormalmanipulations can 'e use" to a"apt a gri"orm to its site, to "ene an entrance or

out"oor space, or to allo% or its gro%t( an"epansion*

$o accommo"ate t(e specic "imensionalre:uirements o its spaces or to articulateones o space or circulation or service, a gri"can 'e ma"e irregular in one or t%o "irections*

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$(is "imensional transormation %oul" create a (ierarc(ical set o mo"ules"i.erentiate" '& sie, proportion an" location*

A gri" can also un"ergo ot(ertransormations* ?ortions o t(e gri" can

sli"e to alter t(e visual an" spatialcontinuit& across its el"* A gri" pattern can'e interrupte" to "ene a maor space oraccommo"ate a natural eature o its site* Aportion o t(e gri" can 'e "islocate" an"rotate" a'out a point in t(e 'asic pattern* Across its el", a gri" can transorm itsimage rom a pattern o points to lines, to planes an" nall& to volumes*

Applicatin!

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