SPAIN MEETING-OCTOBER,2013

“RECYCLE TODAY FOR A BETTER TOMORROW”

(2012-2014)

CUMHURIYET ORTAOKULU

KUMLUCA-ANTALYA TURKEY

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN TURKEY

Renewable Energy in Turkey

Turkey has abundant reserves of renewable energy, such as solar, wind and geothermal. The benefits of exploiting these sources would be enormous because of several resaons: By relying completely on indigenous resources, renewables would reduce reliance on imported fuels and enhance Turkey's energy security.

• The environmental impact of renewable technologies is far less than that of nuclear and fossil fuel power plants however there are no emissions of greenhouse gases or toxic wastes;

• The cost of electricity from some renewable energy sources is already competitive with many conventional technologies, and is dropping rapidly;

• Renewable technologies have no fuel costs and are virtually inexhaustible.

Turkey has vast untapped hydropower and wind potential. Renewable potential in Turkey in MW terms is 10000 Wind, 35000 Hydro and 35000 geothermal. Presently there are 150 hydropower plants with combined installed capacity of 13.0 GW. Moreover, a total capacity of 3.0 GW is under construction, and 20.6 GW more is in planning phase. According to Turkish renewable energy act, all non-fossil based energy sources are considered a renewable energy source.

Wind Energy in Turkey

Wind Energy in Turkey

• There is huge growth potential for wind power in Turkey and Southeast Europe (SEE).  This key regional event will examine the current and future wind power markets in Turkey and the SEE region, with in depth analysis and country case studies.

Wind Energy in Turkey

• Turkey is the 6th largest electricity market in Europe and one of the fastest growing globally.  The Turkish government and authorities have made a strong push for increased electricity production from renewable sources and are increasingly promoting wind power to bolster the country’s power supply .

Turkey is the emerging market destination for wind power investments and is also a rapidly growing economy This potential room for investment and development appears to be huge and growing, as new wind energy projects, and ideal conditions to harness wind energy are helping Turkey pioneer this sustainable form of energy. Amongst the top five fastest growing wind markets, Turkey is on the list.

Wind Energy in Turkey

Wind Energy in Turkey• Turkey has a considerable potential for electricity generation from

wind. A study carried out in 2002 concluded that Turkey has a theoretical wind energy potential of nearly 90,000 MWe and an economical wind energy potential of about 10,000 MWe. The most promising region is in northwest Turkey, including the area around the Sea of Marmara. Turkey is now encouraging the construction of BOT wind power plants by private power developers. The first wind power facility in Turkey, the Ares wind farm, was commissioned in November 1998, and is located near the city of Izmer in western Turkey. That facility has 12 wind turbines for a total capacity of 7.2 MWe, and is owned by Gucbirligi Holding, Inc. The Bozcaada wind farm, also near Izmer, went into operation in 2000; it has 17 turbines for a total capacity of 10.2 Mwe.

Wind Energy in TurkeyTurkey has a goal of deriving 2% of its electricity from wind power. In 2000, the Government of Turkey had offered a tender for up to 390 MWe of electricity from windpower. About 25 potential sites for windpower projects had been identified and were undergoing evaluation, but the tender was canceled as part of the IMF-induced economic policy changes. Without the full sovereign guarantees that would in effect result in government subsidies to offset the relatively high expected cost of the power produced, none of 17 windpower projects that had received their BOT approvals have proceeded.

Hydro Electricity in Turkey

Hydro Electricity in Turkey

• There is about 128 billion kWh per year in hydropower potential in Turkey. About 35 per cent of hydropower potential is used to generate electricity and hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 11 billion kWh/year are under construction. Many private companies are developing small and medium size hydropower projects.

Hydro Electricity in Turkey• Turkey has an economic capacity of 128 billion kWh

per year hydroelectric energy potential.  However, Turkey is using 36% of this capacity, currently generating 46 billion kWh per year electricity from hydroelectric power plants. Another 11 billion kWh per year capacity is under construction by the private and the public sector.  Especially Black Sea region is rich in terms of rivers and altitude. Most of Black sea region which are hilly, it can be possible to develop relatively higher heads without expensive civil engineering works, so that relatively smaller flows are required to develop for the desired power.

Hydro Electricity in Turkey• Turkey's geography, a rectangular plateau peninsula

surrounded on three sides by seas, is highly conducive to hydroelectric power generation; Turkey has about 1% of the total world hydroelectric potential. There are many rivers in Turkey and five separate watersheds. The Persian Gulf watershed in eastern Turkey includes the Tigris River (known in Turkey as the Dicle River) and the Euphrates River (known in Turkey as the Firat River), which flow southwest into Iraq and eventually merge and empty into the Bay of Basra at the northern end of the Persian Gulf. The Aras/Caspian watershed in eastern Turkey includes the Aras River, which flows eastward and whose waters eventually empty into the Caspian Sea.

Hydro Electricity in TurkeyThe Black Sea watershed covers much of northern Turkey, and includes Turkey's longest river, the Kizilirmak. The Mediterranean watershed covers much of southwestern Turkey, where rivers either flow south to the Mediterranean Sea or west to the Aegean Sea. The fifth watershed covers the region around the Marmara Sea, which includes several smaller rivers. A map of the major rivers of Turkey is shown below.

Geothermal Energy in Turkey

Turkey has one eighth of the world's geothermal potential and is ranked 7th in the world. Turkey is located on the Mediterranean volcanic belt which is one of the most promising geothermal fields.

Much of this potential is of relatively low enthalpy that is not suitable for electricity production but is still useful for direct heating applications; at the end of 1999, Turkey's total installed capacity for direct heating was 820 thermal megawatts (MWth), of which about 390 MWth provided heating for 51,600 residences, about 100 MWth provided heating for about 45 hectares of greenhouses, and about 330 MWth was used to provide heated water for about 200 spas. By 2010, as many as 500,000 residences could be heated by geothermal power, which would represent the use of about 3,500 MWth.

Geothermal Energy in Turkey

Geothermal Energy in TurkeyTurkey presently has one operating geothermal power plant, a 20 MWe facility in the Denizli-Kizildere geothermal field in the southwestern Turkey province of Denizli. The facility includes nine production wells, and also has an integrated liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) and dry ice production factory that can produce a combined total of 40,000 metric tons per year of the two products. Another 20 MWe power production unit is being planned for this facility.

Geothermal Energy in TurkeyThere are six other geothermal fields that have been identified, all in far southwest Turkey, that may be suitable for geothermal power production: the Germencik-Aydin field in Aydin Province, the Çanakkale-Tuzla field in Çanakkale Province, the Izmir-Sefirihiser field in Izmir Province, the Aydin-Salvatli field in Aydin Province, the Kutahya-Simav field in Kutahya Province, and the Dikili-Bergama field in Izmir Province. The Germencik-Aydin field may be the most promising of these as it has a power potential of at least 100 MWe; a new 25 MWe power plant, to be located near the city of Germencik, is in the planning stages. Turkey hopes to generate 500 MWe from geothermal energy by the year 2010 and 1,000 MWe by the year 2020.

Geothermal Energy in Turkey

•Turkey presently has one operating geothermal power plant, a 20 MWe facility in the Denizli-Kizildere geothermal field in the southwestern Turkey province of Denizli. The facility includes nine production wells, and also has an integrated liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) and dry ice production factory that can produce a combined total of 40,000 metric tons per year of the two products. Another 20 MWe power production unit is being planned for this facility.

Geothermal Energy in TurkeyThere are six other geothermal fields that have been identified, all in far southwest Turkey, that may be suitable for geothermal power production: the Germencik-Aydin field in Aydin Province, the Çanakkale-Tuzla field in Çanakkale Province, the Izmir-Sefirihiser field in Izmir Province, the Aydin-Salvatli field in Aydin Province, the Kutahya-Simav field in Kutahya Province, and the Dikili-Bergama field in Izmir Province. The Germencik-Aydin field may be the most promising of these as it has a power potential of at least 100 MWe; a new 25 MWe power plant, to be located near the city of Germencik, is in the planning stages. Turkey hopes to generate 500 MWe from geothermal energy by the year 2010 and 1,000 MWe by the year 2020.

Solar Energy in Turkey

TURKEY's Solar Energy Map

Solar Energy in Turkey

Solar energy is one of the most promising sources because of the Turkey’s climate.It has been calculated that Turkey receives sunlight equivalent to roughly 11 thousand times the amount of electricity generated in Turkey in 1996. Turkey has an average 2640 hours of sunshine per annum and the average solar flux exceeds 5.8 GJ/m2 annually.

Clearly, both photovoltaic and solar-thermal systems could be used to great effect. Use of solar thermal is already widespread. In 1995 it was calculated that solar thermal generated 52,000 tonnes-of-oil-equivalent of heat. Indications suggest that this could increase six-fold in the next 15 years. The potential for PV is virtually unlimited, and the price for these systems is declining rapidly.

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