spanish grammar book may
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Grammar BookPart 2
Memo Strickland
5th Period
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Table of Contents:1. Conditional + Irregulars
2. Perfect tenses
1. Present
2. Past
3. Present perfect irregulars
4. Subjunctive perfect
3. Tanto y Tan
4. Impersonal se
5. Saber vs. Conocer
6. Los Mandatos
1. Informal/ formal
2. Affirmative
3. Negative
4. Irregular
7. DOP + IOP placement
8. Nosotros Commands
1. Mono Verbs
9. Subjunctive + Irregulars
1. Expressions of Emotion with Present Sub.
10. Trigger Phrases
1. Impersonal Expressions
2. Expressions of Emotion
3. Conjunctions of Time
11. Demonstrative Adjective and Pronouns
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Conditional + Irregulars• Expresses probability,
possibility, or conjecture.• “Would, could, should.”Ía
Ías
Ía
íamos
ían
Decir- dirHacer- harPoner- pondrSalir- saldrTener- tendrValer- valdrVenir- vendrPoder- podrQuerer- querrSaber- sabrCaber- cabrHaber- habr
• These irregulars are the same as future tense.
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Perfect Tenses• Prefect tense portrays an action or state as
completed and not in progress; from a different point of view
• It has two parts…. – helping verb + past participle
• 3 main perfect tenses: – present perfect – past perfect – future perfect
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Present • The present perfect is formed by
combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.
• Example:– He comido- I have eaten.
He
Has
Ha
Hemos
Han
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Past• Past tense is “had”• It has the same endings as the
conditional
• Example:– Había vivido- I had lived.
Había
Habías
Había
Habíamos
Habían
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Present Perfect Irregulars • Hemos puesto- we have put• Han escrito- they have written• He abierto- I have opened• Ha muerto- she has died
• Han visto- you all have seen• Ha dicho- you (formal) have said• Has vuelto- you have returned• Hemos hecho- we have done
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Subjunctive Perfect
• Subjunctive perfect is the compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb
Perfect subjunctiveYo
Tú
El/ella
Nosotros
Ellos
Haya
Hayas
Haya
Hayamos
hayan
+ Hablado
+ Comido
+ Vivido
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Tanto & TanForming comparisons of equalities with nouns:
Tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
• Example:
Roberto tiene tanto galletas como Shakira.
Forming comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs:
Tan + adj (adverb) + como
• Example:
El libro es tan bueno como la película.
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Impersonal ‘Se’• Verb is always in 3rd person and followed by a
direct object
Se + 3rd person singular
• Example:– Se habla español.
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Saber vs. Conocer
Saber
• To know a fact, to know something thoroughly, to know how to do something
• Example: Shakira sabe conducir.
Conocer• To be acquainted
with a person, place, or thing
• Example: Conozco tu hermano.
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Los Mandatos:• Used to directly address someone and
give them an order
–Can be formal or informal–Can be nosotros
–Can be affirmative or negative
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Informal & Formal
Informal mandatos are in the tú form and
can be affirmative or negative
Example: Compra el Burger King
Informal mandatos are in the tú form and
can be affirmative or negative
Example: Compra el Burger King
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Affirmative• Same as present subjunctive• Put in Yo form, drop the –o, add –e
for –ar verbs or –a for er/ir verbs• Example: hable
Formal
• Same as present indicative form• -ar + a• - er/ir + e• Example: habla
Informal
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Negative• For formal negative, you use the
same form as formal affirmative• Example: No coma
Formal
• For informal negative, you use same form as present subjunctive
• Example: No comas
Informal
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Decir- di
Hacer- haz Ir- ve Poner-
ponSalir-
sal Ser- sé Tener- ten
Venir- ven
Irregulars
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Dop & Iop Placement• The DOP is placed before verb• It answers the questions of who?
& what? • The IOP is placed before
the verb• It answers the questions of
to whom? & for whom?
DOP
• Me• Te
• Lo, la• Nos
• Los, Las
IOP
• Me• Te• Le• Nos• Les
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Nosotros Commands• Used when speaker is included, used to express:
lets + verb• Opposite nosotros ending is used
• Example:
Comamos allí
***For negative, just add no before verb
-emos: nosotros command of -AR verbs-amos: nosotros command of -ER and -IR verbs
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Mono Verbs• With affirmative
nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se
• Example: Sentemos + nos = sentémonos
• With negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verd
• Example: No nos sentemonos
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Subjunctive• The subjunctive is used
to express everything but certainty and objectivity
Process:• Start w/ “yo” form, drop
the –o ending, and add the following endings
• Examples:
com + a = coma
habl + e = hable
-ar
• e• es• e
• emos• en
-er/-ir
• a• as• a
• amos• an
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Subjunctive Irregulars• The irregulars for subjunctive are the car, gar, zars and
T.V.D.I.S.H.E.S.
• Examples:
Dardédesdé
demosden
Estarestéestésesté
estemosestén
IrVayavayasvaya
vayamosVayan
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Phrases:
Alegrarse (de)- to be happy
Esperar – to hope; to with
Sentir- to be sorry; to regret
Soprender – to surprise
Temer – to be afraid; to fear
Es triste- its sad
Ojala (de) – I hope
Main Clause Examples: hope, fear, joy, pity, surprise
Subjunctive with Words of Emotion:
Infinitive is used after the subjunctive when there is
no change in subject:
Temo llegar tarde
Im afraid of arriving late
Example Sentences:
Nos alegramos de que te gusten las floresWe are happy that you like the flowers
Siento que tu no puedas venir mañanaIm sorry that you cant come tomorrow
Expressions of Emotions with Present Subjunctive
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Trigger Phases:• A menos que…• Antes que…• Cuando…• Dudar que…• En cuanto…• Es bueno que…• Es imposible que…• Es malo que…
• Querer que…• Sin que…• Negar que…• Hasta que…• En raro que…• Es mejor que…• Es posible que…• Esperar que…
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Impersonal Expressions
Triggers of the subjunctive
Conviene que…
Es bueno que…
Es importante
que…
Es fácil que…
Es malo que…
Es necesario
que…
Es preciso que…
Es mejor que…
Es probable
que…
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Expressions of Emotions
alegrarse de que- to be happy that
es bueno que- it's good that
es conveniente que- it's
convenient that
es difícil que- it's hard
es extraño que- it's strange that
es fácil que- it's easy
es increíble que- it's incredible
that
es interesante- it's interesting
that
es inútil que- it's useless that
(there's no point)
es justo que- it's fair that
es (una) lástima que- it's a pity
that
es malo que- It's (too) bad that
es mejor que- it's better that
es peor que- it's worse that
es raro que- it's strange that
es triste que- it's sad that
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Conjunctions of Time
Así que- as soon
as
Cuando- when
Despues de que-
after
En cuanto- as soon
as
Hasta que- until
Luego que- as soon as
Tan pronto como- as soon
as
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Demonstrative AdjectivesAdjectives: This That That Over There
M este ese aquel
F esta esa aquella
These Those Those Over There
M estos esos aquellos
F estas esas aquellas
•Placed before the noun and agree with number and gender• Example: this restaurant = este resturante
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Demonstrative Pronouns
Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There
M éste ése aquél
F ésta ésa aquélla
These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There
M éstos ésos aquéllos
F éstas ésas aquéllas
Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There
M éste ése aquél
F ésta ésa aquélla
These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There
M éstos ésos aquéllos
F éstas ésas aquéllas
• Adj. can act as a noun, accent is added to the first “e” in the word
•Example: prefiero ésa =that one
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The End