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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-11336-7 — The Ancient Egyptian EconomyBrian Muhs IndexMore Information

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363

Archives

Archive of Amennakhte, 112

Archive of Amenothes, 248

Archive of Ananiah, 192 , 193 , 204

Archive of Djekhy and Ituredj, 202 , 205 ,

208 – 209

Archive of gooseherds of Hou, 192 , 193 , 205

Archive of Horemsaef, 82 – 83

Archive of Inena, 105 , 116

Archive of Menches, 245

Archive of Mesi, 100 , 112 , 128 – 129 , 130

Archive of Mibtahiah, 204

Archive of Milon, 199 , 226 , 243

Archive of Pefheryhesy, 200 – 201 , 203

Archive of Petiese, 204 – 205

Archive of Petubast, 147 – 148 , 161 , 169

Archive of Totoes, 248

Archive of Tsenhor, 201 , 203 , 205

Archive of Zenon, 226 – 227 , 245 , 247

Biblical Works Cited

Chronicles

2 Chronicles 12:1–12, 170

2 Chronicles 35:20–25, 206

Isaiah 37:9, 170

Kings

1 Kings 14:25, 170

2 Kings 19:9, 170

2 Kings 23:29–30, 206

2 Kings 23:31–34, 206

Classical Works Cited

Athenaeus

Deipnosophistai, 5.203d, 238

Aurelius Victor

Epitome de Caesaribus I, 6, 234

Diodorus

Book 15, 3.4, 196

Book 15, 29.1–2, 207

Book 15, 92.2, 196

Book 17, 52.6, 236

Herodotus

Book II, 30, 196 , 197 , 208

Book II, 154, 197

Book II, 157, 206

Book II, 158, 317

Book II, 159, 195

Book II, 161, 195

Book II, 161–162, 313 n 167

Book II, 161–163, 169

Book II, 163, 197

Book II, 164–166, 197 – 198

Book II, 168, 198 , 313 n 167

Book II, 169, 197

Book II, 177, 151 – 152 , 184

Book II, 178, 186 , 208

Book II, 179, 186 , 208

Book II, 182, 195 – 196

Book III, 12, 15, 160, 207

Book III, 91, 194 , 197

Book IV, 42, 208

Book IX, 32, 198

Book VII, 7, 207

Book VII, 89–99, 196

Jerome

Commentariorum in Danielem, 11, 5,

234 , 236

Justinian

Edict XIII, 8, 234

Plutarch

Life of Agesilaus, 36.9, 207

Life of Agesilaus, 37.1, 196 , 197

Polybius

Histories , 5.65, 240

Pseudo-Aristotle

Oikonomika 2.2, 184 , 185 , 199

SOURCE INDEX

Note : An n following a page number indicates a note.

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SOURCE INDEX364

Strabo

Book 17, 1.13, 236

Thucydides

Book 1, 104, 109–110, 112, 207

Inscriptions and Stelae

Amasis Stela, 207

Athribis Stela, 133

Autobiography of Harkhuf

lines D1–6, and 25–26, 26

lines R4–L9, 48 – 49

Autobiography of Pepynakht called Heqaib,

lines 4–9, 48

Autobiography of Sabni, lines 1–3, 48

Block Berlin 1105, 36



Block Cairo CG 1432 (Inscription of

Kaemnofret), 34 , 35 – 36

Block Cairo JdE 57139, 36

Block Saqqara RM 22.11.1956, 32 , 46

Chronicle of Prince Osorkon, 143

Decree of Horemheb, 95 – 96 , 98 – 99 , 101 , 108 ,

109 , 113 , 118 , 136

Doorlintel Cairo CG 1634, 32 , 38 , 46

Double Stela of Karnak, 110

Duties of the Vizier

line 19, 73

line 20, 64

lines 13–15, 64 – 65 , 67

lines 17–19, 63

lines 26–27, 63

lines 27–28, 58 – 59

‘Great Karnak Inscription,’ 133

Inscription G61 in Wadi Hammamat, 77 – 78

Instructions to the Vizier

lines R 9–13, R 21–22, R 24–25, and

R 32, 63

Karnak Oracular Text against Harsiese,

143 – 144

Memphis Decree of Year 9 of Ptolemy V (196

BCE), Rosetta, 199

lines 8–9, 222

lines 9–10, 242

lines 16–18, 243

Naukratis stela, 182 – 183 , 187

Nauri Decree

lines 30–42, 97 – 98

lines 42–47, 108 – 109

Nitokris Adoption Stela, 194 – 195

Palermo Stone, 15 – 16 , 19 , 48 , 50

Restoration Stela, 109

South, Middle and North Stelae at Nahr

el-Kelb, 133

South Saqqara Stone, 29

Statue Cairo CG 42121, 130

Stela Ashmolean 1894.107a, 146

Stela Berlin 1157, 89

Stela Berlin 14753, 86 , 89 , 186

Stela Boston MFA 03.1896 (Decree of

Neferirkare from Abydos), 25 – 26

Stela Brooklyn 69.116.1, 104

Stela Cairo CG 1435 (Autobiography

of Weni)

line 36, 30

lines 2–4, 25

lines 10–13, 24

lines 13–18, 31

lines 13–32, 47 , 49

lines 37–38, 47

lines 39–42, 47

lines 42–45, 47 , 50

lines 45–47, 47

Stela Cairo CG 34021, 126



Stela Cairo JdE 31408 (Israel Stela), 133

Stela Cairo JdE 31882 (Apanage Stela),

154 – 155 , 162 , 169

lines 1–8, 149 – 150

lines 8–23, 160 , 166 – 168

Stela Cairo JdE 36327 (Nitokris Adoption

Stela ), 194 – 195

Stela Cairo JdE 36861, 151


Stela Cairo JdE 42787, 28 , 32 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 46

Stela Cairo JdE 45327, lines 2–9, 155 – 156

Stela Cairo JdE 48862 + 47086–47089

(Victory Stela of Piye), 170

Stela Cairo JdE 52453 (Stela juridique de

Karnak), lines 4–22, 59 – 61 , 75 , 85

Stela Cairo JdE 65834, 126 , 128


lines 2–5, 155

lines 9–26, 160 , 164 – 165 , 168 – 169

lines 16–26, 164 – 165 , 168


Classical Works Cited (cont.)


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SOURCE INDEX 365


lines 2–9, 152 – 153

Stela Cairo TR 5/12/35/1, 126 , 128

Stela Cairo TR 11/1/35/1 (First Stela of

Kamose), 88

Stela Florence 1639 (2507), 204

Stela Florence 1658 (2536), 186 , 204

Stela Hermitage 5630, 150 – 151

Stela Liverpool University E. 583, 109 – 110

Stela Louvre C. 101, 186 , 204

Stela Luxor J 43 (The Second Stela of

Kamose), 88

Stela Manchester Museum 3306, 81

Stela Strasbourg 1378, 127 , 128

Stela Turin 2682, 110

Stuttgart Stela, 128

Third Stela of Kamose, 88

Trial of Mose, lines N4–9, 105 – 106

Ostraca

Bowl Louvre E 706 (Bakir, pls. 17–18), 204

Ostracon British Museum 5631, 93

Ostracon British Museum 66383 (Andrews

13), 244

Ostracon DeM 258, 108

Ostracon DeM 764, 101 – 102

Ostracon Liverpool County Museum M

13624 verso, 107 – 108

Ostracon Petrie 61, 129

Ostracon Stockholm MM. 14126, 108

Ostracon Universität Zürich 1869 ( O. Taxes

2, 156), 243

Ostracon Uppsala Victoria Museum 3001,

107 – 108

Ostracon Vienna Nationalbibliothek Aeg. 2,

111 – 112

Papyri

Abusir Payri, 39

Eloquent Peasant, B1 (Papyrus Berlin

3023), 86

lines 44–49, 59 , 61 – 62

lines B I 117–118, 220–221 and

223–224, 63

Great Harris Papyrus (Papyrus BM

EA 9999), 107 , 110 – 111 ,

124 , 135

Instructions for Merikare

lines P 106–109, 62

Leather Roll Berlin P. 10470, 73 – 75

Legal Code of Hermopolis West, 148 , 179 ,

216 , 217

Papyri Bibliotheque Nationale 203–213, 237

(P. Rollin 1882, 1884–86, 1889), 117

Papyri British Museum 10752 and 10753

sheet 3, 81

Papyri Cairo CG 31161, 31216, and

31246–31248, 238

Papyri Cairo CG 31219 and 31225, 237

Papyri Cairo CG (P.Cair.Zen. I)

59012–59014, 226 – 227

Papyri Lille II 50 and 51, 237

Papyrus Amherst (VI), 96

Papyrus Amherst XI, 117

Papyrus Amiens (Papyrus Musée de Picardie

88.3.5), 125

Papyrus Ashmolean 1945.94 (Grii th

Fragments), 149

Papyrus Ashmolean 1945.97 (Will of

Naunakhte), 112

Papyrus Assoc. Cairo 30605, lines 19–20, 219

Papyrus Baldwin (Papyrus BM EA

10061), 125

Papyrus Bauer-Meissner, 209

Papyrus Berkeley inv. unknown, Petition A,

lines 1–8, and Petition B, lines 1–7,

146 – 147 , 169

Papyrus Berlin P. 3047, 101

Papyrus Berlin P. 3048 verso, 158 , 161 , 168

Text 36, lines 11–19, 157

Papyrus Berlin P. 3063 (Papyrus

Reinhardt), 149

Papyrus Berlin P. 3110 ( Choix I 5), 193

Papyrus Berlin P. 9010, 28 , 32 , 37

Papyrus Berlin P. 9784

lines 1–13, 130

lines 14–19, 112 , 129 , 130

lines 20–33, 130

Papyrus Berlin P. 9785, 100 , 130 – 131

Papyrus Berlin P. 10005, 82 – 83

Papyrus Berlin P. 13446 A-H, K-L, 187

Papyrus Berlin P. 13476 (Cowley 35), 193

Papyrus Berlin P. 13491 (Cowley 10), 193

Papyrus Berlin P. 13621 + Papyrus Giessen

UB 101.3 recto, col. 2, lines 1–18,

217 – 218

Papyrus Berlin P. 23757 recto, 216

Papyrus Berlin P. 23890, 216


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SOURCE INDEX366

Papyrus Bibliotheque National 215, 198

Papyrus Bibliotheque National 223 ( Tsenhor

8), 205

Papyrus Bodleian Library MS Heb. c. 59 P

(Cowley 11), 193

Papyrus Boulaq 18, 78

col. 29, 2, lines 1–8, 78 – 79

col. 29, 2, lines 9–15, 79

Papyrus British Museum 10052, col. 5, lines

2–3, 96

Papyrus British Museum 10054 verso

col. 1, lines 1–3, 96

pages 2–3, 108

Papyrus British Museum 10055 (P. Salt

124), 94

recto, lines 1,1–1,6, 103

Papyrus British Museum 10056, 117

Papyrus British Museum 10057–10058 (Rhind

Mathematical Papyrus), Problem 62,

37 , 75 – 76

Papyrus British Museum 10068 verso, pages

2–8, 108

Papyrus British Museum 10113 ( Choix I 2),

192 – 193

Papyrus British Museum 10117 (Reich), 185

Papyrus British Museum 10221 (P. Abbot), 96

Papyrus British Museum 10240 (Reich), 244

Papyrus British Museum 10388

(Andrews 2), 245

Papyrus British Museum 10401, 125 , 199

Papyrus British Museum 10528

(Glanville), 226

Papyrus British Museum 10591, 216

Papyrus British Museum 10827 (Andrews

14), 243 , 244

Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 16.205, 146 , 152 ,

159 – 160 , 166

col. 2, line 2–col. 3, line 10, 146

Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 34.5596

(Wilbour papyrus), 82 ,

106 – 107 , 119

Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 35.1446,

recto, Insertion B, 55 – 58

recto, Insertion C, 55

Text A, line 63, 67

Papyrus Brooklyn Museum 47.218.32

(Kraeling 6), 204


(Kraeling 10), 204


(Kraeling 4), 204


(Kraeling 9), 204


(Kraeling 11), 192


(Kraeling 12), 204


(Kraeling 3), 204

Papyrus Cairo A-E, 125 , 136

Papyrus Cairo CG 30884 + 30864 +

31182, 147

Papyrus Cairo CG 50060, 190

Papyrus Cairo CG 50062, 186 , 190

Papyrus Cairo CG 50150 + 50155, 178 – 179

Papyrus Cairo CG 58043 ( Boulaq 8), 27






Papyrus Cairo JdE 37108 (Cowley 13), 204

Papyrus Cairo JdE 39410, 151

Papyrus Cairo JdE 43487 (Cowley 29), 193

Papyrus Cairo JdE 43502, 187

Papyrus Cairo JdE 58092 (P. Boulaq 10), 101

recto, lines 10–15, 102

verso, 129

Papyrus Cairo JdE 65739, 129 – 130

lines 2–14, 139 – 140

lines 15–17, and 19–21, 100

Papyrus Cairo Museum ASR 1576 (Segal

8), 205

Papyrus Carlsberg 628, 216

Papyrus Elephantine gr. 8, 226

Papyrus Ermitage 1116A and B, 117 – 118

Papyrus Florence Istituto Papirologico ‘G.

Vitelli’ + P. Carlsberg 301, 216

Papyrus Gebelein I verso B, 32 , 33 – 34 , 38 , 46

Papyrus Gebelein VI, 33 – 34 , 38 , 46

Papyrus Geneva D191 verso, lines 8–11, 93

Papyrus Génève D409 + Turin 2021, 95 , 96 ,

101 , 113

Papyrus Gurob II,1, 130

Papyrus Gurob II,2, 130

Papyri (cont.)


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SOURCE INDEX 367

Papyrus Harageh 3, 64

Papyrus Hekanakht

1 recto, lines 4–6, 76


1 verso, lines 1–4, 76

2 verso, line 1, 76

2 verso, lines 2–3, 76

3 recto, line 8–verso, line 1, 76

3 recto, line 6–verso, line 1, 77

3 verso, line 1, 76


6, 77

7 recto, line 15, 90


Papyri Hibeh I 67 and 68, 237

Papyrus IFAO A+B, 135 – 136

Papyrus Leiden F 1942/5.15 (OMRO 61,

1980, p. 10), lines 3–9, 158

Papyrus Leiden I 350 verso, 119 – 120 , 131

Papyrus Leiden K 128, 169

Papyrus Loeb 43 ( Hou 8), 178

Papyrus Loeb 45 ( Hou 5), 183 – 184

Papyrus Loeb 48+49A ( Hou 12), 193

Papyrus Louvre 2428 ( Schreibertradition

108), 245

Papyrus Louvre 2429 ( Schreibertradition 5),

244 – 245

Papyrus Louvre 2430, 178 – 179

Papyrus Louvre AF 6345, 6346–6347, 149

Papyrus Louvre AF 9761 (Tsenhor 15), 178

Papyrus Louvre E. 3171, 116

Papyrus Louvre E. 3226, 116 – 117

Papyrus Louvre E. 3228 (RdE 6, 1951, p.

159–161), lines 5–12, 147 – 148

Papyrus Louvre E. 3228b ( Choix I 1), 161

Papyrus Louvre E. 3228c, 169

Papyrus Louvre E. 3228d ( Choix I 7), 169

Papyrus Louvre E. 3228e ( Choix I 6), 169

Papyrus Louvre E. 3228f, 169

Papyrus Louvre E. 3231a ( Tsenhor 14),

201 – 202 , 203

Papyrus Louvre E. 7128 ( Tsenhor 10), 185 ,

186 , 204


Papyrus Louvre E. 7836, 202 , 208 – 209

Papyrus Louvre E. 7839, 202 , 208 – 209


Papyrus Louvre E. 7850, 186 , 190

Papyrus Louvre E. 7851 recto and verso, 165

Papyrus Louvre E. 7856 verso, 165

Papyrus Louvre E. 9293 ( Choix I 3), 192

Papyrus Louvre E. 10935 ( Tsenhor 1), 201 , 203

Papyrus Mayer A, col. 1, lines 1–10, 96

Papyrus Philadelphia 24, 244

Papyrus Prachov, 149

Papyrus Purches

recto, lines 6–19, 90

recto, lines, 1–5, verso line 1, 90

Papyrus Revenue Laws

cols. 24–38, 221 – 222

col. 33, 221 – 222

col. 39, 237

col. 40, 237

col. 45, 237

col. 46, 237

cols. 47–48, 237

cols. 51–52, 242

col. 52, 227

cols. 54–55, 237

Papyrus Rylands, 177 , 180 – 181

1, 205

1, lines 3–7, 179 – 180

3, 204

4, 178 , 204

5, 204

6, 204 – 205

7, 205

9, col. 3, line 16, 206

9, col. 5, lines 14–15, 182

9, col. 5, line 18, 182

9, col. 6, line 1, 182

9, col. 6, line 5, 182

9, col. 7, lines 1–6, 208

9, col. 8, lines 1–3, 180 , 208

9, col. 9, lines 12–13, 208

9, col. 9, line 20–col. 10, line 1, 182

9, col. 10, lines 6–7, 182

9, col. 11, line 9–col. 12, line 21, 198

9, col. 11, lines 11–15, 177

9, col. 11, lines 16–18, 180

9, col. 11, lines 17–18, 177

9, col. 11, lines 17–19, 175 – 176

9, col. 12, lines 2–3, 9–21, 177

9, col. 13, lines 7–8, 199

9, col. 14, line 16–col. 15, line 2, 206

9, col. 14, line 17–col. 15, line 7, 180


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SOURCE INDEX368

9, col. 14, line 17–col. 15, line 19, 208

9, col. 15, lines 3–4, 177

9, col. 15, lines 8–9, 176

9, col. 15, lines 8–11, 180

9, col. 15, lines 9 and 15, 176

9, col. 15, lines 12–17, 180 – 181

9, col. 15, lines 17–19, 181

9, col. 16, lines 1–14, 181

9, col. 16, line 14–col. 17, line 1, 181

9, col. 17, lines 1–9, 181 – 182

9, col. 17, lines 1–20, 182

9, col. 17, line 9–col. 18, line 4, 182

9, col. 19, lines 8–21, 177

9, col. 19, line 13, 198

9, col. 20, lines 1–20, 177

9, col. 21, line 2, 177

Papyrus Sallier I

4,5–5,4, 116

9,2–9,9, 105

Papyrus Sorbonne 1277, 178 – 179

Papyrus Strasbourg 4 ( Hou 13), 192

Papyrus Tebtunis I, 5, lines 22–333, 226

Papyrus Tebtunis I, 5, re-edited as Corp. Ord.

Ptol. 53, lines 207–220, 215 – 216

Papyrus Tebtunis III 703, 237 – 238

Papyrus Turin 1875 (Turin Judicial Papyrus),

lines 1,1–2,9, 93

Papyrus Turin 1880 (Turin Strike

Papyrus), 122

Papyrus Turin 1887 (Turin Indictment

Papyrus), 94

Papyrus Turin 1895 + 2006 (Turin Taxation

Papyrus), 117 , 121 , 125 – 126

Papyrus Turin 2008 + 2016, 119 – 120 , 131 ,

136 – 137

Papyrus Turin 2118A (246) ( Choix I 9),

185 , 203

Papyrus Turin 2119 (244), 203

Papyrus Turin 2120 (247) ( Choix I 10),

185 , 203

Papyrus Turin 2121 (248) ( Choix I 18,

p. 117–124), 200 – 201 , 203

Papyrus Turin 2122 ( Tsenhor 7), 205

Papyrus Turin 2127 ( Tsenhor 16), 205

Papyrus UC 32037 (Kahun VII 1), 85

Papyrus UC 32055 (Kahun II 1), 33 ,

68 – 70 , 85

Papyrus UC 32058 (Kahun I 1), 70 – 72 , 85

Papyrus UC 32163 (Kahun I 3), 65 – 67 , 70

Papyrus UC 32164 (Kahun I 4), 66 , 70

Papyrus UC 32165 (Kahun I 5), 66 , 70

Papyrus UC 32166 (Kahun IV 1), 65

Papyrus UC 32167 (Kahun I 2), 70 , 72 , 85

Papyrus Vatican 2038C, 169

Reisner Papyri, 64 , 80 – 81

Tablet Cairo JdE 41790 (Carnarvon

Tablet I), 88

Tablet MMA 35.3.318

recto, 161

verso, 161 – 162

Tomb Robbery papyri, 96 , 108

Wilbour Papyrus, 82 , 106 – 107 , 119

Zivilprozessordnung, 179 , 216 , 217 – 218

Papyri (cont.)


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369

Abnormal Hieratic system of contracts,

156 , 187

Abu Ballas, 50

Abu Roash, 51

Abu Simbel, 126

Abusir

mortuary complex, 51

mortuary cults, 45

mortuary temples, 30 , 39 , 41 , 42 – 43

royal tombs, 21

sun temples, 44

work gangs, 40

Abydos

criminal justice, 97 – 98 , 176

donation stelae, 155 , 164 – 165 , 166

evidence of military, 81


mortuary temples, 82 , 97 , 123 – 124 , 125 , 135

slave purchases, 168

temple endowments, 111

tombs, 54

See also Wah-sut

Achaemenid Period

bottleneck taxes, 186 , 255

media of exchange, 9

Agesilaus, 197 , 207

agoranomic contract, 228 , 229 – 230

Aha, 15 t 1.1

Ahmose I, 95 t 4.1

campaign in Nubia, 132

campaign in the Levant, 132

land grant, 105 – 106

Akhenaten

divine temple, 124

donation stelae, 113

gang of the acropolis, 120

temple inventory, 109

See also Amenhotep IV

Akhetaten, 113 , 120 , 140 – 141 . See also Amarna ;

El-Amarna

Akhet-Khufu, 28 , 32 , 33

Akhmim, 216

Alexander IV, 213 t 7.1

burial tax, 225 – 226

Alexander ‘the Great,’ 211 , 213 t 7.1

measures of value, 230

property transfers, 227

Alexandria

dockyards, 249 – 250

foundations, 249 – 250

garrisons, 239

granaries, 234

revenue laws, 227

royal court, 249

royal treasury, 236

Allen, J. P., 90

Amada, 133

Amara West, 134

Amarna, 49 – 50 , 88 . See also Akhetaten ;

El-Amarna

Amasis, 175 t 6.1

army, 197

burial taxes, 186

census, 151 – 152 , 184

criminal justice, 176 , 177

expeditions, 206 – 207

Greek settlements at Naukratis, 186

land sales, 203


patronage, 181 – 182

priestly positions/prebends, 205

private entrepreneurial activities, 208 – 209

private funerary endowments, 201 , 202

property dispute resolution, 179

royal navy, 195 – 196

sales tax, 185

SUBJECT INDEX

Note : A t following a page number indicates a table.


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SUBJECT INDEX370

slave sales, 204 – 205

state donations to temples, 198

Amenemhat I, 57 t 3.1 , 87 , 88

expeditions, 87

foundations, 89


royal residence, 89

Amenemhat II, 57 t 3.1

expeditions, 87


Amenemhat III, 57 t 3.1

military, 81


property transfer documents, 70 , 72

Amenemhat IV, 57 t 3.1

Amenemnisut, 145 t 5.1

Amenemope, 145 t 5.1

Amenhotep I, 95 t 4.1



Amenhotep II, 95 t 4.1



dockyard accounts, 117 – 118

Amenhotep III, 95 t 4.1

funerary establishments, 127

land transfers, 128 – 129

marketplaces, 131

slaves, 130

Amenhotep IV, 95 t 4.1


cattle exchange, 130 – 131

land transfers, 128 – 129


property transfer, 112

slaves, 130

See also Akhenaten

Amenmesse, 95 t 4.1

Amennakhte, 112

Ameny-Qemau, 57 t 3.1

amethyst, 88

Amun-Re, 123 – 125

Amyrtaeus, 175 t 6.1 , 193

Anedjib, 15 t 1.1 , 18

Ankyronpolis, 237 . See also El Hiba ; Teudjoi

Antioch, 249

Apepi, 57 t 3.1

Aphek, 134 – 135

Apollonios, 226 – 227 , 251

Apries, 175 t 6.1

credit, 192 – 193

expeditions, 206

garrisons, 196

land sales, 203

revolt by soldiers, 197

royal navy, 195

tomb sale, 204

Aramaic, as administrative language, 173 – 174

Archaic Period, stores of wealth, 191 – 192

Armant, 97 . See also Hermonthis

Arsames, 195 , 196 , 209

Arses, 175 t 6.1 , 207

Arsinoe, 221 , 251 . See also Cleopatris

artaba, 230

Artaxerxes I, 175 t 6.1

expeditions, 207

house sale, 204


Artaxerxes II, 175 t 6.1

credit, 192 , 193

house sale, 204

Artaxerxes III, 175 t 6.1

expeditions, 207

medium of exchange, 191

property dispute resolution, 178 – 179

Ashdod, 134 – 135 , 206 . See also Azotos

Askut, 89

Assiut, 21 – 22

Egyptian courts, 216

expeditions, 51

funerary cult, 68 , 79



temple endowments, 83 , 111

Assurbanipal, 170

Assyrian Empire, 206

Assyrians, 170 , 206

Aswan, 133 , 182

Aten, 124

Athribis, 111 . See also Tell el-Atrib

Augustus (Emperor), 234 , 256

Auserre, 76

Avaris, 54 , 92

expeditions, 88

founding of, 89

state foundations, 134


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SUBJECT INDEX 371

See also Tell el-Daba

Awibre Hor, 57 t 3.1

Ay, 95 t 4.1 , 128

Ayn Asil, 36 – 37 , 43 – 44 . See also Balat

Ayn Soukhna, 88

Azotos, 206 . See also Ashdod

Babylonia

bottleneck taxes, 86 , 186 , 255


Levant as part of, 206


See also Neo-Babylonia

Baer, K., 76

Bakenrenef, 145 t 5.1 , 176

Balat

expeditions, 50

ka -chapels established, 43 – 44

provincial administrators, 42

use of clay tablets, 36 – 37

See also Ayn Asil

bargaining/negotiation costs, 3

Berenike, 251

Berlev, O., 82

Beth Shan, 133 , 134 – 135

Bingen, Jean, 234 – 235

Bir el-Abd, 134

Boethos, 250 – 251

Bogaert, Raymond, 235

bronze

coinage, 9 , 11

as store of wealth, 231

Bubastis, 43 , 115 , 171 . See also Tell Basta

Buhen, 87 , 89 , 134

burial taxes

Ptolemaic Period, 225 – 226 , 241

Saite and Persian Periods, 185 – 186

Byblos

Egyptian military expedition against, 87

foundations, 134

as shipbuilding source of wood, 49

Cadytis, 206 . See also Gaza

Cambyses, 175 t 6.1

burial taxes, 186

expeditions, 207





Canopic Branch of Nile . See Nile (River),

Canoptic Branch

Carchemish, 206

Carians, 197 , 207

cattle tax, New Kingdom, 109

Causeway of Unas, 46 – 47

Chabrias, 184 , 185 , 196 , 197 , 199 , 207

chalkoi, 230

Chaonnophris, 213 t 7.1

choachytes

Ptolemaic Period, 244 – 245

Saite and Persian Periods, 186 , 200 – 201 , 202 ,

203 , 204 , 208 – 209

Third Intermediate Period, 165 , 171

choinix, 230

chous, 230

Cilicia, slaves from, 195 , 209

Classical Period, stores of wealth, 191 – 192

Cleopatra II, 213 t 7.1

courts, 215

customs duties, 226

Cleopatra III, 213 t 7.1

courts, 215

customs duties, 226

property transfers, 229 – 230

temple allowance, 223

Cleopatra VII, 213 t 7.1

Cleopatris, 251 . See also Arsinoe

cleruchic land

as allotment, 245 , 247 , 250

as payment for loyalty, 239

as private property, 247

taxation of, 221 , 245

cleruchs

at Battle of Raphia, 240

as core of Ptolemaic armies, 249

dif erence from machimoi, 239

cloth

as medium of exchange, 37 , 38 , 75 , 159

as store of wealth, 9 – 10 , 38

Coase, Ronald, 2 – 3 , 10

coin hoards

Ptolemaic Period, 231


compulsory labor

Third Intermediate Period, 149


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SUBJECT INDEX372

compulsory labor, 98

Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 98

New Kingdom, 108 – 109

Old Kingdom, 17 , 30 , 31



contribution tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224

Cooney, K.M., 138

copper

coinage, 8 – 9

expeditions to mines, 133

as measure of value, 8 , 230

as medium of exchange, 8 , 75 , 111

Coptos, 21



expeditions, 51

ka -chapels, 43 , 44

mny -laborers, 80

temple expeditions, 135

Coptos, Desert of, 135

corvée . See compulsory labor

Cyprus, 195 – 196 , 206 – 207 , 249

Cyrenaica, 194 , 206 , 249

Dahshur

mortuary complexes, 51 , 89

tombs, 21 , 54

Dakhla Oasis

expeditions, 50

ka -chapels, 43 – 44



Dakka (Pselkis), 250

Daphnae

fortresses, 207 , 208

garrisons, 196 , 197

royal residence, 207

See also Defenneh

Darius I, 175 t 6.1

burial taxes, 186

cattle and fowl ownership, 205

credit, 192 , 193

expeditions, 207

foundations, 208

land donation to funerary cult, 203



private funerary endowments, 201 – 202


sales tax, 185

slaves sales, 205

taxation, 183 – 184


tomb sale, 204

tribute, 194

Darius II, 175 t 6.1 , 204

Darius III, 175 t 6.1 , 178 – 179

deben, 37 , 75 – 76 , 114 , 190 , 192 , 230

Debod, 250

Defenneh, 207 . See also Daphnae

Deir el-Bahri

mortuary temple, 82 , 133


Deir el-Balat, 134

Deir el-Medina, 92 – 93 , 94

cattle sales, 131

census, 107 – 108

entrepreneurial behavior, 137 – 139

gang of the necropolis ( see gang of the

necropolis (Deir el-Medina))

house exchanges, 129

low-value exchanges, 128

marketplaces, 131

oracular consultations, 102 , 143

patronage, 103

property dispute resolution, 99 , 100 , 101 – 102

property transfers, New Kingdom, 111 , 112

Delta, The

Middle Kingdom, 62 , 89

New Kingdom, 132

Saite Period, 186 , 197

Second Intermediate Period, 54 , 58


Demedjibtawy, 23 t 2.1

Demotic system of contracts, 156 , 187

Den, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 17 – 18 , 19

Desert, Eastern

expeditions

Dynasties 7 and 8, 50

Dynasties 9 and 10, 50 – 51

Middle Kingdom, 86

Ptolemaic, 251

gold mining, 124 , 135 – 136

stone quarrying, 87 , 207

Desert, Western, 88 , 135

Desert of Coptos . See Coptos, Desert of

Djadjaemankh/Tepemankh, 47


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SUBJECT INDEX 373

Djedefre, 23 t 2.1 , 51

Djedkare, 23 t 2.1 , 42 , 51

Djer, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 18 , 19

Djet, 15 t 1.1 , 18

Djoser, 15 – 16 , 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 51

documentation, of property rights/

transfers, 5 – 8

limitations of, 6

non-written, 5 , 6

quantity and variety of written, 6

roles of written, 5 – 6

state vs. private transactions, 7 – 8

Dodekaschoinos, 250 – 251

Dorginarti, 196

double granary, 39

double treasury, 18 , 39 , 77

drachma(s), 192 , 230

Dynasty 1, 15 t 1.1

estates, 16

expeditions, 19

i eld surveys/censuses, 16

foundations, 19

palaces, 18

royal domains, 18

tax-marks, 17 – 18

tombs, 13

treasuries, 18

See also Early Dynastic Period

Dynasty 2, 15 t 1.1

expeditions, 19

i eld surveys/censuses, 15 – 16 , 29

foundations, 19

tombs, 13

treasuries, 18 – 19

See also Early Dynastic Period

Dynasty 3, 21 , 23 t 2.1

i eld surveys/censuses, 15 – 16 , 29

foundations, 51

ka -chapels, 43

mortuary temples, 42


title of vizier, 13 – 14

See also Old Kingdom

Dynasty 4, 21 , 23 t 2.1

expeditions, 47 , 50

i eld surveys/censuses, 29

foundations, 51

ka -chapels, 43



royal works, 40


Dynasty 5, 21 , 23 t 2.1

estates and towns, 31

expeditions, 50

i eld surveys/censuses, 15 , 29

foundations, 51

granaries and treasuries, 39

ka -chapels, 43

marketplaces, 47

mortuary temples, 42 – 43



royal Residence, 41

royal works, 40

sun temples, 44

testaments and transfers, 35 – 36


Dynasty 6, 21 , 23 t 2.1

estates and towns, 31

expeditions, 47

i eld surveys/censuses, 29 – 30

foundations, 51

granaries and treasuries, 39

ka -chapels, 43

marketplaces, 47


provincial administrators, 41 – 42


Dynasties 7 and 8, 21 , 23 t 2.1

expeditions, 50

foundations, 52

See also First Intermediate Period

Dynasties 9 and 10, 21 – 22 , 23 t 2.1


foundations, 52


Dynasty 11

after unii cation, 54 , 57 t 3.1

foundations, 52

ka -chapels, 83

palaces, 78

before unii cation, 21 – 22 , 23 t 2.1

See also First Intermediate Period ; Middle

Kingdom

Dynasty 12, 54 , 57 t 3.1

campaigns, 89

palaces, 78


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SUBJECT INDEX374


See also Middle Kingdom

Dynasty 13, 54 , 57 t 3.1

criminal justice, 55 – 58

household accounts, 65

palaces, 75 , 78 – 79

role of vizier, 58

See also Second Intermediate Period

Dynasty 14, 54 , 57 t 3.1

role of treasurer, 58


Dynasty 15, 54 , 55 , 57 t 3.1

expeditions, 88

role of treasurer, 58


Dynasties 16 and 17, 54 – 55 , 57 t 3.1

expeditions, 88


role of vizier, 58


Dynasty 18, 92 , 95 t 4.1

campaigns in the Levant, 132

divine temples, 124

expeditions, 132

granaries, 116

livestock census, 109

marketplaces, 131

palace accounts, 117

royal land, 105


temple inventory, 109 – 110

See also New Kingdom

Dynasty 19, 92 , 95 t 4.1


criminal justice, 93

expeditions, 133

livestock census, 109

marketplaces, 131





royal city, 142

state foundations, 134 – 135




Dynasty 20, 95 t 4.1

census, 107 – 108

criminal justice, 93 , 95 , 96

decline of authority of king, 163

end of Egyptian control of Nubia, 132


gang of the necropolis, 120 – 123



oracle petitions, 146 – 147


property dispute resolution, 101 , 146 – 147


royal city, 142


temple expeditions, 135 – 136


temple levies, 125

temple production and exchange, 136 – 137


Dynasty 21, 145 t 5.1



expeditions, 170

i eld survey, 149


granaries/treasuries, 162

High Priests of Amun, 142 , 145 t 5.1

administration of criminal justice, 143

foundations at El-Hiba, 171


oracular consultations, 143

oracular property decrees, 153 – 155

reassertion of control over, 170

land purchases, 166

oracle petitions, 146 – 147


property transfers, 152 – 153 , 155

royal city of Tanis, 142

See also Third Intermediate Period

Dynasty 22, 145 t 5.1

collateral branch, 142 , 145 t 5.1

control over south of Egypt, 143 , 144 – 145


documentation of property transfers, 188

expeditions, 170




royal cities, 142

Dynasty 12 (cont.)


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SUBJECT INDEX 375

subjugation of, 142 – 143

temple managers, 163 – 164


Dynasty 23, 145 t 5.1

control over south of Egypt, 144 – 145



expeditions, 170

origins of, 142




Dynasty 24, 145 t 5.1


foundations, 171

founding of, 142



Dynasty 25 (Kushite Dynasty), 145 t 5.1

control over south of Egypt, 144 – 145


end of, 170

expeditions, 170

founding of, 142 – 143



Dynasty 26

after unii cation, 175 t 6.1

founding of, 170 , 173

before unii cation, 145 t 5.1

See also Saite Period

Dynasty 27, 173

i rst part, 175 t 6.1

second part, 175 t 6.1

See also Persian Period

Dynasty 28, 173 , 175 t 6.1


expeditions, 207

foreign mercenaries, 197

foundations, 208

royal navies, 196

settlements, 206


Dynasty 29, 173 , 175 t 6.1


expeditions, 207


foundations, 208

royal navies, 196

settlements, 206


Dynasty 30, 173 , 175 t 6.1


expeditions, 207


foundations, 208

royal navies, 196

settlements, 206

temple tax, 199


Early Dynastic Period, 13 – 20

distribution, 17 – 19

palaces, 18

royal domains, 18

royal treasuries, 18 – 19

tax-marks and other inscriptions, 17 – 18

Tomb U-j at Abydos, 17

documentation and enforcement, 13 – 17

estates, 16 – 17 , 30

i eld surveys and censuses, 15 – 16

Palermo Stone, 15 – 16 , 29

entrepreneurial activities, 19

expeditions, 19

foundations, 19

evidence of writing, 13

timeline, 15 t 1.1

tombs from, 13

Eastern Desert . See Desert, Eastern

economic behavior

formalist approach, 1

New Institutional Economics, 2 – 3

substantivist approach, 1 – 2 , 3

Edfu

burial tax, 226

expeditions, 51

levies on temples, 125


temple manager, 243

Egypt

media of exchange, 8 – 10

medium of exchange in

ancient, 9 – 10

as personal property of monarch, 247

redistribution, markets, entrepreneurial

activity in, 10 – 11

reunii cation of, 9 – 10 , 22

revolt against Persia, 207


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SUBJECT INDEX376

Egypt, Lower

criminal justice, 93 – 94 , 95 – 96 , 99 , 176

Demotic system of contracts, 156 , 187

documentation of objects of taxation,

182 – 183

documentation of property transfers, 187 , 188

economic documentation, 182 – 183

expeditions, 170



redistributive networks, 195

royal court, Dynasty 18, 92


temple inventory, New Kingdom, 110

Egypt, Middle



garrisons, 239

royal court, 92

temple land survey, 106 – 107

Egypt, Upper

Abnormal Hieratic system of contracts,

156 , 187

criminal justice, 93 – 94 , 95 – 96 , 99 , 176


182 – 183

documentation of property transfers, 187 , 188

i eld surveys, 149 , 221

foundations, 250



land ownership and transfers, 247 – 248



revolt in, 250

royal court, Dynasty 18, 92

royal tomb building, 13


temple inventories, 110

temple levies, 125 – 126

Egyptian alabaster (travertine), 49 – 51 , 88

El-Alamein, 135

El-Amarna, 92

El-Till hoard from, 115

gang of the necropolis at, 120

See also Akhetaten ; Amarna

Elephantine

boat building, 196

burial tax, 226

credit, 192 , 193


customs duties, 187

documentation of property transfers, 188 – 189

expeditions from, 48 – 49

fortresses, 207 , 208

garrison revolt, 196

garrisons, 196 , 197 , 239

house sale, 204





slave sales, 205

storehouse/treasury at, 194



temple manager, 199 , 243

El-Gharbaniyat, 135

El-Hiba





private entrepreneurship, 208

property dispute resolution, 146 – 147 , 179 – 181



slave sales, 204


See also Ankyronpolis ; Teudjoi

El-Kab, 59 – 61 , 85 , 110 , 132

El-Lahun

household documents, 65 – 67 , 107

mortuary complex at, 89

mortuary temple, 82 – 83

property registration at, 68 – 70

property transfer at, 72

tombs at, 54

See also Hetep-Senusert ; Sekhem-Senusert

El-Lisht, 54 , 89

El-Markha, 50

Eltekeh, 170

El-Till hoard, 115

endowment i elds, 126 , 165 , 171 , 202 , 208 – 209

enforcement of collections/redistributions

costs of, 3


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SUBJECT INDEX 377

ef ects of incorporation into Roman Empire,

256 – 257

local, 253 – 254


price formation, 255 – 256

state, 253 , 254

temples, 254

transaction costs, 255 – 256

written documentation, 254

enrollment tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224 – 225

Esna, 125

Ethiopia, expeditions to, 206 . See also Nubia

Euphrates (River), 132 , 206

Europe, property right enforcement

in early modern period, 4 , 5

in medieval period, 4 – 5

exemption decrees, 25 – 27 , 29 , 40

Eyre, Chris, 6 , 8

Fayum, the

capitation taxes, 224

i eld surveys, 104 , 220 – 221

foundations, 89 , 208 , 250

granaries, 233

land grants, 249 , 250

land ownership/transfers, 245 – 246 , 247 – 248

First Intermediate Period

establishment of, 21 – 22


foundations, 52


timeline, 23 t 2.1


First Persian Period


establishment, 173

expeditions, 207


See also Dynasty 27 ; Persian Period

forced labor . See compulsory labor

formalist approach, 1

Franke, D., 82

free riders, 4 , 7 , 62 , 254

Fustat, 152 – 153 , 166

gang of the necropolis (Deir el-Medina)

during New Kingdom, 120 – 123

administration, 120 – 121


house exchanges/ownership, 129

households, 121

lease/hire of donkeys of, 130

personnel of the outside, 121 , 122 – 123

rations, 121 – 123

size of, 120

during Third Intermediate Period, 163

Gaza

expeditions, 206


garrisons, 135

See also Cadytis

Gebel Barkal, 170

Gebelein (Pathyris), 33 – 34 , 230 , 250

Gebel el-Ahmar, 133

Gebel el-Silsila, 133

Gebel el-Zeit, 133

Gebel Tjauti, 51

Gezer, 134 – 135

Ghoran, 237

gift estates, 221 , 241 , 245 , 247 , 250

Gilf Kebir, 50

Giza

exchanges, 33


property dispute resolution, 28 , 32

royal tombs at, 21 , 34

testaments/transfers, 35 – 36

gold

change in value over time, 230

coinage, 8 – 9 , 191

count of gold, 15 – 16 , 29

as measure of value, 8 , 10 , 75 , 230


as store of wealth, 113 , 115 , 231

value in Old Kingdom, 37

gold mining

New Kingdom, 97 , 124 , 133 , 135 – 136


Ramesside Period, 133

grain

levy tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224

as measure of value, 230

as medium of exchange, 37 , 75 , 114 , 161 ,

192 , 231

as store of wealth, 9 – 10

See also harvest tax


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SUBJECT INDEX378

granaries

New Kingdom, 116 – 117 , 194

Old Kingdom, 39 , 194

Persian Period, 194

Ptolemaic Period, 194 , 233 – 234

Saite Period, 194


Grandet, Pierre, 110

‘Great is Khaefre,’ 35 , 36

Great Prison, 67

Greece

colonies in Cyrenaica, 206

inl uence on Egyptian banking system,

234 – 235

Persian invasion of, 196

settlements at Naukratis, 186

Greif, Andrew, 5

greywacke, 50 , 87 , 133

guard tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224

Gurob

cattle exchange, 130



property exchange for silver, 128 – 129


slaves, 130

See also Mi-wer

Hakoris, 175 t 6.1 , 196 , 197 , 207

hallur, 190

Hapidjefa

divine temples, 83

institutional exchanges, 85 – 86

land exchanges, 85

prebends, 85

private funerary establishment, 83 – 84 , 126


Harageh, 64

Harem Conspiracy, 93

Haronnophris, 213 t 7.1

Harran, 206

h ̱ ꜣr- sack, 114 , 122 , 160

Harsiese, 143 – 144 , 145 t 5.1

harvest tax

Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 79 , 98

New Kingdom, 104 – 105 , 107 , 116 , 125


Persian Period, 183 – 184 , 194 , 203

Ptolemaic Period, 215 , 220 – 223 , 240 – 241

Saite Period, 183 – 184 , 194 , 203

Third Intermediate Period, 149 , 150 ,

162 , 167

Hatnub, 47 , 49 – 51 , 88

Hatshepsut (Queen), 95 t 4.1 , 102 , 133

Hawara, 54 , 89

Hefat, 146

Hekanakht, 76 – 77 , 84 – 85 , 89 – 90

hekat, 114

Heliopolis


divine temples, 124


Helwan, 155 – 156

Herakleion-Thonis, 187 , 196

Herakleopolis

census, 151

economic documentation, 182

foundations, 171



reserve soldiers, 198

Herakleopolite province, 224

Herihor, 145 t 5.1

Hermonthis, 97 , 200 , 202 , 245 . See also Armant

Hermopolis


Legal Code of Hermopolis West, 148 , 179 ,

216 , 217

Legal Manual of Hermopolis, 189



Zivilprozeßordnung law code, 216 , 217 – 218

Hetepsekhemwy, 15 t 1.1

Hetep-Senusert, 82 , 89 . See also El-Lahun

Hezekiah, 170

Hibis, 208

Hierakonpolis, 125 . See also Nekhen

hin, 114 , 230

Hittites, 133 , 134 – 135

Horemheb, 95 t 4.1 , 113

Horemsaef, 82 – 83

Huni, 23 t 2.1

Hyksos, 54 , 92 , 132

Iam, 26 , 31 , 48 – 49

Ibhat, 47

Idi, 44

Inaros, 175 t 6.1 , 207


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SUBJECT INDEX 379

Inena, 105 , 116

information costs, 3 , 8

Intef I, 23 t 2.1

Intef II, 23 t 2.1

Intef III, 23 t 2.1

Intef VI, 57 t 3.1

Intef VII, 57 t 3.1 , 58

Intef VIII, 57 t 3.1

Iny, 145 t 5.1

Ionia, 187 , 190 , 191 , 197 , 207

Irtjet, 31 , 48 – 49

Iry-hor, 15 t 1.1 , 17 – 18

Isocrates, 247

Israel, 170

Itjtawy


palace, 78

royal residence, 54 , 55 , 89

Iuput I, 145 t 5.1

Jaf a, 134 – 135

Jerusalem, 170 , 206

Jews


property transfer agreements, 5 , 188 – 189

Josiah (king of Judah), 206

Judah, 170 , 206

Justinian (emperor), 234

Kaau, 31

Kadesh, 118

Kaemnofret, 34 , 35

Kalabsha (Talmis), 250

Kallimachos (provincial governor), 251

Kamose, 57 t 3.1

Kanais, 97 , 133 , 135 . See also Wadi Abbad ;

Wadi Mia

Karanis, 224

Karnak

expeditions, 135 – 136 , 170

gang of necropolis, 163


land purchases, 166 – 168

oracular consultations, 143 – 144 , 153 – 155

slave purchase, 169

temple administration, 124 – 125

temple building/endowment, 124


temple levy, 125

temple of Amun, 128

transfers, 128

karsh, 190

Kawa, 134

Kerma, 132 , 134

Keynesian economics, 1

Khaba, 23 t 2.1

Khababash, 175 t 6.1 , 207

Khaefre, 23 t 2.1 , 35 , 51

Khaemwaset, 119 – 120 , 135

Khamudi, 57 t 3.1

Kharga Oasis, 208

Khasekhemwy, 15 t 1.1 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 29

Khendjer, 57 t 3.1

Khen-sedjru, 31

Khepeshit, 84 – 85

Khety, 23 t 2.1

Khnumhotep, 36 , 47 , 49 , 87

Khufu, 23 t 2.1


Great Pyramid, 40


mortuary temple, 42

Khusobek- called Djaa, 81

Khyan, 57 t 3.1

kite, 114 , 189 – 190 , 230

Kleopatra, 250 – 251

Kom Abu Billo, 135

Kom Abu Girg, 135

Kom el-Hisn, 135

Kom el-Lui , 104

Kom el-Qulzoum, 135

Kom Ombo, 125

Kor, 89

Kroll, John, 9

Kumma, 89

Kush/Kushites


invasion of Egypt, 54 – 55

Nauri Decree and, 97 – 98 , 125


tribute from, 135

law

law codes, 148 , 179

law of pharaoh, 101 – 102

Merchant Law (France), 4

revenue laws, 221 – 222 , 227

Zivilprozeßordnung law code, 216 , 217 – 218


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SUBJECT INDEX380

lead mining, 133

Lebanon, 49 , 87

Levant

abandonment of Egyptian empire in, 135

Middle Kingdom expeditions to, 81 , 87

New Kingdom expeditions to, 132 – 133 , 134

Old Kingdom expeditions to, 49 , 87

Ptolemaic Period expeditions to, 249

Saite Period expeditions to, 206 , 207

Third Intermediate Period expeditions to,

170

See also Syro-Palestine

Libya, expeditions against, 50 , 133 – 134 , 206

Lippert, S.L., 148

Lower Egypt . See Egypt, Lower

Lower Nubia . See Nubia, Lower

Macedonian Dynasty, 213 t 7.1

Macedonians, 238

machimoi (reserve soldiers), 197 – 198 , 239

Magdolos (Migdol), 206

Maghribi traders, 5

malachite, 50 , 133

Manetho, 11 , 142

Manning, J.G., 247

Marea, 196 , 207

marriage

contracts, 157 , 158 , 192

house ownership/transfer, 70 – 72 , 248

Masaharta, 145 t 5.1

Mazakes, 191

measurement costs, 3 , 8

Medenyt, 31

Medinet Habu


mortuary temple, 124 , 135 – 136


Medinet Madi (Narmouthis), 250

Mediterranean Sea, 195 , 238 , 249

Medja, 31

medjay -police, 78 – 79 , 81 , 118 , 162

Megiddo, 132 , 134 , 170 , 206

Meidum, 21 , 51

Memphis


customs duties, 227

divine temples, 124

dockyard accounts, 117

dockyards, 135

funerary establishments, 127

garrisons, 197

granary accounts, 116

hoards, 191 – 192

mortuary complexes at, 51

palace, 207 , 208


private funerary establishment, 126

provincial administrators, 41 , 42

ship’s log, 119 – 120

soldiers, 197


stores of wealth, 191 – 192

taxation, 151

See also Mit Rahinah

Menkauhor, 23 t 2.1 , 44

Menkaure, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 40 , 51

Menkheperre

oracular consultation, 146 , 159 – 160

Oracular Property Decree of, 145 t 5.1 , 154 ,

159 – 160 , 166

Menu, B., 46

Merchant Law (France), 4

Merenre, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 48 – 49 , 51

Merhetepre, 57 t 3.1 , 61

Merikare, 62 , 117 – 118

Merneit (Queen), 15 t 1.1

Merneptah, 95 t 4.1 , 110 , 133

Merykare, 23 t 2.1

Meshwesh people, 118 – 119 , 164 – 165 , 166

Mesi, 100 , 112 , 128 – 129 , 130

Mesopotamia


redistribution/markets/entrepreneurial

activity, 10

Metjen, 36 , 44 , 46

Middle Assyrian Period

bottleneck taxes, 86 , 186 , 255

transport taxes, 86

Middle Egypt . See Egypt, Middle

Middle Kingdom

criminal justice and property dispute

resolution, 55 – 58

private social control, 61 – 62

vizier and oi ce of vizier, 58 – 61

diversii ed uses of writing, 55

documentation of objects of taxation, 62 – 67

censuses, 64 – 67

i eld surveys, 63 – 67


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SUBJECT INDEX 381

towns, 62 – 63

chief of estates, 63


local registration, evidence of, 68 – 70

property transfers, evidence of, 70 – 72

role of reporter, 73 – 75

scribal notarization, evidence of, 68

state registration, evidence of, 72 – 75

entrepreneurial activities, 86 – 90


to deserts east of Egypt/Punt/Sinai

Peninsula, 87 – 88

to the Levant, 87

to Nubia, 87


private, 89 – 90

establishment of, 54

exchanges, 84 – 86

houses, 85

institutional exchange partners, 85 – 86

land, 84 – 85

marketplaces, 86

ports of trade, 86

prebends, 85

slaves, 85

media of exchange and

redistribution, 75 – 77

credit, 77

measures of value, 37 , 75 – 76


stores of wealth, 76

redistributive networks, 77 – 84

divine temples, 83

granaries and treasuries, 77 – 78

military and police, 81 – 82

private funerary establishments, 83 – 84

residence and other palaces, 78



royal mortuary temples, 82 – 83

timeline, 57 t 3.1


Migdol (Magdolos), 206

Mirgissa, 86 , 89 , 186

Mitanni people, 132 , 133

Mit Rahinah, 191 – 192 . See also Memphis

Mi-wer, 375 . See also Gurob

Moeris, Lake, 250

money, as social construction, 8

monopolies, Ptolemaic Period, 236 – 237 , 240 ,

241 , 242 – 243 , 246 – 247 , 251

Monson, A., 219 – 220 , 248

Montuhotep I, 23 t 2.1

Montuhotep II, 57 t 3.1

expeditions, 87

foundations, 89

mortuary complex, 82 , 89

Montuhotep III, 57 t 3.1 , 88

Montuhotep IV, 57 t 3.1 , 87 – 88

Nag’ ed-Deir

cattle sales, 169




Nahr el-Kelb, 133

Napata, 134 , 142 – 143

Narmer, 15 t 1.1

Narmouthis (Medinet Madi), 250

Naucratis, 191

Naukratis, 186 – 187 , 191 , 208

Nauri, 97 – 98 , 135

Near East, ancient

media of exchange in, 9

redistribution/markets/entrepreneurial

activity, 10

Nebirerau I, 57 t 3.1

Nebka, 16 , 23 t 2.1 , 29

Nebkauhor, 34

Necho I, 145 t 5.1

Necho II, 175 t 6.1

expeditions, 206


shipbuilding, 195

Nectanebo I, 175 t 6.1

customs duties, 187

economic documentation, 182 – 183


Nectanebo I, foundations, 208

Nectanebo II, 175 t 6.1

appointed king, 207

foundations, 208


Neferefre, 23 t 2.1


mortuary cult, 42 – 43

Residence, 41

sun temple of, 44


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SUBJECT INDEX382

Neferirkare, 23 t 2.1


exemption decree, 25 – 26


mortuary cult, 42 – 43

Residence, 41

sun temple, 44

Neferkauhor, 23 t 2.1 , 44

Neferkaure, 23 t 2.1

negotiation/bargaining costs, 3

Nehesy, 57 t 3.1

Nekhen, 24 , 25 , 60 , 61 . See also Hierakonpolis

Nemrat, 155 , 160 , 166 , 168 – 169

Neo-Assyrian Period


media of exchange in, 9

Neo-Babylonia


campaigns in Levant, 195 – 196


Nepherites, 175 t 6.1

Nespamedu, 176

Nespaqashuty C, 176

Nespaqashuty D, 176

New Institutional Economics, 2 – 3



king as adjudicator, 92 – 93

royal appointee as adjudicator, 93

royal decrees concerning

revenue, 96 – 99

vizier as adjudicator, 93 – 95

vizier/scribe of vizier as adjudicator,

95 – 96 , 176

customs duties, 186


104 – 111

cattle counts, 109

censuses, 107 – 109

i eld surveys, 104

royal land surveys, 104 – 106

temple inventories, 109 – 111

temple land, 106 – 107


private individuals, 111 – 113

royal/temple, 113


private, 137 – 140

state expeditions, 131 – 134

to deserts east of Egypt/Sinai Peninsula/

Punt, 133

to deserts west of Egypt, 133 – 134

to the Levant, 132 – 133

to Nubia, 132


in the Levant, 134 – 135

in Nubia, 134

in Western Deserts, 135

state production and exchange, 135


temple production and exchange,

136 – 137

exchange, 127 – 131

cattle, small cattle, pigs, and fowls, 130 – 131

donkeys, 130

houses, 129

land, 128 – 129

marketplaces, 131

slaves, 129 – 130

media of exchange and redistribution,

113 – 115

credit, 115

measures of value, 37 , 114

volumes of grain, 114

weights of metals, 114




ḳnb.t -courts, 99 – 102


private social control, 103

patronage, 103


dependent institutions, gangs, and crews,

119 – 123

gang of the necropolis, 120 – 123


granaries/treasuries, 116 – 117 , 194


palaces, 117


temples, 123 – 126

administration, 124 – 125

divine temples, 124 – 125

endowments, 123

levies, 125 – 126 , 199


timeline, 95 t 4.1


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX 383

Nika’ankh, 34 , 46

Nikaure, 29 , 34

Nile (River)

Canopic Branch, 186 , 187 , 196 , 208

l ood prevention measures, 250

Pelusaic Branch, 170 , 207 – 208

semi-communal farming, 46

Nile Valley

entrepreneurial activities, 250


foundations, 250

land ownership and transfers, 247 – 248

papyrus-plants, 36 – 37

ship building, 50

Ninetjer, 15 , 15 t 1.1 , 19 , 29

Niuserre, 23 t 2.1

marketplaces, 46 – 47


mortuary temple, 42

sun temple, 44

North, Douglass, 3 – 5

Nubia


customs duties, 186

divine temples, 124

expeditions, 47 – 49 , 87 , 206

foundations, 250

gold mines, 124


ports of trade, 86

state expeditions, New Kingdom, 132


See also Nubia, Lower ; Nubia, Upper

Nubia, Lower

campaigns, 87 , 89


foundations, 88 , 89 , 250 – 251

garrisons, 196

See also Nubia ; Nubia, Upper

Nubia, Upper

expeditions to, 87

See also Nubia ; Nubia, Lower

Niankhkhnum, 36 , 47

obol, 230

occasion of the count, 29 – 30

oipe, 114 , 160

Old Babylonian Period, bottleneck taxes,

86 , 186 , 255

Old Kingdom, 47


exemption decrees, 25 – 27

king, 24

types of courts, 24 – 25

vizier, 24

diversii ed uses of writing, 22 – 23

documentation of objects of taxation

estates and towns, 30 – 31

i eld surveys and censuses, 29 – 30



high- vs. low-value goods, 45 – 46

testaments and transfers, 34 – 37

verbal statements, 32

written transcripts, 32



to deserts east of Egypt/Sinai Peninsula/

Punt, 49 – 50

to deserts west of Egypt, 50

to the Levant, 49 , 87

to Nubia, 47 – 49

foundations, 51

private, 52



houses, 46

land, 46


prebends, 46

media of exchange and redistribution, 37 – 38

exchange media, 38




ḳnb.t -courts, 27 – 28


granaries and treasuries, 39 , 194

ka-chapels, 43 – 44


provincial administrators, 41 – 42

Lower Egypt, 41

Upper Egypt, 41 – 42

residence and other palaces, 40 – 41

royal mortuary temples, 42 – 43

temple personnel, 43

distributed of revenues from estates/

towns, 43


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX384

revenues received from estates/

towns, 42 – 43

royal works, 40

sun temples, 44

timeline, 23 t 2.1

tombs from, 21


Ombos, 111

oracle protocols, 102

Oracular Property Decree

Henettaway, 154 , 166 , 171

Iuwerot and Khaenwase, 154 – 155 , 166 – 168 ,

169 , 171

Maatkare, 154 , 166 , 171

Menkheperre, 145t.5.1 , 154 , 159 – 160 , 166 , 171

Osorkon I, 145t.5.1

foundations, 171


institutional land survey, 149 – 150

land purchases, 166 – 168


slave purchase, 169

temple managers, 163

Osorkon II, 145t.5.1

donation stela, 155 – 156

foundations, 171

Osorkon III, 145t.5.1

Osorkon IV, 145t.5.1

Osorkon the Elder, 145t.5.1

Owner of Tomb U-j, 15t.1.1

Papazian, H., 39

Pathyris (Gebelein), 230 , 250

patrilineal inheritance

in ancient Egypt, 10

in Mesopotamia, 10

patronage

New Kingdom, 103

Persian Period, 181 – 182


Saite Period, 181 – 182

Patumos, 207 – 208 . See also Pithom ; Tell

el-Maskhuta

Pelusaic Branch . See Nile (River), Pelusaic

Branch

Pelusium, 226 , 227 , 239

Penmeru, 36 , 44 , 45

Pepi (mortuary priestess), 36

Pepi I, 23t.2.1

i eld survey, 29

ka -chapels, 43


Pepi II, 23t.2.1



ka -chapels, 43 – 44


mortuary temple, 42

occasion of the count, 29 – 30

provincial administration, 42

tribute, 26

Per-Sekhemkheperre, 171

Persian Period

criminal justice

garrison commanders, 177 , 178

governors/satraps, 176 – 177

people who ran it, 175

documentation of bottleneck taxation,

184 – 187


customs duties, 186 – 187

sales tax, 184 – 185


182 – 184

censuses, 184

chief i nancial minister, 182 – 183


state land, 183 – 184

temple endowment land, 183

local agents, 183

shipping master, 182

documentation of property transfers

Aramaic documentation, 188 – 189

Egyptian documentation, 187 – 188

Abnormal Hieratic script, 188

Demotic script, 188

state registration, 189


expeditions, 207

foundations, 208

private, 209


exchanges, 203

cattle and fowl, 205

houses and tombs, 204

land, 203

priestly positions or prebends, 205

Old Kingdom (cont.)


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX 385

slaves, 204 – 205

media of exchange and redistribution, 161 ,

189 – 193

credit, 192 – 193

grain loans, 192

money loans, 192 – 193

measures of value, 189 – 190

silver, 189


commodities, 190

commodities worth weights of

silver, 190

Greek coins, 191

imitation Greek coins, 191

silver, 190 – 191


hoards, 191 – 192

silver, 192

property dispute resolution

Aramaic courts, 178 , 180

Egyptian courts, 178 – 180

access to courts, 179 – 180

cessation/quitclaim contracts, 178 – 179

houses of judgment, 178

law codes, 179


extended family and friends, 180 – 181


private associations, 181


dockyards, 196


military and police

garrisons, 197

mercenaries, 197

reserve soldiers, 196 , 198

palaces and oi cials, 195


temples, 198 – 199

temple managers, 163

timeline, 175 t 6.1

See also Saite Period

Perunefer, 117 , 135

Pestman, P.W., 148

Petition of Petiese, 175 – 176 , 177 , 180 – 181 ,

182 , 208

Petubast, 147 – 148 , 169

Petubast I, 145 t 5.1

Petubast II, 145 t 5.1

Philip Arrhidaeus, 213 t 7.1

Philip-Stéphan, A., 67

Philometoris, 250 – 251

Phoenicia, 187 , 196 , 208

Pimay, 145 t 5.1

Pinedjem I, 145 t 5.1

Pinedjem II, 145 t 5.1

Pi-Ramesses, 92 , 111 , 119 – 120 , 142 , 170 .

See also Tell el-Daba

Pithom, 192 , 207 – 208 . See also Patumos ; Tell

el-Maskhuta

Piye, 132 , 145 t 5.1 , 158 , 169 , 170

Plataia, 198

police tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224

Posener-Kriéger, P., 39

Préaux, Claire, 234 – 235 , 236 , 245 , 247

Preisigke, Friedrich, 235

Primis (Qasr Ibrim), 250

profession/occupation/trade tax


Saite and Persian Periods, 184 , 189

Third Intermediate Period,

151 – 152 , 184

property rights, historical enforcement

of, 4 – 5

Protodynastic Period, 15 t 1.1

Psammetichus I, 170 , 175 t 6.1

burial tax, 186


distributed state revenues, 194 – 195

expeditions, 206

foundations, 207

garrison revolt, 196

land sales, 203

oi ce of shipping master, 182



private funerary endowments,

200 – 201


reunii cation of Egypt, 206

soldiers, 197

tax statements, 185

tomb sales, 204

Psammetichus II, 175 t 6.1


expeditions, 206


slave sales, 204


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX386

Psammetichus III, 175 t 6.1

expeditions, 207


Psammetichus IV, 175 t 6.1

cattle and fowl ownership, 205

expeditions, 207

Psamtikmerineith, 176

Pselkis (Dakka), 250

Psusennes I, 145 t 5.1

i eld surveys, 149


Psusennes II, 145 t 5.1


Psusennes III, 145 t 5.1

Ptah, 124 , 127 , 135 – 136

media of exchange at treasury of, 190 , 191

state donations to temple of, 198

Ptolemaic Dynasty, 213 t 7.1

Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BCE), 211 – 252


order and enforcement section, 213 , 214

role of agents of king, 214

role of king, 211 – 213

role of local police/wayfarers, 211 – 213

documentation of bottleneck taxation,

224 – 227

burial taxes, 225 – 226


calculation of duties, 226 – 227

revenue laws, 227

sales taxes, 224 – 225

enrollment tax, 225



220 – 224

censuses, 152 , 223 – 224

animals, 223

capitation tax reform, 223 – 224

compulsory labor, 223

households, 223

occupations, 223



agoranomic contracts, 228 , 229 – 230

Egyptian documentation, 228

Greek documentation, 228

six-witness/double contracts, 228 , 229 – 230

state registration, 189 , 229 – 230

economic documentation, 213 – 214 , 220

economic management, 214


Alexandria, 250

expeditions, 249

Fayum basin, 250


Nile Valley, 250

Nubia, 250 – 251

private, 251 – 252

Red Sea, 251

state production and sale of

commodities, 251


houses, 248


auctions, 246

land, 247 – 248

the Fayum, 247 – 248

Upper Egypt, 247 – 248

monopolies, 246 – 247

real estate markets, 247


founding of, 211

media exchange and redistribution, 230 – 233

credit, 231 – 233


grain, 230

silver/copper/gold, 230


coins, 231

grain, 231



Egyptian courts, 215 , 216 – 218

Houses of Judgment, 215 , 216 , 218

law codes, 216 – 218

Greeks courts, 215 – 216 , 218 – 219


extended family/local community, 219

patronage, 220

private associations, 181 , 219 – 220


dockyards, 238

granaries, 194 , 233 – 234


elite troops/bodyguards, 239

garrisons, 239

mercenaries, 239

reserve soldiers, 239 – 240


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX 387

palaces/oi cials/commodity monopolies,

236 – 238

distribution of commodities, 237 – 238

monopolies, 237 , 240 , 241

state employee salaries, 236


royal banks, 234 – 236

and concessionary banks, 235

and private banks, 235

types of, 235

state employees, 240 – 241

temples, 241 – 243

levies, 199

monopoly production, 242 – 243

priest salaries, 241 – 242

temple manager, 163 , 199 , 243

timeline, 213 t 7.1

Ptolemais Hermiou, 250

Ptolemy I, 213 t 7.1

burial tax, 226

credit, 232

foundations, 250



Ptolemy II, 213 t 7.1

annual income, 234 , 236

capitation tax, 223 , 224


dockyards, 238


property transfers, 227 – 228 , 229

revenue laws, 221 – 222 , 227

royal banks, 234

sales tax, 225

Ptolemy III, 213 t 7.1

burial tax, 225

capitation tax, 223 – 224

dockyards, 238

expeditions, 249


redistributive networks, 237 , 238

temple land coni scation, 222

Ptolemy IV, 213 t 7.1

burial tax, 225

capitation tax, 223 – 224

enrollment tax, 224 – 225


sales tax, 225

soldiers, 239 – 240

Ptolemy V, 213 t 7.1


temple levies, 199

Ptolemy VI, 213 t 7.1


Ptolemy VII, 213 t 7.1

Ptolemy VIII, 213 t 7.1

courts, 215

customs duties, 226


Ptolemy IX, 213 t 7.1


Ptolemy X, 213 t 7.1

Ptolemy XI, 213 t 7.1

Ptolemy XII, 213 t 7.1 , 236

Punt, expeditions to, 49 , 50 , 80 , 86 , 87 – 88 , 133

Pyramid Texts, 22 – 23

Qaa, 15 t 1.1

Qadesh, 133

Qakare Ibi, 23 t 2.1 , 52

Qasr Ibrim (Primus), 250

Quirke, S., 67

Qurna, 127 , 133

Ramesses I, 95 t 4.1

private funerary establishments, 127 , 128

See also Ramesside Period

Ramesses II, 95 t 4.1


censuses, 108


dockyards, 135

land transfers, 128

marketplaces, 131

military, 118


private funerary establishments, 126 , 127 , 128


ship’s log, 119 – 120



Ramesses III, 95 t 4.1

abandonment of Egyptian empire in

Levant, 135


criminal justice, 93 , 96 – 97

divine temples, 124



www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX388

gang of the necropolis, 122

land transfer, 128 , 129

mining expeditions, 133

mortuary temples, 124 , 135 – 136




temple inventory, 110 – 111

temple land survey, 107


Ramesses IV, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period

Ramesses V, 95 t 4.1

military, 119

temple land survey, 106 – 107


Ramesses VI, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period

Ramesses VII, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period

Ramesses VIII, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period

Ramesses IX, 95 t 4.1





Ramesses X, 95 t 4.1 . See also Ramesside Period

Ramesses XI, 95 t 4.1

granaries, 117

levies on temples, 125 – 126


Ramesside Period


divine temples, 124 , 125

mining expeditions, 133


paramilitary expeditions, 132


Raneb, 15 t 1.1

Raphia, 239 , 240

redistribution, markets, and entrepreneurial

activity, 10 – 11

Red Sea, 207 – 208

expeditions to capture elephants, 249

foundations, 249 – 250 , 251

Rehoboam, 170

Reisner, George, 80

reserve soldiers (machimoi), 197 – 198 , 239

Ritner, R.K., 148

Roman Empire, incorporation of Egypt into,

256 – 257

Rostovtzef , M., 236 , 245 , 247 , 248

Rudamun, 145 t 5.1

Sabakes, 191

Sahure, 23 t 2.1

expeditions, 50


mortuary temple, 42

sun temple, 44

Sai (Island), 134

Sais, 170 , 171 , 207

Saite Period

criminal justice

chief i nancial minister, 176

king, 175 – 176

local authorities, 177

provincial governors/generals, 177


supervisor, 177

system, 174 – 175

viziers, 176

Lower Egypt, 176

Upper Egypt, 176

documentation of bottleneck taxation, 184 – 187



sales tax, 184 – 185


182 – 184

censuses, 184

chief i nancial minister, 182 – 183


state land, 183 – 184

temple endowment land, 183

local agents, 183



Aramaic documentation, 188 – 189

Egyptian documentation, 187 – 188

Abnormal Hieratic script, 188

Demotic script, 188

state registration, 189




private, 208 – 209


exchanges, 203

cattle and fowl, 205

Ramesses III (cont.)


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX 389

houses and tombs, 204

land, 203

priestly positions or prebends, 205

slaves, 204 – 205


189 – 193

credit, 192 – 193

grain loans, 192

money loans, 192 – 193


silver, 189


commodities, 190

commodities worth weights of

silver, 190

Greek coins, 191

imitation Greek coins, 191

silver, 190 – 191


hoards, 191 – 192

silver, 192

property dispute resolution

Egyptian courts, 178 – 180

access to courts, 179 – 180

cession/quitclaim contracts, 178 – 179

houses of judgment, 178

law codes, 179


extended family and friends, 180 – 181


private associations, 181




military and police

garrisons, 196 – 197

mercenaries, 197

reserve soldiers, 196 , 197 – 198

palaces and oi cials, 194 – 195

private funerary endowments

donation stelae as source, 200 – 201

papyri as source, 200 – 202

temples, 198 – 199

timeline, 175 t 6.1


sales tax

Persian Period, 185


Saite Period, 185

salt tax, Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 224

Sanakht, 23 t 2.1

Saqqara

criminal justice, 96 , 105 – 106

estates, 16

expeditions, 206


mortuary complex, 51 , 52


tags/labels, 15 , 19

testaments/transfers, 34 , 36

tombs, 13 , 21

Saqqara, South, 51 , 52

Sasobek, 176

Schaps, David, 8 – 9

Sea Peoples, 133

search costs, 3

Second Intermediate Period


establishment of, 54 – 55

expeditions, 88

palaces, 78

timeline, 57 t 3.1

See also Middle Kingdom

Second Persian Period


establishment, 173

expeditions, 207


See also Dynasty 28 ; Dynasty 29 ; Dynasty 30 ;

Persian Period

Sedeinga, 134

Sedjer, 31

Sehel (Island), 133 , 250 – 251

Sekhemib-Peribsen, 15 t 1.1 , 18

Sekhemkare, 57 t 3.1 , 65 – 66

Sekhemkhet, 23 t 2.1 , 51

Sekhemre-Khutawy, 57 t 3.1 , 65

Sekhem-Senusert, 82 . See also El-Lahun

Seleucia, 249

Seleucid empire, media of exchange, 9

Seleucids, 238

Semerkhet, 15 t 1.1

semi-communal farming, 46 , 248

Semna, 86

customs duties, 186

expeditions, 86 , 89 , 186

foundations, 89

military, 81


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX390

Semna Despatches, 81

Semna South, 89

Senakhtenre Ahmose, 57 t 3.1

Sened, 15 t 1.1

seniu, 114 – 115 . See also shati

Sennuankh, 36

Senusert I, 57 t 3.1

divine temples, 83


expeditions, 88

foundations, 83

granaries, 77 – 78

military, 81




Senusert II, 57 t 3.1


mortuary cult of, 89

mortuary temple, 82 – 83

Senusert III, 57 t 3.1

customs duties, 186

expeditions, 87

foundations, 89

military, 81


mortuary cult of, 89

mortuary temple, 82

ports of trade, 86

Seqenenre Tao, 57 t 3.1

Serabit el-Khadîm, 88 , 133

server tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224

Sesebi, 134

Sethnakht, 95 t 4.1

Seti I, 95 t 4.1



criminal justice, 96 – 98 , 108 – 109

dependent institutions, 119

dockyards, 135

mortuary temples, 123 – 124 , 125 , 135

protection of temple ships, 136

requisitions by military, 118

royal lands survey, 104



temple production by labor gangs, 136

Seti II, 95 t 4.1 , 96 – 97

Setjau, 49

Shabaka, 145 t 5.1 , 161 , 169 , 170

Shalfak, 89

Sharuhen, 132 , 134 – 135 . See also Tell el-Ajjul

shati, 37 , 75 – 76 , 114 – 115

Shebitku, 145 t 5.1 , 170

shekel, 190

Shellal, 206

Shemai, 44

Shepseskaf, 23 t 2.1 , 29 , 51

Shepseskare, 23 t 2.1

Sherden people, 118 , 119

Shoshenq I, 145 t 5.1

census, 151

donation stelae, 155 , 164 – 165 , 166 , 168

expeditions, 170

foundations, 171


Shoshenq II, 145 t 5.1

Shoshenq III, 145 t 5.1


Shoshenq IV, 145 t 5.1

transfer of i scal ai liation, 150 – 151

Shoshenq V, 145 t 5.1

Siamun, 145 t 5.1 , 152 – 153 , 160 , 166

Sidon, 206

Sile, 98 , 99 , 134 , 186 . See also Tjaru

silver

change in value over time, 230

coinage, 8 – 9 , 10 , 11

as measure of value, 8 , 230


as store of wealth, 113 , 115 , 231

value in Old Kingdom, 37

Sinai

expeditions, 49 , 87 – 88 , 133


Siptah, 95 t 4.1

six-witness/double contract, 228 , 229 – 230

slaves

from Cilicia, 195 , 209

Middle Kingdom, 85


Persian Period, 204 – 205

Ptolemaic Period, 225 , 229

Saite Period, 204 – 205

self-sales, 204 – 205

Third Intermediate Period, 168 – 169


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX 391

Smendes I, 145 t 5.1

Smendes II, 145 t 5.1

Smenkhare, 95 t 4.1

Sneferu, 23 t 2.1



mortuary temple, 42

ship building, 19

Sobekemsaf I, 57 t 3.1

Sobekemsaf II, 57 t 3.1

Sobekneferu (Queen), 57 t 3.1

Soleb, 134

Southern City, The, 55 , 57 , 58 , 63 .

See also Thebes

South Saqqara . See Saqqara, South

stater, 190 , 191

stater tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224

substantivist approach, 1 – 2 , 3

Suez, Gulf of, 50 , 88 , 251

Syria, 87 , 238

Syro-Palestine, 249 . See also Levant

Taharqa, 145 t 5.1

credit, 161 – 162

donation Amun-Re shrine, 151

expeditions, 170

private funerary endowments, 165

property dispute resolution,

147 – 148

slave sales, 169

Takelot I, 145 t 5.1 , 157

Takelot II, 145 t 5.1

credit, 161




Takelot III, 145 t 5.1

credit, 161



Talmis (Kalabsha), 250

Tanis



Tanwetamani, 145 t 5.1

expeditions, 170


Tausret (Queen), 95 t 4.1

tax(es)

bottleneck

Achaemenid Period, 186 , 255

Middle Assyrian Period, 86 , 186 , 255

Neo-Assyrian, 186 , 255

Old Babylonian Period, 86 , 186 , 255



burial



capitation/census


Middle Kingdom, 64 – 67


Old Kingdom, 29 – 30

Ptolemaic Period, 152 , 223 – 224

Saite and Persian Periods, 184


cattle tax

New Kingdom, 109

contribution tax


customs duties

New Kingdom, 186



enrollment


guard


harvest

Middle Kingdom, 62 , 63 , 64 , 79 , 98

New Kingdom, 104 – 105 , 107 , 116 , 125


Ptolemaic Period, 215 , 220 – 223 , 240 – 241

Saite and Persian Periods, 183 – 184 ,

194 , 203

Third Intermediate Period, 149 , 150 ,

162 , 167

levy


police


profession/occupation/trade



Third Intermediate Period, 151 – 152 , 184


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX392

registration


sales



salt


server


stater


tax marks


tax statements

Thebes, 185

temple

New Kingdom, 106 – 107 , 109 – 111



transport

Achaemenid Period, 186 , 255

Middle Assyrian Period, 86 , 186 , 255

Neo-Assyrian Period, 186 , 255

Neo-Babylonian Period, 186 , 255

Old Babylonian Period, 186

wool


yoke


Tebtynis, 216 , 219


redistributive networks, 237 , 238

Tefnakht, 145 t 5.1

Tehne, 34

Tell Basta, 115 . See also Bubastis

Tell el-Ajjul, 134 . See also Sharuhen

Tell el-Atrib, 191 . See also Athribis

Tell el-Daba, 117 . See also Avaris ; Pi-Ramesses

Tell el-Farah, 134 – 135

Tell el-Herr, 197

Tell el-Hesi, 134 – 135

Tell el-Maskhuta, 192 , 207 – 208 . See also

Patumos ; Pithom

Tell el-Minia wa el-Shorafa, 155 – 156

Tell er-Retabah, 134 . See also Tjeku

Tell es-Shihab, 133

Tell Qedwa, 196 , 197

Tel Sera, 134 – 135

Teos, 175 t 6.1

capitation tax, 184




royal navy, 196

Teti, 23 t 2.1

census, 29

ka -chapels established by, 43



occasion of the count, 29

tetradrachma(s), 190 , 191 , 192 , 231

Teudjoi, 180 , 181 , 208 . See also Ankyronpolis ;

El-Hiba

Thebaid, The, 183 , 198 , 220

Theban Tomb 409, 128

Thebes

burial tax, 226

credit, 161 , 192 – 193

criminal justice, 92 , 93 , 95

ḳnb.t -courts, 96 , 176 , 178

dispute resolution, 59 – 61

divine temples, 124


expeditions, 51 , 88 , 170

land purchases/sales, 166 , 203

marketplaces, 86 , 131


mortuary complex, 52 , 82 , 89

mortuary temples, 123 – 124 , 133

palace, 78 – 79


private funerary endowments, 165 , 243 ,

244 , 245



Abnormal Hieratic public protest, 147

ḳnb.t -court, 147 – 148


property transfers, 73 – 75 , 113 , 152 , 156


royal double granary, 116 – 117

royal residence, 54

sacking of, 170

sales tax statements, 185

slave ownership, 129 – 130

slave sales, 169 , 205


tax(es) (cont.)


www.cambridge.org



SUBJECT INDEX 393

treasury, 78

See also Southern City, The

Theogonis, 224

Thinis, 80 – 81 , 111




149 – 152

censuses, 151 – 152


endowment land, 149 – 151


Abnormal Hieratic system, 156 – 158

donation stelae, 155 – 156

Halls of Writings, 157

Hieratic system, 156

oracular consultations, 152 , 155 – 156


oral agreements, 152

registration tax, 152

temple notaries, 156 – 157

written transcripts, 152 – 153


expeditions, 170


private, 171


cattle, 169

houses, 168

land, 166 – 168


multiple sales, 166 – 168

slaves, 168 – 169


159 – 162

credit, 161 – 162


cloth, 159 – 160

silver, 159 – 160

media of exchange, 152 , 160 – 161



Abnormal Hieratic legal system, 147 – 148

Demotic legal system, 147

Halls of Writings, 147 , 178

ḳnb.t -court of Thebes, 147 – 148

law codes, 148

oracular consultations, 145 – 148


dependent institutions, gangs and

crews, 163




donation stelae, 164 – 165

mortuary priests, 165

temples, 163 – 164

oi ce of temple manager, 163 – 164

timeline, 145 t 5.1

Thomas, Robert, 4

Thompson, Christine, 9

Thutmose I, 95 t 4.1



Thutmose II, 95 t 4.1



Thutmose III, 95 t 4.1


campaigns in the Levant, 132 – 133

divine temples, 124

dockyards, 117 , 119 , 135

land transfer, 128

mortuary temple, 130

royal double granary, 116 – 117

royal oracular consultations, 102


Thutmose IV, 95 t 4.1


royal oracular consultations, 102

Ti, 31 , 46

Tjaru, 98 , 99 , 134 – 135 , 186 . See also Sile

Tjeku, 134 – 135 . See also Tell er-Retabah

Tjemeh-land, 31

Tjenti, 33 , 36 , 44 , 45

Tod, 110

tomb of Djari (TT 366) at Thebes, 86

Tombos, 134

transaction costs, 2 – 3 , 253

travertine (Egyptian alabaster), 49 – 51 , 88

Triakontaschoinos, 250 – 251

Tuna el-Gebel, 217

Tunip, 132

Tura, 133

Tutankhamun, 95 t 4.1

divine temple, 124


temple survey, 109 – 110


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SUBJECT INDEX394

Type C marriage contract, 192

Tyre

expeditions, 206

naval battle, 195

Ullaza, 87 , 134

Unas, 23 t 2.1 , 42 , 51

Upper Egypt . See Egypt, Upper

Upper Egyptian Revolt, 250

Upper Nubia . See Nubia, Upper

Uronarti, 89

Userkaf, 23 t 2.1

mortuary temple, 42 , 51

occasion of the count, 29

royal works, 40

sun temple, 44

Userkare, 23 t 2.1

Valley of the Kings, 120 , 129 ,

137 , 138

Veblen, Thorstein, 2

Von Reden, S., 231 , 232

Vymazalova, H., 40

Wadi Abbad, 97 , 133 . See also Kanais ;

Wadi Mia

Wadi al-Jarf, 50

Wadi Allaqi, 133 , 135

Wadi el-Hudi, 88

Wadi Gawasis, 80 – 81 , 88

Wadi Hammamat

Dynasty 7 and 8 expeditions, 50

gold mining expedition, 133

quarrying expedition, 50 , 77 – 78 , 81 , 87 – 88 ,

133 , 207

Wadi Maghâra, 133

Wadi Mia, 97 , 133 . See also Kanais ; Wadi Abbad

Wadi Natrun, 86

Wadi Shatt el-Rigal, 133

Wadi Timna, 133

Wadi Tumilat, 251

Wah-sut, 89 . See also Abydos

Walls of the Ruler, 89

Wari s, 209

Warohi, 209

Wawat, 31 , 48 , 49

Weneg, 15 t 1.1

Wepemnofret, 34 , 46

Weretyamtes (Queen), 24

Western Desert . See Desert, Western

Wilkinson, T.A.H., 16

Williamson, O.E., 10

women

funerary cults, 203

mortuary cults, 45

plot holders in New Kingdom, 119

wool tax on, 224

wool tax, Ptolemaic Period, 224

Xerxes I, 175 t 6.1 , 196 , 207

yoke tax, Ptolemaic Period, 223 , 235

Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, 135

Zenon, 226 – 227 , 245 , 247

zus, 190


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