space, big bang, galaxies and stars review 2013 v3 66 slides i hope you like it
TRANSCRIPT
Space, Big Bang, Galaxies and Stars Review
2013 V3
66 SlidesI hope you like it.
1. AstronomyThe study of Planets, Stars Galaxies and Nebulae
http://www.ceo.wa.edu.au/home/carey.peter/astronomy.jpg
2. Cosmology
http://www.wired.com/geekdad/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/carl_sagan.jpg
Cosmology is the study of the origin of the universeCarl Sagan wrote books and TV shows about it.
3. Geocentric Perspective
In 400 BC, Aristotle thought the Earth was the center of the universe
http://space.about.com/od/astronomerbiographies/a/aristotlebio.htm
4. Heliocentric Perspective
In 1543, Nicholas Copernicus was the first to say the sun not the Earth was in the center of the solar system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg
5. Variable speed Elliptical Orbits
In 1610,
Johannes Kepler
was the first to say
the planets travel
in variable speed,
elliptical, not circular
orbits.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
6. Gravity
• In 1687 Sir Isaak Newton described
Gravity
• The most important force in astronomy
students.umf.maine.edu
7. The First Telescope
In 1611 Galileo invented the first telescope by putting 2 lenses in a tube.
http://cnx.org/content/m11932/latest/
8. Stars are farther away from Earth than the planets.
Stars are larger than planets but the planets look larger
because the stars are farther away.
http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2007/01/stars-planets-scale-comparison.html
9. Three Telescope Types
Optical telescopes detect visible light.
Radio telescopes detect Radio Waves.
Telescopes in orbit around planet Earth.
10. Data about StarsAstronomers get data about stars from telescopes likeMount Wilson observatory and and space probes like NASA’s IBEX
http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/01/31/nasa-probe-discovers-alien-matter-from-beyond-our-solar-system/ CHARA Interferometer Array http://www.mtwilson.edu/
60 inch TelescopeThat Hubble used in 1926Mount Wilson Observatory
Interstellar Boundary Explorer
11. Edwin Hubble 1926• First to see the Andromeda galaxy• First to say the universe is larger than just the Milky way • First to discover the Red Shift• First to suggest that the universe is expanding
http://www.edwinhubble.com/ http://www.mtwilson.edu/
12. Big Bang Theory
Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use the term “Big Bang in 1949”
Hoyle did not believe in the Big Bang theory.
He believed in the Steady State
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle
13. LeMaitre and Einstein
Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first
to say that the universe began as a point of pure energy
and expanded in all directions.
http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that expanded out in all directions
14. Evidence of the Big Bang
• Red Shift
• Cosmic background radiation
15a. Red Shift
• Red shift is the apparent change in the frequency of star light. • Red shift shows the direction the star is moving.• Red shift shows stars are moving away from
Earth and from each other.
Earth*
15b. Red Shift
Red shifted light from a source moving away from the Observer.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png
Light from a source that is not moving.
16. Blue Shift
Blue shifted light from a source moving towards the Observer.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png
Red shiftedlight from a sourcethat is movingway from the observer.
17. Doppler EffectThe Doppler effect is the apparent (not real) change in the wavelength of sound or light due to the movement of the source or observer.
Red Shift Blue shift
Red Shift and Blue shift are examples of the Doppler effecthttp://physics.syr.edu/courses/CCD_NEW/seti/tutorial/measure/part8.html
18. Cosmic Background Radiation
• In 1965 Wilson and Penzias of Bell Labs discovered a faint energy coming from space where there are no stars.
http://www.bell-labs.com/history/laser/invention/cosmology.html
19. Cosmic Background Radiation
Leftover energy from the Big Bang?
http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/article/Discovery-of-the-Microwave-Background-Radiation
George Gamow laid the foundations for research into the formation of elements in a big bang http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ideas/gamow.htm
20. Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/image.php?image=hst-above
The HST, named afterEdwin Hubble, is an optical Telescope in obit around the Earth.It was launchedIn 1990.
21. A Light Year is a unit of distance.
• A light year is the distance light travels in one year
• exactly 9,460,730,472,580.8 km• about 6 trillion miles • about 63,241.1 astronomical units • about 0.306601 parsecs
22. Light years measure galaxies.
• Light years are used to measure distances inside galaxies.
23. The Milky Way Galaxy.
The Milky Way Galaxy is 100,000 light years wide
24. Parallax Shift
Parallax shift is used to measure
the distancebetween galaxies.
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html
25. Parallax Shift Rule
The smaller the shift the farther away the star.
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html
26. Stars in a Galaxy
Galaxies contain billons of stars.
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=milky+way+galaxy&btnG=Search
Stars areheld in galaxiesby gravitationalforces.
27. Galaxy Classification
Hubble was first to classify galaxies
by their shape:
http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html
Spiral elliptical irregular
28. Three Galaxy Shapes
http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html
Spiral elliptical irregular
29. The Milky Way Galaxy
• Spiral Shape
• Our Solar system is
2/3 of the way from middle on 1 arm
I-------100,000 light years---------I
30. Interstellar Matter
• Atoms of gas and dust that exists between stars.
• Interstellar • Matter
http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/polaris-t.html
Slide 31 is blank
Slide 32 is blank
33. What comes from Stars?Light and heat waves and
solar wind particles
Solar flaresand thesolarwind
The Earth’s magnetic fieldprotectsthe Earthfrom the solar wind.
http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/spaceweather/curriculum/107_Magnetic%20Configuration.pdf
34. Radiation
Solar energy travels through space to the earth in waves called radiation.
http://news.discovery.com/space/monster-waves-driving-suns-coronal-heating-110727.html
35. SupernovaAt the end of the life of a super giant star, it explodes in
the largest bang the universe has to offer.
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/supernovae.html
36. Black Hole
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/blackhole.html
A region in space with gravity so strong not even light can escape
37. Big Bang
Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use the term “Big Bang in 1949”
Even though he did not believe in the Big Bang theory.
He believed in Steady State.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle
38. Big Bang Theory
About 14.7 Billion years ago,
The universe began
as a point of pure energy
that expanded
in all directions.
http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_lemaitre.html
38. LeMaitre and Einstein
Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first to say that the universe began as a point of pure energy and expanded in all directions.
http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that expanded out in all directions
39. The Universe is 14.7 Billion Years Old
Modern astronomers estimate the age of the universe to be 14.7 billion years old.
40.Nearest star to the sun
Proxima Centauri
is the nearest star
to the sun,
about 4.2
light years
away.
41. Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, one of the most common types in the Milky way.
42a. Proxima Centauri
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, red stars
are old and cool.
42b. Star Life Cycles• A star is born when fusion starts in the core.• The life cycle depends on the mass of the star.• Star life cycles are shown on the (HR) diagram.
The Sun
Blue stars are young and hotYellow stars are middle aged and mediumRed stars are old and cooler
43. Nuclear Science
Nuclear science gets its name from the nucleus of the atom.
44. The symbol for Radiation
45. What does fusion mean?
Fusion means to make, or combine.
46. Where does fusion occur?
Fusion occurs in stars.
Fusion makes stars hot.
47. What is Fusion reaction?
H + H He + energy
Fusion powers the stars
48. Where does Fission occur in nature?
Fission occurs inside planets.
Fission keeps planet earth hot.
49. What does unstable mean?
A large nucleus is said to be unstable when the strong nuclear force
cannot hold the protons and neutrons together.
http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/uranium/basics.html
50. Unstable metalsUnstable metals are radioactive, such as
Uranium and plutonium
http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200505/proliferation/fuel_cycle.asp
Uranium ore at the Meghalaya mine, north east Indiahttp://www.topnews.in/uranium-mining-may-start-meghalaya-mid2010-2251077
51. The Modern Atom Model
52. Alpha Decay
Alpha decay is when 2 protons and 2 neutrons shoot out of the nucleus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
53. After Alpha Decay
• The atomic number goes down by 2 • Two protons shot out of the nucleus.
54. Beta Decay
One neutron turns into 1 proton and one electron. The electron shoots out of the nucleus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay
55. After Beta Decay
• The atomic number goes up by 1 • One neutron turns into 1 proton.
56. Gamma Radiation
Gamma Radiation is pure energy
shooting out of the nucleus.
Gamma decay does not change thethe atomic number
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Decay.svg
57. Gamma Energy• Gamma Radiation is the most energetic form
of electromagnetic radiation
58. Two uses of nuclear fission by people
People use fission to make electricity and
nuclear bombs.
What is wrong with these pictures?
59. Radiation and DoctorsDoctors use radiation to look
into the body (x-rays).
Doctors use radiation to kill
cancer cells (radiation
therapy).
60. Radiation and FoodLarge food distributers use radiation to
make food last longer. Irradiated food
has the “radura” symbol on the label.
61. Radiation and ArchaeologistsArchaeologists are people who study ancient human
civilizations.
They use radioactive
carbon 14 testing to
determine the age of
bones and plant remains.
The end
I hope you liked it.