spatial databases and geographic information systems · – douglas/peucker algorithm 1. given:...
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Spatial Databases and Geographic Information SystemsSystems
Karl NeumannSarah TauscherInstitut für InformationssystemeTechnische Universität Braunschweighttp://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de
1.1 Organizational Issues
1.2 Content and Overview
1.3 Literature
1 Introduction
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 2
http://www.radcyberzine.com/xglobe/earth_2400.jpg
• Lecture
– 23. 10.2009 - 05.02.2010
– 9:45 - 12:00
– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture
1.1 Organizational Issues
Exercises and detours integrated into lecture
– URL: www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/ teaching/ws-0910/gis
• 4 Credits
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 3
• Exams
– Oral exam
– 08. - 12. 02.2010
– Register at examination office
1.1 Organizational Issues
Register at examination office
– Get an appointment at the Ifis secretariat → Regine Dalkiran
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 4
• 2 Spatial Data Modelling
– 2.1 Geometry
– 2.2 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models
– 2.3 Topology
1.2 Content and Overview
2.3 Topology
– 2.4 Fields
– 2.5 AAA-Project
– 2.6 Operations
– 2.7 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 5
http://skagit.meas.ncsu.edu/~helena/gmslab/interp/F1a.gif
– Spatial object/Geoobject: element to model real world data in geographic information system
– Are described by spatial data (geodata)
– Spatial information: custom-designed spatial data
– Chief difference to “conventional” objects
1.2 Content and Overview
– Chief difference to “conventional” objects (“What’s so special about spatial?”):
• Geometry
• Topology
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 6
– Vector: minimum distance between a point and a line
1.2 Content and Overview
http://worboys.duckham.org/
– Raster: Distance matrices for distance determination
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 7
city block metric chessboard metric Euclidean distance
of cetres
• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data
– 3.1 Properties of Maps
– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color
– 3.3 Geometric Generalization
1.2 Content and Overview
3.3 Geometric Generalization
– 3.4 Label and SymbolPlacement
– 3.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 8
http://homepage.univie.ac.at/.../Janschitz_Text.pdf
– Challenges
• Projection of the 3D surface on two dimensions (paper, film, screen)
• Selection of the spatial objects and their attributes to be displayed
1.2 Content and Overview
their attributes to be displayed
• Generalization of geometric andthematic properties (simplify, omit depending on scale)
• Exaggeration and displacement(e.g. river valley with roads and railway lines)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 9
http://maps.google.de/
– Douglas/Peucker algorithm
1. given: polyline L, threshold g
2. determine line between the start and end point of L,
3. determine the point of L that is furthest
1.2 Content and Overview
3. determine the point of L that is furthest from the line segment
4. if distance > g then the point is significant, repeat procedure for both sub-lines,
otherwise remove all the points between the start and end point of L
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 10
http://en.wiki.mcneel.com/
• 4 Spatial Queries
– 4.1 Development of SQL
– 4.2 Core SQL Queries
– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL
1.2 Content and Overview
4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL
– 4.4 Spatial Extension of theRelational Algebra
– 4.5 Spatial Extensions of SQL
– 4.6 Evaluation of Spatial Queries
– 4.7 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 11
– Query 6: Ids of churches which are located no more than 2 km from a car park
Building(id: string, typeOfUse: String, groundPlan: Polygon)
1.2 Content and Overview
Fid1(σDistance(Centroid(groundPlan1),
Centroid(groundPlan2))<2000
(σtypeOfUse1=′church′∧typeOfUse2=′car park′
(Building × Building)))
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 12
– Therefore evaluation of spatial queries in 2 steps
• Filter step
– Determination of possible hits by evaluation on spatial approximation (lower costs)
• Refinement step
1.2 Content and Overview
• Refinement step
– Evaluation on accurate geometry only for objects of the filter step
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13
• 5 Spatial Access Methods
– 5.1 Quadtree
– 5.2 R-tree
– 5.3 K-d tree
1.2 Content and Overview
13
26
11
3
27
29
17
5
4
7
A
B
E
G
J
K5.3 K-d tree
– 5.4 BSP tree
– 5.5 Grid file
– 5.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 14
15
23
13
28
24
288
17
9
31
29
18
21
22
A
CD
F
H
G
I
– Problems
• Only suitable for points
• False positives, the solutions supplied by the index have to be verified
• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window
1.2 Content and Overview
• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 15
– Split at a data points or at an arbitrary points
– Choice of split dimension
• Alternating or dimension with the largest extent
– Choice of split position
• Median or average
1.2 Content and Overview
• Median or average
1
2
2
3
3
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 16
12
23
3
12
3
4
56
1
2
34
2
3
• 6 Spatial Data and XML
– 6.1 Standards
– 6.2 XML
– 6.3 GML
1.2 Content and Overview
6.3 GML
– 6.4 XSLT
– 6.5 SVG
– 6.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 17
– Example: a DTD of a city
1.2 Content and Overview
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)>
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 18
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)><!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT area(polygon+)><!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point,
point, point*)><!ELEMENT point(x, y)><!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>
– Path instruction for complex shapes, lines and areas
• Element’s attributes include the attribute “d” for specifying the points of the path
• Attribute “d” contains further commands for the interpretation of the points
1.2 Content and Overview
interpretation of the points
• E.g. a point may be the begin or the end of a curve or of a line
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 19
<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz"d="M 130 0 L -50 0 0 -180 50 0"fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="20"stroke-linejoin="miter"stroke-width="12" stroke="&baumgrün;"/>
• 7 Application Programming
– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages
– 7.2 Postgres and JDBC
– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC
1.2 Content and Overview
7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC
– 7.4 Processing of GML-based Data
– 7.5 Functional Programmingwith Polygons
– 7.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 20
[KGB04]
– For processing geometric attributes the special Java class "JGeometry" is offered
– JGeometry maps the SDO_GEOMETRY data type to a structure (STRUCT)
– Numerous basic methods for accessing spatial
1.2 Content and Overview
– Numerous basic methods for accessing spatial information are offered, including
• createCircle, createPoint, createLinearPolygon, equals, getDimensions, getElemInfo, getFirstPoint, getJavaPoint, getJavaPoints, getLastPoint, getNumPoints, getOrdinatesArray, getSize, getType, isCircle, isPoint, isRectangle, load, setType, store, toString
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 21
– Perimeter of polygons
1.2 Content and Overview
(define perimeter (lambda (poly)(if (not (null? (trunc-poly poly)))
(+ (point-distance (point1 poly)(point2 poly))
(perimeter (trunc-poly poly)))
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 22
(point2 poly))(perimeter (trunc-poly poly)))
0)))
• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information Systems
– 8.1 GIS Hardware and Software
– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated
1.2 Content and Overview
– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated Systems
– 8.3 Client/Server Systems
– 8.4 Web-based SpatialDatabases
– 8.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 23
[SX08]
– Architecture of GIS can be roughly classified
• File based
• Hybrid
• Layer-oriented
• Integrated
1.2 Content and Overview
• Integrated
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 24
– GetCapabilities
• Describes which WFS services are available
• Gives the names of the available feature types
– DescribeFeatureType
• Describes the schema of a feature type
1.2 Content and Overview
• Describes the schema of a feature type
– GetFeature
• Delivers an instance of a feature
• Supports spatial andnon-spatial selections
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 25
<wfs:QuerytypeName="AX_Gebaeude"><ogc:Filter><ogc:PropertyIsEqualTo><ogc:PropertyName>
weitereGebaeudefunktion</ogc:PropertyName><ogc:Literal>1170</ogc:Literal>
</ogc:PropertyIsEqualTo></ogc:Filter>
</wfs:Query>
• 9 GIS Servers and Clients
– 9.1 Classification Characteristics
– 9.2 Servers
– 9.3 Clients
1.2 Content and Overview
9.3 Clients
– 9.4 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 26
http://www.conterra.de/de/
– Selection of some common GIS Servers
• ESRI
– ArcGIS
– ArcIMS
– ArcSDE
1.2 Content and Overview
ArcSDE
• GRASS
• Smallworld
• Oracle Spatial
• Postgres, PostGIS
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 27
– GIS clients are primarily visualisation tools (map viewer, gis viewer)
– Usually they display spatial data or maps via a web browser
– E.g. the OGC Web Map
1.2 Content and Overview
– E.g. the OGC Web MapServices are realised
• OGC WMS Viewer company: Intergraph
• mapClient company: con terra
• ArcExplorer WebESRI
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 28
http://www.cardogis.com/
• 10 Remote Sensing
– 10.1 Physical Basics
– 10.2 Recording Techniques
– 10.3 Image Processing
1.2 Content and Overview
10.3 Image Processing
– 10.4 Thematic Classification
– 10.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 29
http://saturn.unibe.ch/.../Fotogrammetrie-Bildflug.pdf
– System characteristics
• Recording techniques
– Radiometric resolution
– Geometric resolution
• Platform
1.2 Content and Overview
• Platform
– Kind of platform
– Altitude
– Orbit
– Period
• Mission
– Temporal coverage
– Spatial coverage
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 30
www.atmos.albany.edu/deas/
atmclasses/atm335/history.pdf
www.irs.uni-stuttgart.de
– Example: aerial photo of Braunschweig
• Altitude approximately 1600 m
• Ground resolution 10 cm
• Color reversal film
• Central projection
1.2 Content and Overview
• Central projection
• 21. April 2005
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 31
www.braunschweig.de/.../luftbilder.html
• 11 Location Based Services
– 11.1 Positioning
– 11.2 Car Navigation
– 11.3 Map Matching
1.2 Content and Overview
11.3 Map Matching
– 11.4 Gazetteer
– 11.5 Privacy
– 11.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 32
http://de.wikipedia.org/
– Application examples
1.2 Content and Overview
Push Services Pull Services
Person-
oriented
Communication A message is pushed to you
asking whether you allow a
friend to locate you
You request from a friend finder
application who is near you
Information You get an alert that a terror You look for the nearest cinema
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 33
Information You get an alert that a terror
alarm has been issued by the
city you are in
You look for the nearest cinema
in your area and navigation
instructions to get there
M-Commerce
and Advertising
A discount voucher is being
sent to you from a restaurant
in the area you are in
You look for events happening
in the area you are in
Device-
oriented
An alert is sent to you from
an asset-tracking application
that one of your shipments
has just deviated from its
foreseen route
You request information on
where your truck fleet currently
is located in the country
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth
• Measuring the runtime of signals between the satellite and the GPS-receiver, from which the distance and the position can be deduced (trilateration)
1.2 Content and Overview
can be deduced (trilateration)
• The transmitted signal describesa circular sphere centered at thesatellite on whose surface thesignal is received at the sametime → circular baseline ofequal receiving timeson earth
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 34
http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/
lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf
• 12 Environmental Information Systems
– 12.1 Environmental Data
– 12.2 Collection of Environmental Data
– 12.3 Monitoring Networks
1.2 Content and Overview
12.3 Monitoring Networks
– 12.4 Laboratory Data
– 12.5 Example: EIS Baden-Württemberg
– 12.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 35
http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/
– Applications
• Environmental documentation
• Recording, monitoring
• Biotope cadastre
• Radiation detection
1.2 Content and Overview
• Radiation detection
• Simulation of environmental
processes
• Environmental compatibility
assessment
• Informing the public
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 36
http://www.bec-kommunal.de/
http://www.e-c-o.at
– Example: sensor network on Great Duck Island
• For monitoring of the petrels' breeding in the U.S. state of Maine
• Network of 32 sensor nodes
• 9 nodes in different breeding
1.2 Content and Overview
• 9 nodes in different breeding caves
• Temperature measurement in the nest (presence of the old birds)
• Additional nodes for measurement of air temperature and humidity and for message forwarding
• Example of peer-to-peer sensor network
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 37
http://www.wired.com/
• 13 Review and Outlook
– 13.1 Review
– 13.2 Outlook
1.2 Content and Overview
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 38
http://www-kdd.isti.cnr.it/NWA
• [Al07] → Chap. 10Albertz, J.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 3. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007.
• [Ba05] → Chap. 2, 3
1.3 Literature - Books
• [Ba05] → Chap. 2, 3Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [BCCF07] Belussi, A.; Catania, B.; Clementini, E.; Ferrari, E. (Eds.): Spatial Data on the Web – Modeling and Management. Springer, 2007.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 39
• [BCKO08] Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van; Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry –Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2008.
1.3 Literature - Books
2008.
• [Be02] → Chap. 4, 5Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information Systems –An Introduction. 3. Ed., Wiley, 2002.
• [Br08] Brinkhoff, T.: Geodatenbanksysteme in Theorieund Praxis. 2. Aufl., Wichmann, 2008.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 40
• [Da96] Dadam, P.: Verteilte Datenbanken und Client/Server-Systeme. Springer, 1996.
• [EE04] → Chap. 6.2
Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und
1.3 Literature - Books
Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und Datenmodellierung. dpunkt.verlag, 2004.
• [Ei02] Eisenberg, J.D.: SVG Essentials. O’Reilly, 2002.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 41
• [Fi05] Fischer-Stabel, P. (Hrsg.): Umwelt-informationssysteme. Wichmann, 2005.
• [Gü98] Günther, O.: Environmental Information
1.3 Literature - Books
Günther, O.: Environmental Information Systems. Springer, 1998.
• [He06] → Chap. 2, 3, 4Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS – EineEinführung. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 42
• [HGM02] → Chap. 2.3, 3
Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie. 8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.
• [HK06] Herter, M.; Koos, B.: Java und GIS. Wichmann,
1.3 Literature - Books
Herter, M.; Koos, B.: Java und GIS. Wichmann, 2006.
• [Ka08] Kay, M.: XSLT 2.0 and XPath 2.0 –Programmer’s Reference. 4. Ed., Wrox, 2008.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 43
• [KB01] Kraak, M.-J.; Brown, A. (Eds.): Web Cartography: Developments and Prospects. Taylor & Francis London, 2001.
• [KGB04] → Chap. 7.3
1.3 Literature - Books
• [KGB04] → Chap. 7.3Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle Spatial. Apress, 2004.
• [KO03] Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography –Visualization of Spatial Data. 2. Ed., Prentice Hall, 2003.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 44
• [KZe07] Korduan, P.; Zehner, M. L.: Geoinformation imInternet. Wichmann, 2007.
• [La05] → Chap. 5.1, 5.2
Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und
1.3 Literature - Books
Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und Praxis. 2. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [LKC08] → Chap. 10
Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 6. Ed., Wiley, 2008.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 45
• [PA04] Plümer, L.; Asche, H. (Hrsg.): Geoinformation –Neue Medien für eine neue Disziplin. Wichmann, 2004.
• [RSV02]
1.3 Literature - Books
• [RSV02] Rigaux, P.; Scholl, M.; Voisard, A.: Spatial Databases with Application to GIS. Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
• [Sa06] → Chap. 5 Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2006.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 46
• [SaS03] → Chap. 7.1
Saake, G.; Sattler, K.-U.: Datenbanken & Java. 2. Aufl., dpunkt.Verlag, 2003.
• [SC03] Shashi, S.; Chawlanjay, C.: Spatial Databases –
1.3 Literature - Books
Shashi, S.; Chawlanjay, C.: Spatial Databases –A Tour. Prentice Hall, 2003.
• [SV04] Schiller, J.; Voisard, A. (Eds.): Location-Based Services. Morgan Kaufmann, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 47
• [SX08] Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.
• [UW06] Ueberschär, N.; Winter, A.: Visualisieren von
1.3 Literature - Books
Ueberschär, N.; Winter, A.: Visualisieren von Geodaten mit SVG im Internet. Wichmann, 2006.
• [WD04] → Chap. 3, 4
Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 48
• [WS06] Wade, T.; Sommer, S. (Eds.): A to Z GIS: An Illustrated Dictionary of Geographic Information Systems. 2. Ed., ESRI, 2006.
• [YB07]
1.3 Literature - Books
• [YB07] Yeung, A. K.; Brent Hall, G.: Spatial Database Systems. Springer, 2007.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 49
• [Ba08]Baumann, P.: Konzeptuelle Modellierung von Geodiensten. Informatik-Spektrum, Band 31, Nr. 5, 2008, pp. 435–450.
• [Br07]Brinkhoff, T.: Open-Source-Geodatenbanksysteme.
1.3 Literature - Articles
Brinkhoff, T.: Open-Source-Geodatenbanksysteme. Datenbank-Spektrum, Nr. 22, 2007, pp. 37–43.
• [DP73]Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction of the Number of Points required to represent a digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian Cartographer, Jhrg. 10, Heft 2, 1973, pp. 112–122.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 50
• [Gü94]Güting, R.H.: An Introduction to Spatial Database Systems. VLDB Journal, Band 3, Nr. 4, 1994, pp. 357–399.
• [Ne02] → Chap. 7.5
Neumann, K.: Funktionales Programmieren mit Poly-
1.3 Literature - Articles
Neumann, K.: Funktionales Programmieren mit Poly-gonen. Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes für Kartographieund Geodäsie, (MdBKG), Band 22, 2002, pp. 125–136.
• [NE03] → Chap. 6.3
Neumann, K.; Eckstein, S.: Geography Markup Language (GML) – Eine Einführung aus Informatiksicht. MdBKG, Band 24, 2003, pp. 103–111.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 51
• [NGNSW07]Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf, C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.
• [NKM05]
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NKM05]Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Mathiak, B.: Umsetzung des Signaturenkataloges SK25 bei der XML-basierten Erzeugung kartenähnlicherGraphiken. MdBKG, Band 34, 2005, pp. 107–118.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 52
• [NKP08] → Chap. 7.4
Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung von Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-Bestandsdaten-auszüge. In MdBKG, Band 41, 2008, pp. 83–92.
• [NMK04]
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NMK04] Neumann, K.; Mathiak, B.; Kupfer, A.: Modellierung und kartographischeVisualisierung von Geodaten mit XML-basierten Sprachen. Proc. “Modellierung 2004”, B. Rumpe, W. Hesse (Hrsg.), LNI P-45, 2004, pp. 93–107.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 53
• [NPW06] → Chap. 3.4
Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung kartenähnlicherGraphiken: XML-basierteVerdrängung und Platzierungvon Punktsignaturen. MdBKG, Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.
• [NSe01]
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [NSe01]Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente derProgrammiersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation des Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zurErhaltung rechterWinkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 54
• [PP97]Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten ausdem Karten- und Vermessungswesen, (NaKaVerm), Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.
1.3 Literature - Articles
Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.
• [Se00]Sester, M.: AutomatischeGeneralisierung mittelsAusgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 55
• [Se07]Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischenPräsentationen im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mitPUSH und TYPIFY. MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.
• [SH95]
1.3 Literature - Articles
• [SH95]Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie-typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995, pp. 209–224.
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