space medicine and satellite technology “tele epidemiology” · lesser extent low earth orbit,...
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Space Medicine and Satellite Technology“Tele‐Epidemiology”
Tadashi Murai, M.D., Ph.D.Space Biomedical Research Group
JAXA
Advanced Land Observing Satellite "DAICHI" (ALOS)
5m Resolution of ALOS Observation
Polio Virus Sampling using ALOS Data
Malaria Control using ALOS Data• eutrophication • Anopheles
Emergency Medical Operationssupported by Wideband InterNetworking Satellite
ISS as a Test‐Bed for Human Space Exploration
Tadashi Murai, M.D., Ph.D.Space Biomedical Research Group
JAXA
Human Space ExplorationMoon Base / Mars Exploration
• Challenging unexperienced risks• Using ISS for verification = ISS as a test‐bed
Moon Exploration
Mars Exploration
Design Reference Missions (Example)
NASA Office of Inspector General IG‐16‐003
Mars Environmental Aspects for Human
• Limited Resources• Isolation• Hostile/closed environment spacecraft design
• Altered gravity• Space Radiation
Limited Resources
• “Storage, power, and weight limitations in the crafts in which humans will travel and live in deep space will affect the amount and type of food, medical supplies, exercise equipment, and other resources available.” NASA Office of Inspector General IG‐16‐003
Isolation• “Because crews will be millions of
of miles and many months travel from Earth, they must be prepared to deal with a variety of medical situations ranging from minor cuts to catastrophic injuries.In addition, isolation from Earth may case psychological and behavioral issues for crew members that could affect their wellbeing and performance. Finally, the periodic deliveries of supplies available to crews living on the ISS will not be an option in deep space.”
NASA Office of Inspector General IG‐16‐003
Hostile/Closed Environment Spacecraft Design
• “Spacecraft will have a closed life‐support system and cramped working and living quarters. The ISS has 15,000cubic feet of habitable area ‐ more than a conventional 3‐bedroom house. In contrast, the Orion crew capsule NASA is developing and plans to use for at least the initial forays beyond low Earth orbit has 314 cubic feet of habitable area.”
NASA Office of Inspector General IG‐16‐003
Altered Gravity• “The prolonged
weightlessness experienced in space causes astronauts to endure a number of physical and physiological changes. For example, astronauts routinely experience altered inner ear function as well as loss of bone density and muscle strength and blood and other body fluids move from the legs and lower extremities to the upper parts of the body.”
NASA Office of Inspector General IG‐16‐003
Space Radiation • “Deep space radiation is significantly
different from radiation encountered on Earth, and it is unknown how the human body will respond to prolonged exposure. Earth, and to a lesser extent low Earth orbit, are protected by the Van Allen Belts, regions of trapped radiation held in place by the Earth’s magnetic field that shield the planet and its human inhabitants from space radiation and solar weather. Missions that travel beyond low Earth orbit do not enjoy the protection of the Belts.”
NASA Office of Inspector General IG‐16‐003
Human Health and Performance Risksby Space Environment Hazard
Exploration Risks• Musculoskeletal• Sensorimotor• Autonomous Medical Care• Behavioral Health and Performance• Ocular Syndrome• Hypogravity• Radiation
Exploration Risk Rating (Example)
Autonomous Medical Care / Nutrition
Ocular Syndrome
• Mission and long‐term health risk of Microgravity‐induced Visual Impairment and/or elevated intracranial Pressure (VIIP)
NASA Human Research Program• Integrated Pathway to Mars
– Keywords• “Crew Autonomy” ‐ Self Organizing• Resilience – adaptation capability• communication time delay
– ISS as a test‐bed• One‐Year Missions ‐ TwinsדOmics” study• Human Research Analog
On going “Twin Sons” Study on ISS• “Integrated Omics Study”
Human Research Analog
Japanese Antarctic Research Base
Space Radiation and Behavioral Health and Performance (Interdisciplinary)
Sleep / Circadian rhythm
Behavioral Conditions and Psychiatric Disorders
• monotony• communication time delay• crew autonomy• motivation• resilience• virtual (cyber) world• non‐obstrutive (non‐intrusive) monitoring
Future Space Stations??
Space Colony???