Spatial Analysis and Spatial Statistics for Research in

Geography, GIS and Earth Management

Special Lecture Series

Henan UniversityMay and September, 2012

Dr. Ron Briggs (call me Dr. Ron)Professor Emeritus

The University of Texas at Dallas 1

Introducing the Lecture SeriesToday, I will introduce the lecture series: Introduce myself Explain the goals of the lecture series Discuss fundamental research principles:

– the major steps of any research project

– the importance of the research objective

– the need to review the existing literature Introduce a project that you can work on

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Geography, GIS and Earth Management

Geography– The science of location– Where things are located, and why

Geographic Information Science (GIS)– Technologies for analysis of where and why

Earth Management– Geography and GIS applied to the real world

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Why

?Where

This class is for you all!

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Description Explanation Application

Geography

GIS

Earth Management

Geography, GIS and Earth Management(G-GIS-EM)

This class is for you all!

Who am I?

Dr. Ronald Briggs (call me Dr. Ron) Professor Emeritus (retired!?)

– University of Texas at Dallas Email: briggs@utdallas.edu or rbriggs@utdallas.edu Web: www.utdallas.edu/~briggs Office: Room 319

– Come and talk with me there– My cell phone number is 18739962744

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Personal (continued) Born in Liverpool, England

– At the same time as The Beatles

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Moved to the US in 1966– Ph.D. The Ohio State University, Columbus– First job at University of Texas at Austin– Moved to UT-Dallas in 1976– Director of computing (1982-1995)– Director of programs in GIS (1995-2008)

AustinDallas

Columbus, Ohio

Texas

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My specialization is Urban Geography and GIS

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Nanjing Rd, Shanghai

Sydney, Australia

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But bustNorth Island, New Zealand

But I am also interested in the natural environment

Amazon Rain Forest, Brazil

British Virgin Islands, Caribbean

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The Goals of the Lecture Series

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Goal #1 help you conduct high quality research in

Geography and Geographic Information Systems

describe standard research practices and procedures in western countries

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Goal #2: Improve your English.

By talking in English about some GIS concepts you already know

and some that you don’t know hopefully, I can provide some new insight

and understanding!

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Goal #3: Learn about Spatial Statistics

We will focus on Spatial Analysis in general, and Spatial Statistics in particular.

Hopefully, you already know at least something about spatial statistics

Talking about it again here will help your English, and help you better understand spatial analysis and spatial statistics

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Spatial Autocorrelation

Centrographic Statistics

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Goal #4: Learn about doing research on the U.S.

Learn about data sets for the United States Learn about geographical concepts used

with US data, for example– Coordinate systems such as the State Plane

Coordinate System– Geographic units used for reporting data such

as Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), census tracks, census blocks, etc.

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Research in geography, GIS and Earth Management

Types of Research Spatial analysis—the focus of my lectures The steps of a research project The importance of the research objective Using and citing the Existing Literature

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Types of research in G-GIS-EM

1. Data set generation• Often what you do for your first job!

2. Technology or tool development• Usually at universities or computer companies

3. Spatial Analysis• identifying spatial patterns

• understanding why they occur

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?

but all are interrelated

Research Interrelationships

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DescriptionExplanation App

licati

on

Technology or tool development

requ

ires

used

for

requires

Spatial Analysis

uses

used for

used forData generation

Example: Urban tree inventoryFang Qiu, Jie Chang , Caiyun Zhang at UT-Dallas

Urban forests (trees in cities) very important resource today

Need inventory of trees by tree species– Data generation

Interpolation and cluster analysis techniques used to identify trees and their species– Tool development and spatial analysis

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Interpolation and cluster analysis techniques applied to remote sensing data used to identify tree species

Ground Points

Accuracy doubled from existing methods: --60%-70% versus 30%-40%

Urban tree inventory:relevant to all your areas of study

Physical geography– Trees are an important part of the natural environment– Biogeography and forestry

Economic geography– Trees are an important economic resource – significantly increase the value of houses and land

GIS– GIS tools and techniques required to do the inventory

Earth Management– Trees are a critical resource to be managed

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$

Briggs Henan University 2010

Location of children with cancer --they appear to cluster(concentrated in one area)Why?--because people cluster in cities?--because there is a source of pollution?

Example: cancer data(source: Rogerson and Yamada p. 17, from Cuzick and Edwards, 1990)

(data is for childhood cancer in northern England)

Need to apply spatial analysis to examine if cancer cases still cluster after we remove the obvious factor that people cluster in cities.

The focus of the my lectures

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This lecture series will focus on tools and techniques for spatial analysis

The goal of spatial analysis is to− Describe and identify spatial patterns, and − understand why they occur Spatial analysis usually

– states a hypothesis: a guess at a possible explanation e.g. Environmental pollution results in higher rates of disease

– designs a study to test that hypothesis using Appropriate data Appropriate tools and techniques

Spatial statistics are often the best tools to use– We will focus on spatial statistics– See Outline of Lecture Topics

•

Stating an hypotheses– A hypotheses is “a guess at an explanation,” for example– (More people get sick in areas which have more pollution)

Designing a study to test that hypotheses

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Outline of Lecture Topics: Spring (May)Week 1 (May 7)

1. Research Methodology: The Central Role of Goals and Objectives. (1Intro.ppt)

2. Spatial Analysis: Concepts and Issues (2spatanal.pp)

3. Spatial Data: What is special about spatial data? (3spatdata.pp)

Week 2 (May 14)

4. Standard Statistics & Spatial Statistics: Differences & Similarities (5CentroStat.ppt)

5. Descriptive Spatial Statistics for Points and Polygons

6. Inferential Spatial Statistics: Standard and spatial (6InfStat.pp)

Week 3 (May 21)

7. Point Pattern Analysis: Concepts and Tests for Clustering and Dispersion (7.1PointPat.pp)

8. Point Pattern Analysis: Applied Point Pattern Analysis (7.2PointPat.ppt)

9. Conclusion and preview of September classes: Analyzing polygons and surfaces

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Outline of Lecture Topics (Fall)Week 4 (Fall- 1st week)

10. Review of May sessions (Point Patterns) and Intro to fall (Polygons & Surfaces)

11. Spatial Autocorrelation: concept and implementation (9SAconcepts.pp)

12. Global Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation: Moran’s I and Geary’s C (10SAglobal.ppt)

Week 5(Fall-2nd week)

13. Local measures of Spatial Association: Anselin’s LISA & others (11SALocal.ppt)

14. Using GeoDA for measuring spatial autocorrelation (12SADemo.pp)

15. Regression and Correlation: standard approach (13SpatReg.pp)

Week 6 (Fall-3rd week)

16. Spatial Regression

17. Using GeoDA for standard and spatial regression (15Regdemo.pp)

18. Analyzing surfaces: Concepts and Trend Surface Analysis (18Surfaces.pp)

Week 7 (Fall-4th week)

19. Analyzing surfaces: IDW and Kriging

18. Research at UT-Dallas: spatial statistics in practice. (16UTDRes.ppt)

19. A taste of other topics: cluster creation, network analysis, interaction data

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Software(training will be included)

ArcGIS from ESRI, Inc. (licensed) GeoDA by Luc Anselin, Arizona State University (freely

available)

http://geodacenter.asu.edu/software/downloads Crime Stat III by Ned Levine, National Institute for

Criminal Justice (freely available)http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CrimeStat/download.html

Copies also on my web site at:

www.utdallas.edu/~briggs

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Research projects:what must be included.

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US students seldom get this right.You must do better!!!

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The seven parts of every Research Project Objective, explains the purpose of the research and why it is

important– Usually includes Hypotheses: possible explanations which you will test

Literature Review, identifies the key pieces of existing research relevant to the project and the hypotheses

Data Sources, identifies and explains the data used. Analysis and Methodology, explains the methodology applied to the

data. Results, describes the main research findings, whether or not the

hypotheses were upheld, and any potential problems or shortcomings Conclusion, discusses the implications of your results relative to your

initial project objective. References, provide standard format citations for all resources used

in the project. For more detail, go to:http://www.utdallas.edu/~briggs/poec6389/gisc6389_contents.doc

• These 7 parts are necessary for every research project

• Every research paper or report should include a section covering each part

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Which component do you spend the most time on in your courses?

–Data and methods!! Which component is the most important for

successful research?

–The objective and the hypotheses

Objective: the foundation for any research project

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Objective

Everything depends on the objective Hypotheses are based upon the objective data is selected which enables you to test the

hypotheses and meet your objective methods of analysis are applied to the data in order to

meet your objective Your results and conclusions are always made relative

to your objective

Everything links back to the objective!

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Objective: one sentenceExample (project you can do): This research is in the area of environmental justice. Environmental justice is concerned with whether or not

some groups of people are more exposed to environmental hazards than other groups

“The objective of this research is to examine if low income or ethnic minorities in Dallas, Texas are more exposed to pollution than higher income groups or non-minorities”

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Objective—your guide for everything!Your guide for every research decision What hypothesis will meet my objective? What data is needed to meet my objective? Which analytical method(s) is best to meet

my objective? How are my results relevant to my

objective?

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If it doesn’t relate to the objective, don’t do it!

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The Literature Review All research and analysis should build

upon the existing base of knowledge Must use the existing base of knowledge to:

– Identify appropriate objectives

– State logical hypotheses

– Select and use correct methodologies and appropriate data

All of this is accomplished by reviewing the existing literature

of scientific knowledge published in refereed journals not a Baidu or Google search

Base of Knowledge

Help with Literature ReviewsA standard Baidu or Google search is not sufficient! Instead, use Google Scholar • http://scholar.google.com/

The single most commonly used academic bibliographic database in US is probably “Web of Science” at

• http://isi10.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi?DestApp=WOS&Func=Frame• Your library may provide access

A very useful bibliography fro GIS from ESRI is• http://training.esri.com/campus/library/index.cfm

Lists of GIS journals are available • On website of Dr Fang Qiu

– http://www.utdallas.edu/~ffqiu/• On my web site (with other information about GIS)

– http://www.utdallas.edu/~briggs/other_gis.html

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How to Format Citations• It is very important to use the correct format when citing literature

– copying/pasting a URL is not sufficient!– It may be gone tomorrow

• The Chicago Manual of Style is the accepted norm.The Chicago Manual of Style. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 15th

ed., 2003 – Or, copy the format used by any major journal in your field

• Good summaries of correct formatting are available at:– http://www.libs.uga.edu/ref/chicago.html – Or ,

http://library.osu.edu/help/research-strategies/cite-references/chicago-author-date/

• References are usually listed in a section at the end of the paper– For powerpoint presentations, it is good also to include the full citation

on the slides where it is discussed– A person reading a paper can "flip to the end" to check a reference, but

a listener cannot do that with a presentation!

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Texts

O’Sullivan, David and David Unwin, 2010. Geographic Information Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2nd ed.

Other Useful Books: Mitchell, Andy 2005. ESRI Guide to GIS Analysis Volume 2: Spatial Measurement & Statistics.

Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.Allen, David W 2009. GIS Tutorial II: Spatial Analysis Workbook. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.Wong, David W.S. and Jay Lee 2005. Statistical Analysis of Geographic Information. Hoboken,

NJ: John Wiley, 2nd ed.

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Example ProjectYou do it!

Hypothesis Testing using ArcMap

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www.utdallas.edu/~briggs

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ArcMap Project

Zip file (proj1_data.zip)

Word document (proj1.doc)

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ArcMap project

Purpose: Example of spatial analysis with objective,

hypotheses, etc. Experience with US data

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