spain grammar

8/12/2019 Spain Grammar

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Grammar/ Gramtica Alphabet / Alfabeto

Vowels / Vocales

Diphthong / Diptongo

Triphthong / Triptongo

Pronunciation Tips/ Consejos para la pronunciacin

Greetings and Farewells/ Saludos Despedidas Cultural!otes"

Courtes For#s/ Palabras de Cortes$a To %e/ Ser estar

&nterrogati'es/ &nterrogati'os

Accentuation / Acentuacin

Gender and !u#ber/ G(nero !)#ero

Plural / Plural

Pronouns / Prono#bre Definite Articles / Art$culos Definidos

De#ostrati'e / De#ostrati'o

Possessi'e / Posesi'o

&ndefinite Articles / Art$culos &ndefinidos

!euter Article/ Art$culo !eutro

Adjecti'e / Adjeti'o

Agree#ent of Articles* Adjecti'es and !ouns /Concordancia de Art$culos* Adjeti'os Sustanti'os

+egular Verb / Verbo +egular

Present / Presente

Co#parati'e For#s / Co#paraciones

Conditional Tense / Condicional

Future tense / Futuro www . franklang .ru

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Contractions / Contracciones

Co##and for#s/ perati'o

!egation/ !egacin Past / Pasado

Prefi,es des-, in-, and re- / Prefijos des-, in- re-

Di#inuti'e/ Dis#inuti'o

To -now/ Conocer saber

Gerund/ Gerundio

Progressi'e / Progresi'o +efle,i'e / +efle,i'o

Prepositions / Preposiciones

Difference between Pedir and Preguntar .as 0

There is .are0 e,pressions/ 1a

2ust ha'e done so#ething"""/ Acabar de

perfect Tense/ perfecto

&rregular 'erb / Verbo &rregular

Subjuncti'e & / Subjunti'o

Passi'e Voice/ Vo3 Pasi'a

4eather 5,pressions/ 5,presiones de cli#a

To 6a e* do/ 1acer

To 1a'e* possess/ Tener

To 7i e/ Gustar

The AlphabetThe gender of letters is fe#inine* for e,a#ple* la " a "/ the "a" *la " eme "/ the "m".

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Letter/letra Name/nombre Example/ejemploA a Andr(s% be larga o be alta %eatri3C ce Carlos

C1 che PanchoD de Dar$o5 e 5lenaF efe FranciscoG ge Gusta'o

1 .alwa ssilent0 ache 1ugo

& i &r#a2 jota 2uan- a -arina7 ele 7uis77 elle Guiller#o6 e#e 6arta! ene !ora8 e9e 8o9o: o :scarP pe Pablo; cu ;uito+ ere +osaS ese SusanaT te Tito< u =rsulaV 'e corta Vicente4 doble 'e o doble u 4alter> e?uis >a'ier@ i griega o e @olanda

3eta ule#a

SER & ESTAR/ TO BE%oth 'erbs* ser and estar * are e?ui'alent to the 5nglish'erb to be B howe'er* the ha'e 'er specific #eaningsand are NOT interchangeable" NOTE in the followinge,a#ples how the #eaning of a sentence changes

7a 6iss


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6i #adre es aburrida" / 6 #other is boring .she is a boringperson0"

6i #adre est aburrida" / 6 #other is bored"

6i hijito es 'i'o" / 6 little son is s#art" 6i hijito est 'i'o" / 6 little son is ali'e"

SER / TO BE

Pronoun Present Past Future Conditional

o/ & so fui ser ser a

t)/ ou eres fuiste sers ser as (l* ella*


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7a casa fue incendiada" / The house .was0 burned down"

" personal e,pressions"

EXA PLE 5s i#posible hablar con ellos" / &tMs i#possible tal ing to the#"

E" !oun and adjecti'e co#ple#ent .A co#ple#ent co#pletes thesentence b describing or defining the subject0"

EXA PLES

6i suegra es una abuela #ara'illosa" / 6 #other in law is awonderful grand#a"

5lla es Ana" / She is Ana"

5l co#pasi'o es (l" / The co#passionate one is he" .+e#e#berthat the 'erb to be is transitor B therefore* he is used insteadof him "0

ESTAR / TO BEEstar is used to e,press location* transitor aspects* andcharacteristics that are !:T inherant propert of a noun* such as howso#ething/so#eone loo s* feels or tastes at a !i"en moment "

Pronoun Present Past Future Conditional

o/ & esto estu'e estar estar a

t)/ ou estHs estu'iste estar s estar as

(l* ella*


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7os in'ersores estarHn en Vene3uela" / The in'estors will be inVene3uela"

E" Transitor * unusual* recentl changed or constantl changing stateor condition"

EXA PLES

Pablo estu'o enfer#o" / Pablo was sic "

5l caf( estH fr$o" / The coffee is cold"

" +esults of an action"

EXA PLE

!uestros proble#as estarHn resueltos pronto" / :ur proble#swill be sol'ed soon"

" State or condition of a subject"

EXA PLE

5l reh(n estH 'i'o" / The hostage is ali'e"

I" Progressi'e tenses"

EXA PLE

5l lunes estare#os celebrando nuestro triunfo" / :n 6ondaweMll be celebrating our triu#ph"

J" 4eather e,pressions"

EXA PLE

5stH llo'iendo" / &tMs raining"

#$#O AT#C EXPRESS#ONS

Estar acostu#brado / to be accusto#ed to

Estar confor#e / to be satisfied* in agree#ent

Estar de acuerdo / to be in agree#ent

Estar de buen .#al0 hu#or / to be in a good .bad0 #ood

Estar apurado .a0/ to be in a hurr www . franklang .ru

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Estar de 'acaciones / to be on 'acation

Estar de 'uelta / to be bac

Estar listo .a0/ to be read

Estar de #oda / to be in fashion

Estar de 'iaje / to be on a trip

Estar e#bara3ada / to be pregnant

Estar de rodillas / to be neeling

PREGUNTAS/ QUEST !NS &n Spanish there are % &a's of as ing a?uestion to elicit a yes or no answer*and the are the following

"Verb Q pronoun """


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NOTE* These words are AL1A2S graphicall accentuated* whether the areused to for#ulate a direct or indirect?uestion"

Qu hora esR / 4hat ti#e is itR,dire+t-

Di#e qu hora es" / Tell #e whatti#e it is" ,indire+t-

A ?u( hora"""R 4hat ti#e"""R

DndeR 4hereR

De dndeR Fro# whereR

Por dndeR 4hich directionRA dndeR To whereR

C#oR 1owR

CuHl/ esR 4hich one/ sR

CuHndoR 4henR

CuHnto/ aR 1ow #uchR

CuHntos/ asR 1ow #an R

;u(R 4hatRPara ?u(R For what reasonR

Por ?u(R 4h R

;ui(n/ esR 4hoR

A ?ui(nR To who#R

Para ?ui(nR For who#

De ?ui(n/ esR 4hoseR

Ace#t$aci%#/ Acce#t$atiSpanish words are classified into categories*a uda, rave, esdr!"ula and sobresdr!"ula *depending on where the words are stressed"A &ritten a++ent indicates where a word is stressed Bhowe'er* not all words ha'e the written accent" Therefore* thefollowing rules will be helpful"

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#$U%# # udas are stressed in the last s llable" All words that do notha'e a written accent and end in a consonant other n or s *the stress is on the last s'llable "

EXA PLES*

a 3ul / blue a'es tru3 /ostrich

# udas are graphicall accentuated onl if thewords $O end in n* s or a vo&el "

EXA PLES*

ra t4n / #ouseinter5s /interest ac n5 / acne

$'#VE $raves are stressed in the se+ond to t6e last .penulti#ate0s llable" All words that do NOT ha'e a written accent and endin n , s or a vo&el * the stress is on the penulti#ate s llable"

EXA PLES*mo no /#on e a 'e /bird pa to /duc

$raves are graphicall accentuated onl if thewords do NOT end in n* s or a vo&els " !ote that

raves ha'e opposite rules to a udas "

EXA PLES*l pi( / pe#cil )i f cil / )i**ic$lt til /$+e*$l

ES%'()U*# Esdr!"ulas are stressed in the t6ird 7rom last .antepenulti#ate0 s llable" The are al&a's graphicallaccentuated"

EXA PLES*

r8 pido / ?uic p8 jaro / bird Am5 rica /A#erica

S+ 'ES%'()U*#

www . franklang .ru

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11/87

Sobresdr!"ulas are stressed in the 7ourt69 7i7t69 sixt69 et+.7rom last s llable" The are al&a's graphicall accentuated"Generall * sobresdr)julas are ad'erbs* which end in mente

EXA PLES*r8 pidamente /?uic ly

78 cil mente /easi ly

G-#er& . N mer&/ Ge#)er a#) N$mber &n Spanish* all nouns* including those denoting non li'ingthings and abstract concepts* are either #asculine or fe#inineand singular or plural"

Therefore* the articles and adjecti'es change according to thegra##atical !ender and a ree in number with the nounsthe #odif "

EN$ER

The following are so#e rules to deter#ine the genderBhowe'er* the gender of so#e nouns #ust be learned b#e#ori3ation"

The gender of li'ing beings* such as people or ani#als*deter#ines their gra##atical gender"

A noun that refers to a #ale is #asculineB a noun that refersto a fe#ale is fe#inine"

FE #N#NE NO:NS

" 6ost nouns that end in -a are fe#inine"

EXA PLES*

la cara / the face

la cabe3a / the head

EXCEPT#ONS*The following words end in aBhowe'er* the are #asculine

el d$a/ the da

el sofH/ the sofa

el #a9ana/ the to#orrow* the future .!ote thatla ma.ana #eans mornin!. 0

E" 6an fe#ale nouns that end in -a ha'e acorresponding #ale for# that end in -o www . franklang .ru

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12/87

ender !ato/ +at perro/ do!

6asculine el gat o el perr o

Fe#inine la gat a la perr a

" !ouns that end in -ista #a be mas+uline or7eminine. &n these instances* the article deter#inesthe gender of the person"

ender dentista/ dentist electricista/ electrician

6asculine el dent ista el electric ista

Fe#inine la dent ista la electric ista

" !ouns ending in -i n, -d, -e0, and -umbre aregenerall fe#inine"

EXA PLES*

*a tele'is i n / TV

la co#unicac i n / co##unication

la oportunida d / opportunit

la aptitu d / aptitude la 'ej e0 / old age

la costumbre / custo#

I" The letters of the alphabet are 7eminine.

EXA PLES*

la l / l

la a / a

J" The following are nouns that can onl refer tofe#ales despite of the ending

la actri3/ actress

la #ujer/ wo#an

K" The following nouns refer to fe#ales when the articleis fe#inine

www .franklang .ru

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13/87

la beb(/ fe#ale bab

la cliente/ fe#ale client

la psi?uiatra/ fe#ale ps chiatric

la colu#nista/ fe#ale colu#nist

L" !ouns of Gree origin that end in -ma, -pa, and -taare #asculine"

EXA PLES*

el progra ma / progra#

el #a pa / #ap

el poeta / poet

el plane ta / planet

el idioma / language

el siste ma / s ste#

el telegra ma / telegra#

el problema / proble#

el clima / cli#ate el dra ma / dra#a

el co#e ta / co#et

el diploma / diplo#a

el te ma / the#e

ASC:L#NE NO:NS

"6ost of the #asculine nouns end in -o "EXA PLES*

el libro / boo

el so#brer o / hat

EXCEPT#ONS*So#e nouns that end in a are#asculine"

EXA PLES*

la #an o / hand www .franklang .ru

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14/87

la foto / photo

E"Colors9 numbers * and da's of the wee are#asculine"

EXA PLES*

el 'erde/ green

el rojo/ red

el uno/ one

el cien/ hundred

el lunes/ 6onda

el #artes/ Tuesda

" The following are nouns that refer to #ales*re!ardless of the ending

el ho#bre/ #an

el profesor/ #ale professor

el jue3/ #ale judge

el polic$a/ #ale police officer el doctor/ #ale doctor

"Compound nouns are alwa s #asculine and plural"

EXA PLES*

el abrelatas/ can opener

el sacacorchos/ bottle opener

N: BER

!u#ber identifies words as singular or plural" To #a e a noun*plural follow the rules below

" Add-s to a noun ending in a 'owel* as in huevo / egg anduva / grape"

ender Sin!ular Plural

6asculine el hue' o los hue'o s

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15/87

Fe#inine la u' a las u'a s

E" Add-es to a noun ending in a consonant"

1ord Sin!ular Plural

cereal el cereal los cereal es

e,a#en el e,a#en los e,H#en es

NOTE*At ti#es* it is necessar to add or drop a &rittena++ent when a word is #ade plural because the stress oftheir sin!ular for# is maintained in their plural for#"

1ord Sin!ular Pluralwater #elon el #eln los #elon es

e,a# el e,a#en los e,H#en es

" For the nouns that end in -0, change the 3 to 1es "


rice el arro 0 los arro1es

walnut la nue 0 las nue1es

" !ouns ending in -es and -is do !:T change in the plural"


6onda el lunes los lunes

crisis la crisis las crisis

I" Co#pound nouns ha'e the sa#e for# in the singular andplural for#s"


can opener el abrelat as los abrelat as

bottle opener el sacacorch os los sacacorch os

Pr&mbre+/ Pr&$#+ www .franklang .ru

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16/87

10 Prono#bres personales/ Personal pronouns

E"Diferencias con el ingl(s/ Differences with 5nglish

"Posesi'o/ Possessi'e

"De#ostrati'o/ De#onstrati'e

PRONO BRES PERSONALES / Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns can be used as subjects of a sentence" Thereplace a noun"

Sin!ular Plural

yo/ 2 nosotros .#as"0* nosotras .fe#"0/

&et! .infor#al0* usted.for#al0/ you

vosotros .#as"0 ,vosotras .fe#"0 ,ustedes/ you

l/ he, ella/ she ellos, ellas/ they

3! is the singular in4ormal for# of you &t is used to addressfa#il #e#bers* children* and friends"

Ud is the abbre'iation of usted and is the singular 4ormalfor# of you " &t is preferable to use Ud " in all other instances"

Vosotros is the fa#iliar plural for# of you that is onl' usedin Spain " &n all other 7atin A#erican countries* ustedes isused" NOTE*That ustedes is used for both in7ormal and

polite plural"

5osotros, vosotros, ellos are used to refer to a male groupor a group of mixed gender" 1owe'er* nosotras, vosotrasand ellas refer to onl' a group of fe#ales"

D&F5+5!C&AS C:! 57 &!G7 S/ $i77eren+es &it6 En!lis6

" &n Spanish* 'erb endings indicate the subject" Therefore*subject pronouns are often o#itted"

EXA PLES*

Abri#os a las ocho"/ 4e open at eight"

Cierran pri#ero"/ The close first" www .franklang .ru

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17/87

E" &n order to e#phasi3e the subject* a pronoun isused" 4hen used* it precedes the 'erb"

EXA PLE* @o so el #ejor"/ & a# the best"

" A pronoun is used in order to a'oid confusion when'erb for#s present a#biguit "

'o / &:d. / ou5l / heella / she

hac$a ejercicios"/ was or were e,ercising"

" Pronouns are al&a's used when there are E 'erbsand E subjects"

EXA PLE*

@o so feli3* (l no lo es"/ & a# happ * but he isnot"

I" The pronoun it is rarel used"

EXA PLES*

5s posible alcan3ar esa #eta"/ &t is possible toreach that goal"

5stH llo'iendo"/ &tMs raining"

J" &n a ?uestion* subject pronouns can precede orfollow the 'erb"


18/87

E81epto ella* (l* ellos* ellas / e81ept her* hi#*the#

2n1luso/ in1luyendo ella* (l* ellos* ellas /in1ludin her* hi#* the#

Se !n ella* (l* ellos* ellas / a11ordin to her*hi#* the#

Article10Art$culo definido/ Definite article rules when to use it"

E"Art$culo definido/ Definite article rules when !:T to use it"

"Contracciones/ Contractions"5l art $ culo neutro/ The neuter article

I" Art$culo indefinido/ &ndefinite article rules when to use it"

J" Art$culo indefinido/ &ndefinite article rules when !:T to useit"

ART;C:LO $EF#N#$O/ $e7inite Arti+le

&n Spanish* there are < 7orms that are e?ui'alent to the

5nglish definite article the " The agree in number and!ender with the noun the #odif "


6asculine el los

Fe#inine la las

EXA PLES*

el banc o /the ban

los banc os / the ban s la cas a / the house

las cas as / the houses

Rules &6en to use t6e de7inite arti+le*

"The definite article is used when the noun is determined "

EXA PLES*

www .franklang .ru

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19/87

1a una casa en el bos?ue" *a casa es blanca" /There is a house in the forest" 3he house is white"

E" The definite article is used also with nouns that refer tothe totalit'9 abstra+t sense9 essen+e9 or !eneral idea.

EXA PLES*

*a libertad es esencial" / 7ibert is essential"

El a#or es in#ortal" / 7o'e is i##ortal"

" The definite article is used with the meals of the daand with the time "

EXA PLES* @o co#pro la cena" / & bu the dinner"

Son las dos" / &tMs E oMcloc "

" &t is also used with da's of the wee "

EXA PLES*

Te lla#ar( el lunes" /&Mll call ou on 6onda "

!os 'e#os el #artes" / 4eMll see each other onTuesda "

Ex+eption to the abo'e rule is with the 'erb ser/ tobe B the article is !:T re?uired"

EXA PLES*

A er4ue sHbado" / @esterda was Saturda "

1o es jue'es" / Toda is Thursda "

I" The definite article is used with na#es of bod' partsand pieces of +lot6in! " &n 5nglish*possessi"eadje+ti"es are used instead"

EXA PLES*

@o sacoel bra3o" / & ta e out my ar#"

5lla se la'a la ca#isa" / She washes her shirt"

J" The definite article is used with the following titles

that are followed b the na#e of the person www .franklang .ru

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20/87

$e7inite arti+le used Example

se.or 9Sr :/ ;r El Sr 7pe3 es feli3" / ;r 7ope3 ishapp "

se.ora 9Sra :/ ;rs *a Sra de 7pe3 saluda" / ;rs 7ope3greets"

se.orita 9Srta :/ ;iss *a Srta P(re3 co#e" / ;iss Pere3eats"

do1tor 9%r :/ %r 9male: El %r +oberto 7ee es #u bueno" / %r+obert 7ee is 'er good"

do1tora 9%ra :/ %r

94emale:

*a %ra Ana Aguilar es #ejor" / %r

Ana Aguilar is better"The following titles $O NOT re?uire the definite article

NO de7inite arti+leused Example

don .used with firstna#e0 / ;r

6e saluda don 2uan" / ;r 2uan isgreeting #e"

do.a .used with firstna#e0 / ;rs

@do.a 6arina llora" / And ;rs 6arinacries"

San / St Va#os a 'er a San Pablo" / 7etMs go tosee St Paul"

Santo / holy or St 5llos creen en Santo Do#ingo" / Thebelie'e in Saint Do#inic"

Santa / holy Santa 6adre &glesia /


21/87

*os Alpes estHn lejos" / The Alps are far awa "

El AtlHntico es in#enso" / The Atlantic isi##ense"

El Titicaca estH en %oli'ia" / The Titicaca is in%oli'ia"

$O NOT use t6e de7inite arti+le in t6e 7ollo&in!situations*

" The definite article is NOT used with nouns that e,press anundetermined amount "

EXA PLES*

5l gerente tiene dinero" / The #anager has #one "

!ecesito pan ?ueso" / & need bread and cheese"

E" The definite article is NOT used with lan!ua!es if theare followed i##ediatel b the 'erb hablar and theprepositions de and en "

NO de7inite arti+leused Example

hablar / to spea 1ablan coreano" / The spea -orean"

de/ of @o ?uiero hablar de ingl(s" / & want total about 5nglish .language0"

en/ in 5lla habla en chino 1on su padre / Shespea s Chinese with her father"

1owe'er* if the lan!ua!es go after the 'erbs aprender *estudiar * and es1ribir * the use of a definite article isoptional "

Optional use o7de7inite arti+le Example

aprender /to learn ;uiero aprender 9el: espa9ol" / & want tolearn Spanish"

estudiar /to stud 5studio 9el: espa9ol" / & stud Spanish"

es1ribir / to write 7eo escribo 9el: ingl(s" / & read andwrite 5nglish"

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NOTE*&f there is an ad'erb after a 'erb* the article isre?uired for the succeeding noun"

EXA PLE*

1ablan 4ludamente el coreano" / The spea4luently -orean"

" The definite article is NOT used with romannumbers that denote the nu#erical order of a ponti77or so"erei!n "

EXA PLES*

2uan Pablo 22 / 2ohn Paul the se1ond

Victoria 222 / Victoria the third

NOTE* &t is incorrect to add an article before anpersonMs na#e"

#n+orre+t la 2uana or el Pedro

" 6ost +ountr' names do NOT re?uire an article*howe'er* when the word 'ep!bli1a/ 'epubli1 iso#itted* the article is re?uired

ART#CLE RE>:#RE$ NO ART#CLE RE>:#RE$*a Argentina !icaragua

El %rasil +usia

*os 5stados


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T?E NE:TER ART#CLE LO

This neuter article is used to e,press a ?ualit or an abstract

idea"EXA PLES*

*o i#portante es ?ue 2uan es feli3" / The i#portantthing is that 2uan is happ "

*o bueno de 'i'ir en CanadH es""" / The good thingto li'e in Canada is"""

NOTE* That *o > ad"e1tive or adverb > que ise?ui'alent to the 5nglish e,pression ho& "

EXA PLES*

5l presidente sabe lo di41il que es la situacinecon#ica" / The President nows ho& difficultthe econo#ic situation is"

5ntiendo lo malo que es fu#ar" / & understandho& bad s#o ing is"

ART;C:LO #N$EF#N#$O/ inde7inite arti+le

&n Spanish* there are for#s of indefinite articles that aree?ui'alent to a, an, and some "


6asculine un unos

Fe#inine una unas

EXA PLES*

Un ho#br e / a #an

Unos che?u es / some chec s

Una puert a / a door

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Unas 'entan as / some windows

.Top of de page0

NOTE* Un is used instead of una * when the nouns arefe#inine and start with a- or ha- that are stressed inthat s llable"

EXA PLES*un ala / a wing unas ala s / some wingsun hacha / an a,e unas hacha s / some a,es

Rules &6en to use t6e inde7inite arti+le*

" The indefinite article is used when the noun isundetermined "

EXA PLE*

6Hnde#e un reporte" / Send #e a report"

E"Unas and unos e,press an undeter#ined ?uantit "4hen the are used with nouns or nu#bers* the aree?ui'alent to some or about in 5nglish"

EXA PLES*

Vendi#os unos productos" / 4e sold some products"

Co#i#os unas 'einte #an3anas" / 4e ate aboutEO apples"

" The indefinite article is used to indicate a @ualit't6at +6ara+teri3es the #odified noun"

&n the following sentence* la0iness is the #aincharacteristic of this person"

EXA PLE*

2uan es un haragHn" / 2uan is la3 "

$O NOT use t6e inde7inite arti+le in t6e 7ollo&in!situations*

" The indefinite article is NOT used with the followingwords

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NO ART#CLERE>:#RE$ EXA PLE

tal/ suchPedro no dijo tal cosa" / Pedro didnMt sa su1ha thing"

otro/ another ;uiero ca#biarla por otra billetera" / & want toe,change it for another wallet"

1ien/ hundred Deposito 1ien dlares" / & deposit a hundred dollars"

mil/ thousand 5l che?ue es por mil pesos" / The chec is for athousand pesos"

qu ?/what"""U Qu ni9oU / @hat a childU

E" The indefinite article is NOT used when stating thepro7ession9 nationalit'9 politi+al a77iliation9 or reli!ion of a person"

1owe'er* if the noun is being #odified* the indefinitearticle is used"

>:AL#T2 NO ART#CLERE>:#RE$ ART#CLE RE>:#RE$

pro7ession

So doctor" / & a# adoctor"

So un doctorespe+iali3ado " / & a# aspeciali3ed doctor"

nationalit'

5lla es francesa" / Sheis French"

5lla es una francesa tpi1a " /She is a t pical French"

politi+ala77iliation

l es peronista" / 1e is aPeronist"

l es un 'erdadero peronista " / 1e is a truePeronist"

reli!ion 5lla es catlica" / She isa catholic"5lla es una catlicadedi1ada " / She is a

dedicated catholic"

em+trati e4hen a de#onstrati'e adjecti'e .DA0 functions as a noun* it iscalled a de#onstrati'e pronoun .DP0"

DA and DP are used to indicate distan+e or proximit' inspace or in ti#e"

"Adjeti'os de#ostrati'os/ De#onstrati'e adjecti'es www . franklang .ru

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E"Prono#bres de#ostrati'os/ De#onstrati'e pronouns

"For#as neutras/ !euter for#s

AD25T&V:S D56:ST+AT&V:S/ De#onstrati'e adjecti'es .DA0DApoint out nouns* such as people* places* or things" DA aremore spe+i7i+ than definite or indefinite articles"

$em. Adje+ti"es ender Sin!ular Plural

this/ these6asculine este estos

Fe#inine esta estas

that/ those .nearb 06asculine ese esos

Fe#inine esa esas

that/ those .far awa 06asculine aquel aquellos

Fe#inine aquella aquellas

EXA PLES*

El auto/ the car

Un auto/ a car

Este auto/ this car

NOTE* As s6o&n in t6e abo"e examples9 $A a!reein !ender and number &it6 t6e nouns t6e' modi7'9and $A pre+ede t6e nouns.

ES3E and all its for#s indicate pro,i#it to thespea er"

Este sobre estH abierto"/ 3his en'elope is open"

ESE and all its for#s indicate pro,i#it to the listener"

Esa flor .?ue t) tienes0 es linda"/ 3hat flower.that ou are holding0 is prett "

#QUE* and all its for#s indicate distan+e fro# boththe spea er and the listener or 7ar a&a' fro# thespea er"

#quel Hrbol .a dos cuadras0 es 'erde"/ 3hat tree .two bloc s awa 0 is green"

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PRONO BRES $E OSTRAT#0OS / De#onstrati'epronouns .DP0

DP replace a noun" The ha'e the sa#e for# as DA*but the ha'e written accents that distinguish the#fro# DA"

$em. Pronouns ender Sin!ular Plural

this/ these6asculine ste stos

Fe#inine sta stas

that/ those .nearb 06asculine se sos

Fe#inine sa sas

that/ those .far awa 0

6asculine aqul aqullos

Fe#inine aqulla aqullas

EXA PLES*

5sta casa es 'ieja* pero sa es #oderna/ Thishouse is old* but that one is #odern"

5sos Hrboles son bajos pero stos son altos/Those trees are short* but these are tall"

AS3E and all its for#s replace the latter noun in asentence" #qul and all its for#s replace the for#ernoun"

EXA PLE*

Chi'as es #Hs a9ejo ?ue 2"4al er" Aste es de a9os" #qul es de K a9os"/ Chi'as has beenaged longer than 2"4al er" This is ears old"That is K ears old" .Aste refers to 2" 4al erB

#qul refers to Chi'as0

NOTE*DP also agree in gender and nu#ber"

F:+6AS !5


28/87

#qullo es #$ni#o" sto es #ejor"/ That is#ini#al" This is better"

Pr&$#+10 Prono#bres personales/ Personal pronouns

E"Diferencias con el ingl(s/ Differences with 5nglish

"Posesi'o/ Possessi'e

"De#ostrati'o/ De#onstrati'e

PRONO BRES PERSONALES / Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns can be used as subjects of a sentence" Thereplace a noun"

Sin!ular Plural

yo/ 2 nosotros .#as"0* nosotras .fe#"0/&e

t! .infor#al0* usted.for#al0/ you

vosotros .#as"0 ,vosotras .fe#"0 ,ustedes/ you

l/ he, ella/ she ellos, ellas/ they

3! is the singular in4ormal for# of you &t is used to addressfa#il #e#bers* children* and friends"

Ud is the abbre'iation of usted and is the singular 4ormalfor# of you " &t is preferable to use Ud " in all other instances"

Vosotros is the fa#iliar plural for# of you that is onl' usedin Spain " &n all other 7atin A#erican countries* ustedes isused" NOTE*That ustedes is used for both in7ormal and polite plural"

5osotros, vosotros, ellos are used to refer to a male groupor a group of mixed gender" 1owe'er* nosotras, vosotrasand ellas refer to onl' a group of fe#ales"

D&F5+5!C&AS C:! 57 &!G7 S/ $i77eren+es &it6 En!lis6

" &n Spanish* 'erb endings indicate the subject" Therefore*

subject pronouns are often o#itted" www .franklang .ru

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EXA PLES*

Abri#os a las ocho"/ 4e open at eight"

Cierran pri#ero"/ The close first"

E" &n order to e#phasi3e the subject* a pronoun isused" 4hen used* it precedes the 'erb"

EXA PLE*

@o so el #ejor"/ & a# the best"

" A pronoun is used in order to a'oid confusion when'erb for#s present a#biguit "

'o / &:d. / ou5l / heella / she

hac$a ejercicios"/ was or were e,ercising"

" Pronouns are al&a's used when there are E 'erbsand E subjects"

EXA PLE*

@o so feli3* (l no lo es"/ & a# happ * but he isnot"

I" The pronoun it is rarel used"

EXA PLES*

5s posible alcan3ar esa #eta"/ &t is possible toreach that goal"

5stH llo'iendo"/ &tMs raining"

J" &n a ?uestion* subject pronouns can precede orfollow the 'erb"


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K"


31/87

se"en chairs

!R S ! A E T 8ES 9A:reeme#t;" 6ost adjecti'es +6an!e for#* depending upon whether the

noun the #odif is #asculine or fe#inine and singular orplural" For words that end in o, a, and e* their endings are thefollowing


6asculine -o -os

Fe#inine -a -as

6asc" or Fe#" e es

E" &n Spanish* adjecti'es #ust correspond in number and !ender to the article and noun the #odif " &n 5nglish*adjecti'es do NOT change"

EXA PLES


6asculine

el gat o blanco / the whitecat

los gat os blanc os / the whitecats

Fe#inine

l a gat a blanca / the whitecat

l as gat as blancas / the whitecats

6asculine

el ho#br e inteligent e / theintelligent #an

los ho#br es inteligent es / theintelligent #en

Fe#inine

la #uje r inteligent e / theintelligent wo#an

las #uje res inteligent es / theintelligent wo#en

" Generall * words that end in a consonant , -es is added tofor# their pluralB howe'er* the ending , -es, re#ains constantdespite of the gender of the noun the #odif "

EXA PLES


6asculine

El libro a3ul / The blueboo

Los libros a3ules / The blueboo s

Fe#ini La caja a3ul / The blue Las cajas a3ules / The blue www .franklang .ru

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ne bo, bo,es

NOTE* That adjecti'es are #ade plural b adding -s, -esB howe'er* when words end in 0, it changes to -1es

EXA PLES

el ho#br e cap a0 /the +apable #an

los ho#br es capa1es / the +apable #en"

Pre+e#t Te#+eA 'erb e,presses an action or indicates a state or +ondition "

An infiniti'e is the for# of a 'erb that shows no subject ornu#ber* such as compr ar / to buy, vend er / to sell, recib ir / toreceive.

Verbs consist of a ste#* such as 1ompr in co#prar* vend in'ender* re1ib in recibir * and an ending* such as ar, -er, -ir "Ste#s of regular 'erbs do not change* but ste#s of irregular

'erbs so#eti#es do change"

Clasi7i+a+i4n de los "erbos / Classification of 'erbs

&n Spanish* 'erbs are classified according to the endings oftheir infiniti'e"

" First +onju!ation 'erbs ending in -ar

E" Se+ond +onju!ation 'erbs ending in -er

" T6ird +onju!ation 'erbs ending in -ir

:nli=e En!lis69 ea+6 subje+t 6as a distin+t "erbendin!.

F#RST CON : AT#ON*

Comprar / to bu

yo co#pr o / & bu

t! co#pr as / ou bu

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l, ella, usted co#pr a / he* she* ou .for#al0 bu .s0

nosotros co#pra# os / we bu

vosotros co#pr is / ou buellos, ustedes co#pr an / the * ou bu

SECON$ AN$ T?#R$ CON : AT#ONS*

The endings for the second and third groups areidentical e,cept for the nosotros and vosotros "

0ender/ tosell

Re+ibir/ to recei'e

o 'end ot) 'end es (l 'end e nos"'end emos 'os" 'end isellos 'end en

o recibot) recib es (l recib e nos" recibimos 'os" recib s ellos reciben

NOTE*&n the abo'e e,a#ples* to conjugate a 'erb* theending of the infiniti'e 9-ar, -er, -ir: is re#o'ed andan appropriate ending is added"

:se t6e present tense in t6e 7ollo&in! situations*

The Spanish present tense is e?ui'alent to following < for#s in 5nglish

Co 4irmo el1ontra1to

& si n the contract"&do si n the contract"&am si nin the contract"&&ill si n the contract" .in the i##ediate future0

" #t is used to indi+ate &6at is 6appenin! no&.

EXA PLE*

@o co#o ahora"/ & a# eating right now"

E" T6e present tense is also used to express ana+tion t6at &ill ta=e pla+e in t6e immediate 7uture*

EXA PLE*

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=irmo el contracto #a9ana"/ 2 &ill si n thecontract to#orrow"

" #t is also used to ma=e a re@uest or as= 7orinstru+tions*

EXA PLES*

Quieren cenar con#igoR @ill you ha'e dinnerwith #eR

Es1ribo el che?ueR/ Shall 2 write the chec R

" T6is tense is used to indi+ate 6abitual a+tions* EXA PLES*

7os Argentinos 1enan alrededor de las O de lanoche"/ Argentines eat dinner around O P"6"

7os espa9oles duermen una siesta despu(s deal#or3ar"/ Spanish people ta7e a nap afterlunch"

NOTE* Since the 'erb endings indicate who the subjectis* the subject pronouns are fre?uentl o#ittedBhowe'er* it is AL1A2S used when there are subje+ts and "erbs.

EXA PLES*

Correct Co to#o* ella co#e"/ & drin * and sheeats"

&ncorrect To#o co#e"/ & drin * and she eats"

&mparati e+Co#parati'es allow the co#parison of e?ual and une?ualdegrees of ?ualities* attributes and characteristics"

There are le'els of co#parison

10 e@ualit'

. in7eriorit'

%. superiorit'

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40 superlati"e

50 irre!ular

# :AL$A$/ E>:AL#T2 " 4hen co#paring adje+ti"es and ad"erbs *tanD1omo /

as as is used" 3an ne'er changes in the co#parison orcontrast of ?ualities"

EXA PLES*

7a a#orti3acin es tan i#portante 1omo losgastos"/ The depreciation is as i#portant as e,penses"

5l porcentaje de inter(s es tan bajo 1omo lasganancias"/ The interest rate is as low as theprofits"

E" 4hen e?uating ?uantities or co#paring nouns*tantoD1omo .as #uch as* as #an as0 is used" 3antochanges to tanta, tantas, tantos to agree with thenounMs gender and nu#ber"


6asculine tanto tantosFe#inine tanta tantas

EXA PLES*

5sta co#pa9$a no tiene tanto dinero 1omo suco#peticin"/ This co#pan doesnMt ha'e as #uch #one as its co#petition"

Sin e#bargo s$ tiene tantos autos 1omo suco#peticin"/ 1owe'er* it does ha'e as #ancars as its co#petition"

$ES# :AL$A$/ #NE>:AL#T2&n Spanish* the co#parati'e of #ost adjecti'es* ad'erbs* andnouns is for#ed b using msD que / more than forsuperiorit and menosDque / less than for inferiorit "

NOTE*That the words ms and menos do NOT change withgender or nu#ber"

EXA PLES*

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7a tasa de inter(s al consu#idor es menos atracti'aque la interbancaria"/ The consu#erMs interest rateis less attracti'e than that of the interban Ms"

Tengo ms inter(s en las finan3as que en la#ercadotecnia"/ & ha'e more interest in financethan in #ar eting"

NOTE*%e is used instead of que before an e,pressionof ?uantit or a#ount"

EXA PLES*

1a ms de co#petidores"/ There are morethan co#petitors"

Tengo menos de O #inutos para ter#inar laleccin"/ & ha'e less than O #inutes to finishthe lesson"

S:PERLAT#0OS/ S:PERLAT#0ESThe e,press the 6i!6est or lo&est degree of co#parisonwhen co#paring t&o or more things"

There are #ain wa s to e,press a superlati'e idea" &tsconstruction is si#ilar to that of the co#parati'e for#

" Superlati'es are for#ed b placing the definite articlebefore the noun being co#pared* and note that the wordsms and menos do NOT change with gender or nu#ber" &nthese instances* the article deter#ines the gender and thenu#ber of the subject"

Degree ender Sin!ular Plural

1ighest6asculine el ms / the #ost los ms / the #ost

Fe#inine la ms / the #ost las ms / the #ost

7owest6asculine el menos / theleast los menos / theleast

Fe#inine la menos / theleastlas menos/ theleast

EXA PLES*

5ste banco es el ms grande del pa$s"/ This ban isthe largest in the countr "

5stos bancos son los ms grandes del pa$s"/ These

ban s are the largest in the countr " www .franklang .ru

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7a casa es la ms grande en la cuadra"/ Thehouse is the largest in the bloc "

7as casas son las ms grandes en la cuadra"/

The houses are the largest in the bloc " 5l 'icepresidente es el menos pagado en la

co#pa9$a"/ The Vice President is the least paidin the co#pan "

7os 'icepresidentes son los menos pagados"/The Vice Presidents are the least paid"

7a 'icepresidenta es la menos pagada"/ TheVice Presidente .fe#ale0 is the least paid"

7as 'icepresidentas son las menos pagadas"/The Vice Presidents .fe#ale0 are the least paid"

E" Superlati'es are also for#ed b adding the suffi,-simo . -a *-os *-as 0 to an adjecti'e or an ad'erb"


6asculine -simo -simos

Fe#inine -sima -simas

EXA PLES* 2uan es inteligent simo / 2uan is extremel'

intelligent"

2uan Ana son inteligent simos / 2uan and Anaare extremel' intelligent"

Ana es inteligent sima / Ana is extremel'intelligent"

Ana +osa son inteligent simas "/ Ana and +osa

are extremel' intelligent"

#RRE :LAR/ #RRE :LAR The following are adje+ti"es and ad"erbs with irregularco#parati'e for#s

Adje+ti"es and ad"erbs Comparati"e7orm

bueno / good mejor /better

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bien /well mejor /better

malo /bad peor /worse

mal /badl peor /worse"iejo /old .when referring to people onl 0 ma'or /older

jo"en / oung .when referring to people onl 0 menor / ounger

)itial Te#+eThe conditional tense in Spanish is e?ui'alent to theconditional tense in 5nglish* &ould D "erb "

To for# this tense* add the endings -a, -as, -a, -amos,ais, an to an infiniti'e" These roots are used for all threeconjugations* -ar, -er, and -ir "

Note that all for#s ha'e a &ritten a++ent "

EXA PLES*

Pronoun Calcular / to calculate Co# er / toeat 5scribir / to write

yo calculara co#er a escribir a

t! calcularas co#er as escribirasl, ella,Ud calculara co#er a escribira

nosotros calcularamos co#er amo s escribiramos

vosotros calcularais co#er ais escribirais

ellos, Uds calcularan co#er an escribiran

#RRE :LAR CON$#T#ONAL FOR SThe following 'erbs ha'e irre!ular +onditional ste#s towhich are added the conditional endings" These for#s are thesame as their 7uture tense stems "

#n7initi"e/ Conditional/ En!lis6

Salir / sal dr $a /to go out

Venir/ 'en dr $a/to co#e

Tener/ten dr $a/ to ha'e

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Co voy/ & a# going

t! vas/ ou are going

l, ella, 9Ud : va/ he* she* . ou are0 is goingnosotros vamos/ we are going

vosotros vais/ ou are going

Uds , ellos, ellas van/ ou* the are going

EXA PLES*

Voy a aprender espa9ol"/ 2 am oin to learnSpanish"

Vamos a abrir un negocio propio"/ @e areoin to open our own business"

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EXA PLES*

1o no #e puse el reloj" ;u( hora serHR/ Toda& a# not wearing # watch" & wonder what ti#eit isR .4hat ti#e could it beR0

SerHn las dos pico"/ &t #ust be a little aftertwo"

;ui(nes estarHn afueraR SerHn los ni9osR / &wonder who are outsideR The #ust be thechildren" .The are probabl the children"0

E" To e,press the willingness to do so#ething* the'erbs desear or querer are used instead of the futuretense"

EXA PLE*

;ui(ren cenar con#igoR/ 4ill ou ha'e dinnerwith #eR

NOTE* The Spanish future tense is NOT used to #a ere?uests* as it is in 5nglish"

" The future tense is also used to e,press orders or +ommands "

EXA PLES* ;andars estos folletos esta tarde"/ Send these

pa#phlets this afternoon"

!i9os* no irn al cine"/ Children* don t o .wonMt0 to the #o'ies"

traccie+/ tracti+&n Spanish* there are onl E contractions* al and del "

The prepositions a .to* toward0 and de .fro#* of0 co#bine withthe definite article el to for# al . a Q el Wal 0 and del . de Q elWdel 0"

EXA PLES*

Vo al hotel"/ & a# going to the hotel"

Vengo del colegio"/ & a# co#ing 4rom college"

NOTE* That the pronoun l does NOT contract" www .franklang .ru

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EXA PLE*

Decile a l ?ue 'enga"/ Tell hi# to co#e"

NOTE*That no other definite articles 9la, las, los: for# contractions when co#bined with de "

EXA PLES*

7a 'entana de la casa estH sucia"/ Thewindow o4 the house is dirt "

7as hipotecas de las casas"/ The #ortgageso4 the houses"

7os e#pleados de los bancos"/ Thee#plo ees o4 the ban s"

El mperati &/ mperati e &rmThe i#perati'e for# is used to gi'e an order* direction* orco##and"

RE :LAR 0ERBS

To for# the co##and* drop the -o of the first person present7orm .indicati'e #ode0 of the 'erb and add the followingendings

Verbs ending in -ar * such as 1obrar/ to collect #one

Positi'e perati'e !egati'e perati'e

cobra .t)0cobre .


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pensar / to thin1ontar / to count1ono1er / to

now poner /to put

PiensaCuentaConocepon

PienseCuentecono3caponga

PensemosContemoscono3camo

spongamos

Pensad Contad conoced poned

piensencuent encono3canpongan

#RRE :LAR FOR S C:66A!DS

" The following ha'e irre!ular +ommand 7orms for thepronoun t!

#n7initi"e Pos.#mper. Ne!. #mper.

Ser /to be3ener / to ha'eVenir / to co#e%e1ir / to saSalir / to goout


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" This 5nglish e,pression is e?ui'alent to theco##and for# corresponding to nosotros "

EXA PLES*

Abramos el 'ino"/ LetGs open the wine" No tomemos tanto"/ LetGs not drin= too #uch"

E"The e,pression let s can also be e,pressed usingvamos a Q in4initive "

EXA PLES*

Vamos a abrir el 'ino"/ *et s open the wine"

5o vayamos a to#ar tanto"/ *et s not drintoo #uch"

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EXA PLE*

5o co#o espinaca nun1a / &never eat spinach"

%.4hen the negati'e word precedes the 'erb* the wordno is NOT used"

EXA PLE*

5un1a co#o espinaca"/ & never eat spinach"

$O:BLE 5+

4hen the ans&er to a ?uestion is ne!ati"e * the wordno appears t&i+e " &t appears at the beginning of thesentence and also in front of the 'erb"

EXA PLE*

2uan Abren ahoraR/ Are ou going to opennowR

Cler 5o, no abri#os hasta las die3"/ 5o * wedon t open until ten"

NOTE*


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EXA PLE*

5ste projecto es el #Hs intenso ?ue "ams hee#predido"/ This project is the #ost intense that& ha'e ever underta en"

3#; 2A5/ Also or too

3ambin e,presses the union of t&o a77irmati"esentences" 3ambin #eans also or too

EXA PLES*

@o ?uiero co#erB tambin ellos ?uieren co#er"/& want to eatB the want to eat too "

!osotros tambin gana#os la co#petencia"/ 4ealso won the co#petition"

3#;P+6+/ !either

3ampo1o #eans neither and is used to unitene!ati"e sentences"

EXA PLE*

Victoria no co#i* o tampo1o / Victoriadidn t eat and neither did &"

52/ !or

5i connects t&o ne!ati"e constructions"

EXA PLE*

5o ?uiero ni co#er ni beber"/ &don t want toeat or drin "

5i siquiera and so#eti#es ni are e?ui'alent to noteven

EXA PLES*

Pedro ni siquiera #e salud"/ Pedro did noteven greet #e"

Pedro no ?uiere ni saludar#e"/ Pedro doesn teven want to greet #e"

PAST TENSE

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&n Spanish there are E si#ple past tenses* t6e preterite and t6e imper7e+t " A si#ple tense is one that does not need anau,iliar 'erb* such as to have "

10 5l pret(rito/ The preterite

20 5l i#perfecto/ The i#perfect

EL PRETHR#TO/ T?E PRETER#T

The preterite is used to refer to an action* state orcondition that is considered full co#pleted in the past" &tis for#ed b re#o'ing the infiniti'e endings -ar, -er, and -ir and adding the appropriate endings as follows

NOTE* The endings of 'erbs ending in -er and -ir are

identical"Pronoun Comprar/ to bu' 0ender/ to sell Re+ibir/ to re+ei"e

o/ & co#pr 'end recib

t)/ ou co#pr aste 'end iste recibiste

(l* ella*


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EXA PLE

Llo"i4a er"

&trained esterda "&tdid rain esterda "

NOTE There is !: e?ui'alent for the 5nglish au,iliar did "Therefore* to for#ulate a ?uestion in preterite tense* thesubject and the 'erb are in'erted or the interrogati'eintonation is used"

EXA PLE

(Subi4 elinter(sR

5l inter(s subi4 R

$id the interest in+rease R

" The preterite can be used to interrupt an action in theimper7e+t tense ,#T- "

EXA PLE

Trabaj8bamos ,#T- intensa#ente cuando anun+iaronlos despidos #asi'os" / 4e &ere &or=in! intenselwhen the announ+ed the #assi'e la offs"

CASOS #RRE :LARES/ #RRE :LAR CASES

" &n order to preser'e the sound of the infiniti'e* regular'erbs that end in -1ar, - ar, and -0ar ha'e spelling changesin the first person 9yo: as follows

C6an!e

EXA PLES

&nfiniti'e Preterit

1 to qu bus 1ar / to loo for bus qu / & loo ed for

sa 1ar / to pull out sa qu / & pulled out

ata 1ar / to attac ata qu / & attac edto u lle ar / to arri'e lle u / & arri'ed

pa ar / to pa pa u / & paid

apa ar / to turn off apa u / & turned off

0 to 1 e#pe 0ar / to start e#pe 1 / & started

co#en 0ar / toco##ence

co#en 1 / & co##enced

al#or 0ar / to eat lunch al#or 1 / & ate lunch

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4'
http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/21.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/21.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/22.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/22.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/22.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/23.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/23.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/23.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/24.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/24.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/24.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/24.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/25.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/25.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/25.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/33.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/33.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/33.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/33.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/26.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/26.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/26.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/26.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/34.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/34.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/34.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/34.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/27.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/27.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/27.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/27.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/35.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/35.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/35.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/35.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/28.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/28.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/28.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/28.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/36.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/36.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/36.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/36.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/29.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/29.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/29.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/29.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/37.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/37.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/37.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/37.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/30.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/30.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/30.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/30.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/38.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/38.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/38.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/38.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/31.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/31.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/31.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/39.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/39.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/39.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/comence.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/comence.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/comence.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/40.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/40.mp3http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/sounds/past/40.mp3http://var/www/app

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