source water assessment and protection certification and ... training class...source water...
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Bureau for Public HealthOffice of Environmental Health Services
Capitol and Washington Streets 350 Capitol Street, Room 313Charleston, WV 25301-3713
(304) 558-2981www.wvdhhr.org/oehs/eed
Source Water Assessment and Protection &
Certification and Training
SANITARIAN TRAINING 2020
1
Environmental Engineering Division
Meredith J. Vance
Interim Director
Source Water Assessment
& Protection (SWAP)
Brian A. Carr, P.G.
Program Manager 2
Certification & Training
Mark Collins Program Manager
Source Water & Well Head
Protection Program
Reuben Gillispie
Assistant Manager
Geographic Information Systems Program
Lisa King
Database Manager
Infrastructure &
Capacity Development
Stephanie Hickerson, P.E.
Program Manager
Capacity Development
Program
Valerie PlanceProgram Manager
Permits
William Herold, P.E.Assistant Manager
Compliance &
Enforcement
Meredith J. Vance
Program Manager
District Engineer
Office Coordinator
Vacant
Program Manager
5 District Offices
Environmental Engineering Organization Chart
GRANT
HAMPSHIRE
LEWIS
LINCOLN
LOGANMINGO
MORGAN
NICHOLAS
OHIO
PRESTON
PUTNAM
RALEIGH
RANDOLPH
SUMMERS
TUCKER
UPSHUR
WETZEL
WYOMING
WV Department of Health and Human Resources
Bureau for Public Health
Office of Environmental Health Services
Environmental Engineering Division
BARBOUR
HARRISON
TAYLOR
BERKELEY
BOONE
BRAXTON
CAL-
HOUN
CABELL
BROOKE
CLAY
DODD-
RIDGE
FAYETTE
GILMER
WOOD
WIRT
MONROE
GREENBRIER
POCAHONTAS
PENDLETON
WEBSTER
MINERAL
JEFF-
ERSON
HARDY
MONONGALIA
MARION
MARSHALL
TYLER
HANCOCK
PLEAS-
ANTS
ROANE
JACKSON
MASON
RITCHIE
KANAWHA
WAYNE
MCDOWELL MERCER
Wheeling District Office
Methodist Building, Suite 117
12th & Chapline Streets
Wheeling, WV 26003
304-238-1145
Bob Smith
St. Albans District Office
808 B Street, Suite G
St. Albans, WV 25177
304-722-0611
JD Douglas
Kearneysville District Office
44 Wiltshire Road
Kearneysville, WV 25430
304-725-9453
Alan Marchun
Fairmont District Office
416 Adams St., Suite 530
Fairmont, WV 26554
304-368-2530
Craig Cobb
Beckley District Office
Bair Building, Suite 200
103 North Kanawha Street
Beckley, WV 25801
304-256-6666
John Stafford
District Office Locations
Source Water Assessment and Protection Program (SWAP)
o General Responsibilities:
o PWS Source Water Protection Plans for the State of WV.
o Source Water Protection Grants Program for PWS
o Well Head Protection Program for public drinking water wells and the associated wellhead protection areas (GWUDI and SWIG Classification).
o Certification and Training of water operators, wastewater operators, well drillers and pump installers.
o Geographic Information Systems data management and sharing with other state agencies and public water systems.
AND
o Many other duties as assigned by the Commissioner of the BPH and Director of the Environmental Engineering Division.
Certification and Training Program
Certification and Training Program
o Responsible for certification of greater than 5,000 professionals. Certifications are renewed every two years.
o In 2018 we certified:
• 1,200 Public water system operators
• 161 Backflow prevention assembly inspectors/testers
• 732 Public wastewater system operators
• 172 Water well drillers & pump installers
• Also provide monitoring well driller training and exams
All Certifications are State Rule Based
The W.Va. Code of State Rules (CSR) that govern the certification process can be viewed and printed from the WV Secretary of States webpage
HTTP://APPS.SOS.WV.GOV/ADLAW/CSR/INDEX.ASPX
o 64CSR04 Public Water Systems Operators
o 64CSR05 Wastewater Systems and Operators
o 64CSR25 Certification of Backflow Prevention Assembly Testers
o 64CSR19 Water Well Regulations
Certification is a minimum standard met and maintained by the professionals
who operate the states public
drinking water and wastewater treatment facilities.
Owner and Operator Roles
o Owners
Work to ensure system as a whole is functioning properly, efficiently and in a financially responsible way. The owner is responsible to maintain an adequate number and classification of operators. The system must have a chief operator that is the same or higher class that the systems classification.
o Operators
Keep all system components (source, treatment, storage, distribution, collections and compliance) functioning efficiently and effectively.
o Together
Maintain a positive relationship with customers, regulators and each other to support compliance.
The public expects reliable, safe drinking water
and for wastewater to be handled appropriately to protect the environment.
The DHHR’s role is to regulate these systems to insure the protection of human health.
Operator Renewal Requirements
o Renewal applications should be submitted 30-60 days prior to expiration.
o 90 day renewal notifications are sent out to remind the operators and to eliminate excess extensions.
o Operators are responsible to make sure their contact information is correct so they will get the renewal notifications.
Operator Renewal Requirements
o Certifications are renewed every 2 years using form EW-212.
o Operators with both Water and Wastewater certifications must have all approved CEH’s for both.
o Certification renewal requires DHHR approved continuing education hours (CEHs):
Drinking Water CEH’s Wastewater CEH’s
Operator in Training (OIT) 6 Operator in Training (OIT) 6
Water Distribution 6 Class S 3
Class I 12 Class C 6
Class II 24 Class I 12
Class III 24 Class II 12
Class IV 24 Class III 24
Class IV 24
To advance in class, the operator must pass the exam, acquire the experience and CEH requirements.
Available Resources
Transient Non-Community Water System
A non-community water system that does not meet the definition of a non-transient non-
community water system (e.g., highway rest stop, restaurant, motel).
Public Water System
A system that provides water for human consumption to the public through pipes or other constructed conveyances that has at least 15
service connections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals for 60 or more days out of the year.
Community Water System
A public water system that conveys water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections or at
least 25 year round residents (e.g., municipality, subdivision, mobile home park).
Non-Community Water System
A public water system that conveys water for human consumption to at least 15 service connections used by
individuals other than year round residents or serves 25 or more people at least 60 days a year (e.g., schools, factories,
rest stops, parks).
Non-Transient Non-Community Water System
A non-community water system that serves 25 or more of the same persons over 6 months per year (e.g.,
schools, factories, office buildings).
Public Water System Classification
Total WV Public Water Systems (no purchase systems) = 673
o Types:
o Community Water Systems 449
o Non-Transient Non-Community 79
o Transient Non-Community 145
o Source:
o Purchasing Systems 203
o Groundwater Systems 548
o 19 are SWIG’s
o Surface Water 125
o 144 Systems are required to have a Source Water Protection Plan
West Virginia Water Systems
Based on 06/29/19 query
Number of CWS By Class:Class WD = 189Class 1D = 0Class I = 123Class II = 107Class III = 16Class IV = 14
Number of NTNC By Class:Class WD = 2Class 1D = 0Class I = 70Class II = 7Class III = 0 Class IV = 0
Source Water Assessment and Protection Program
Source Water Assessment and Protection Program History
o 1986 -- Wellhead Protection Program created for groundwater public water supply systems.
o 1996 -- Federal Safe Drinking Water Act amendments added source water assessment and protection to include surface water supply systems.
o 1999 -- WV Source Water Assessment and Protection Program approved by US Environmental Protection Agency.
o Early 2000 -- Completed source water assessment reports for all active water systems. Voluntary source water protection plans developed by public water supply systems.
o January 2014 --Elk River spill event occurred.
SWAP Program History (Continued)
o April 1, 2014 -- Legislators passed SB 373 to protect drinking water supplies or “source water” requiring:
o All existing and future water systems that draw and treat water from a surface water supply source or a surface water influenced groundwater (SWIG) supply source to develop and submit source water protection plans (SWPPs) to the Bureau for Public Health.
o SB373 also established the “Public Water System Supply Study Commission” who hired Horsley Witten Group (HW) to evaluate the effectiveness of the Source Water Protection Program.
SWAP Program Mandated Requirements
o 125 water utilities, defined as Surface Water and/or Surface Water Influenced Groundwater, submitted Source Water Protection Plans (SWPP) in 2016.
o All utilities with approved Source Water Protection Plans submitted an updated plan in 2019 and are required to update their SWPP every three years based on the
schedule defined by §64CSR3-16.
o The Source Water Assessment and Protection Program determined 19 additional Ohio River alluvial systems as Surface Water Influenced Groundwater (SWIG) systems requiring a SWPP by 2019.
o 144 water utilities, defined as Surface Water and/or Surface Water Influenced Groundwater systems have approved Source Water Protection Plans (SWPP) in 2020
Why do a Source Water Protection Plan?
o Protect public health.
o Preserve water resources for future generations.
o Identify alternative water sources.
o Encourage economic growth (availability of potable water).
o Decreased contamination risk.
o Increase awareness through improved public communication.
o Potential funding for improvements.
o It’s our states law!
A Source Water Protection Team
o The public water systems create a team to develop and update their SWP Plan including their management, operations and distribution personnel.
o They also including other local community team members such as:
o Elected officials/government agencies
o Businesses
o Land developers
o Community service organizations
o Environmental groups
o Public interest groups
o Farmers
o Local fire department
o Interested citizens
Mandated Components - Source Water Protection Plan
o Contingency plan for response to contamination.
o Examination/analysis of ability to isolate or divert contamination, amount of raw water storage.
o Examination/analysis to switch to an alternative source.
o Examination/analysis of ability to close intake, duration intake can stay closed.
o Provide operational information for hours of operation, production capacity.
o Analysis/examination of available storage capacity as it relates to demand.
o Calculated level of water loss, measures to reduce.
SWPP Mandated Components (Continued)
o Single-source feasibility study of alternatives and secondary intake, raw/treated water storage two days at maximum production in past year, interconnection, or others.
o Management plan to identify activities that protect source water supply from contamination.
o Communication plan with all source water protection team contacts.
o Complete/comprehensive list of potential sources of significant contamination within the delineated zone of critical concern.
o Examination of technical and economic feasibility of early warning monitoring system.
o ALL WV STATE CODES AND RULES SHOULD BE REFERENCED
Source Water Protection Plan Updates Due
o The Source Water Assessment and Protection Program has created an online application to submit Source Water Protection Plans. All 144 systems required to have a SWPP have successfully submitted their updates utilizing this system.
2018 SWAP Program Review
THE HORSLEY WHITTEN GROUP RECOMMENDED:
o Create an online system for Source Water Protection Plan submission.
o Work with DEP and DHSEM to evaluate and improve the Spill Hotline and its communication with the PWS.
o Identify and improve data share and communication between DEP, DHHR and the PWS related to the Potential Significant Sources of Contamination.
o Exercise the SWP Plans with the PWS and the community.
o Include the public in the source water protection process by improving public awareness through improved public communication and outreach.
The SWAP Program has achieved and continues to improve on these goals.
SWIG’s and GWUDI’s
A GWUDI CAN BE A SWIG BUT A SWIG IS NOT ALWAYS A GWUDI
SURFACE WATER INFLUENCED GROUNDWATER (SWIG): "Public surface water influenced groundwater supply source" means a source of water supply for a public water system which is directly drawn from an underground well, underground river or stream, underground reservoir or underground mine, and the quantity and quality of the water in that underground supply source is heavily influenced, directly or indirectly, by the quantity and quality of surface water in the immediate area;
GROUNDWATER UNDER DIRECT INFLUENCE (GWUDI): Any water beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of insects or other macro-organisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia or Cryptosporidium, or significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH which closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions (40 CFR 141 definition).
GWUDI Determination
SWIG’s and GWUDI’s (Continued)
SWIG’s and GWUDI’s (Continued)
SWIG’s and GWUDI’s (Continued)
Raney Well
Well Head Protection Area
Zone of Critical Concern
Parkersburg ZCC and ZPC
Statewide ZCC and ZPC using GIS
https://oehsportal.wvdhhr.org/wvswap/index.html
A geographic information system(GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GISintegrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes.
https://oehsportal.wvdhhr.org/wvswap/index.html
GIS Depends on Latitude and Longitude
GIS uses Latitude and Longitudeto create a point on a map and thenlinks all the data associated with thatlocation from the Database.
In order to utilize this powerful tool,we must collect the coordinates ofthe items we are interested in.
This means we must get coordinatesfor the facilities and their stream intakes, tanks and water wells. All I-Phones canprovide your GPS location using a free application.
PLEASE COLLECT THE COORDINATES FOR EVERYTHING YOU INSPECT AND RECORDTHEM ON THE INSPECTION FORMS.
GIS
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https://oehsportal.wvdhhr.org/wvswap/index.html
Generalized WV Geology
The Devil’s Backbone Anticline
Sideling Hill Syncline
Cross Section: Eastern Panhandle
Hydrologic Cycle
THE CONSTANT MOVEMENT OF WATER ABOVE, ON, AND BELOW THE EARTH’S SURFACE.
INCLUDES PRECIPITATION, INFILTRATION OR PERCOLATION, OVERLAND FLOW, EVAPORATION, TRANSPIRATION, AND CONDENSATION.
Water cycle
The constant movement of water above, on, and below the earth’s surface.
Includes precipitation, infiltration or percolation, overland flow, evaporation, transpiration, and condensation.
Groundwater Occurs In…
• Underground rivers and lakes (karst areas such as limestone and caves)
• Most subsurface openings (mine voids).
• Spaces or pores between grains (sedimentary rocks).
• Along fractures (sedimentary, igneous & metamorphic rocks).
Typical WV Shallow Hydrogeology
Typical shallow (water table) aquifer
What Is An Aquifer?
UNCONFINED AQUIFER
• Water doesn’t rise above the top of the aquifer. The upper portion is free to rise and decline.
• Water Table Well.
CONFINED AQUIFER
• Water rises above the top of the aquifer, the aquifer is overlain by a confining bed (impermeable rock unit).
• aka Artesian Well.
Artesian Well – water under great pressure
Detail of 2 types of aquifers
Typical western WV hydrogeology
Aquifer Functions
• POROSITY – void space in rocks between grains called pores that can contain water, air, hydrocarbons or other contamination. MOST aquifers have a certain void percentage or porosity.
• PERMEABILITY – interconnected spaces and pores; ability of a rock to transmit water or other fluids.
• Shale has greater porosity than sandstone, but very little permeability because of the angular grains and their random arrangement.
• Sandstone usually has a greater permeability and is therefore a better aquifer.
How Does Groundwater Move?
After the water soaks into the ground,
Initially moves with gravity, downward.
Moves up, down or sideways to fill spaces and move toward drains.
Moves up to get over elevations if there is enough pressure behind it.
Always moving!
Alluvial aquifers
Riverside floodplain aquifers have HIGH permeability
Alluvial aquifers along the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers are highly productive (up to1,000 gpm).
Alluvial aquifers are highly sensitive to pollution.
• The rock itself has no permeability. All storage is in the cracks between the rocks.
• Production is variable (1gpm to 100gpm).
• Small fractures produce little water & large fractures produce more water.
Fractured Rock aquifers
Abandoned coal mine aquifers
• Flooded mine pools can create large underground lakes with nearly limitless supply.
• Certain low sulfur coals, when flooded, make high quality aquifers.
• As long as the water remains unpolluted, it is naturally carbon filtered?
Coal mine cross section
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Karst areas in West Virginia
Karst characteristics
• Carbonates do not weather like other sedimentary rocks.
• Derives name from kars region of Yugoslavia.
• Applies to areas of limestone dissolution.
• Karst causes unique problems in terms of land use and water supply.
• Surface water and ground water merge into a single system, moving rapidly with no filtration
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Karst topography
• Karst is defined as a landscape with sinkholes, caves, springs, and lost streams that comprise an underground drainage system.
• In karst areas, the limestone formations have been dissolved by flowing groundwater to form cavities, pipes and conduits where flow direction is difficult to predict.
• Karst supplies wells and springs used for community drinking water.
• Karst is the most easily polluted and fastest traveling groundwater aquifer (up to several miles per day).
• Streams and surface runoff entering sinkholes or caves bypass natural filtration. Therefore, they are direct conduits for contaminants.
Karst Landscapes
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Karst Landscapes
SINKHOLES
• Sink holes form from chemical or solution weathering of limestone due to acidic rain or when a chemical reaction between water and carbon dioxide produces carbonic acid.
• These features may remain buried in the subsurface or overburden may collapse to expose them at the surface.
• Changes such as drought, construction or dewatering disturb the hydrologic equilibrium of delicate karst systems leading to….
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Karst block diagram
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Karst aquifers
• Carbonate rocks are soluble to water and form karst features from dissolution.
• Wells in karst are either dry (in solid rock) or intercept a conduit that carries a free flow of water.
• Springs are very common and productive in karst.
How Does Groundwater Become Contaminated?
• Groundwater that is very old and has traveled a great distance through clean rock units should not be contaminated.
• Contamination is usually introduced from the surface. The deeper the source aquifer and the farther distance the water has to come gives the greatest degree of safety.
• Natural filtration and time of travel clean bacteria out of groundwater.
• When water seeps downward through overlying materials, particles in suspension, including microorganisms, may be removed.
• Water dissolves a portion of many substances it comes in contact with.
• The mineral content of groundwater reflects its movement through minerals which make up the earth’s crust.
•
How Does Groundwater Become Contaminated?
• Some substances are totally soluble and dissolve completely in contact with water. Example: road salt
• Some substances are partly soluble depending on ph.
Example: metals
• Some substances partly dissolve and partly float.
Example: gasoline
• EPA maintains a list of contaminants and the maximum level (MCL) that can be present in the water. This is a long list of bacteria, organisms, chemicals, elements and radioactivity.
Groundwater Wells
There are many different uses for groundwater wells but types of GW wells we are interested in are:
• Private Drinking Water Wells (Permitted by the County Health Department)• Public Drinking Water Wells (Permitted by the State Health Department)• Geothermal Wells (< than 50 ton Permitted by County, >50 ton Permitted by the State)
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
• Passed by congress in 1974.
• Main federal law that ensures the quality of Americas drinking water. Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality.
• Primarily enforced by the WV Office Of Environmental Health Services (OEHS).
• Amended in 1996 to emphasize, among other things, source water assessment and protection.
• West Virginia regulates Public Water Systems and Water Wells according to:
• Public Water Systems Design Standards 64 CSR 77
• Water Well Regulations 64 CSR 19
• Water Well Design Standards 64 CSR 46
• Monitoring Well Design Standards 47 CSR 60
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Wellhead Protection
Wellhead Protection is
Protecting the well from
Contamination.
Important Terms
STATIC HEAD OR STATIC WATER LEVEL –
THE WATER TABLE OR NATURAL WATER LEVEL IN A WELL WITHOUT PUMPING.
CONE OF DEPRESSION –
A DEPRESSION IN THE WATER TABLE THAT LOOKS LIKE A FUNNEL. CAUSED BY PUMPING A WELL TO THE POINT WHERE THE LEVEL OF THE WATER TABLE IS LOWERED.
DRAWDOWN -
THE DIFFERENCE (VERTICAL DISTANCE) BETWEEN THE STATIC WATER LEVEL AND THE NEW WATER LEVEL AFTER PUMPING.
Don’t foul your own well!
Standard Well Cap Sanitary Well Cap
Allow entry for insects, small animals Sealed to prevent contamination
Well Caps
Well Caps
The Good The Bad The Ugly
What’s missing?
Un-Grouted well vs Grouted well
What’s missing?
Grout specifications
• Grout shall be neat cement, bentonite with cement mixtures, or bentonite. Other materials require the written approval of the commissioner.
• The neat cement, bentonite with cement mixtures, and bentonite shall be mixed according to the manufacturer’s specifications.
• No drilling muds shall be used for grouting.
• Cement grouts shall be allowed to cure according to the manufacturer’s specifications before well drilling, construction, or testing may be resumed.
Tagging
Each well drilling contractor shall securely attach a metal tag or engraved well cap to the wellhead containing the following information: the contractor's name, address and permit number, the depth of the well and the date of construction or alteration.
SW-260 Variance Request Form
WHEN THE STRICT APPLICATION OF ANY PROVISION OF THIS RULE PRESENTS PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES OR UNUSUAL HARDSHIP, THE COMMISSIONER MAY GRANT A VARIANCE FOR THAT SPECIFIC INSTANCE.
Casing
Steel Casing
• Steel casing shall be new, meeting AWWA standard A-100, ASTM, or API specifications for water well construction, with a minimum wall thickness of 0.188 inches if the nominal pipe size is up to ten (10) inches and have a minimum wall thickness of .375 inches if the nominal pipe size is greater than ten (10) through twenty (20) inches
• Steel casing shall be joined by welds, threads, threaded couplings, or any combination thereof
• Well liners and temporary steel casing used for construction shall be capable of withstanding the structural load imposed during their installation and removal. Well liners and temporary steel casing shall be approved by the ANSI/NSF, AWWA, ASTM, or their equivalent for potable water use.
Plastic Casing
• 5.1.c. Plastic well casings, liners, rapid joint assembly couplings, and solvents shall be approved by the ANSI/NSF Standard 14 and 61 and meet ASTM Standard F480.
• 5.1.c.3. Plastic well casing shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and shall have an outside diameter and minimum wall thickness as specified in Table 64-46 B of this rule.
SW- 262 Pump Installation Report
All drinking water well pumps must be installed by a certified WV Pump Installer.
New potable water wells and existing potable water wells being placed into service or that have been disrupted for service or repair, such as new pump installation or reinstallation of an existing pump shall be disinfected.
SW-261 Water Well Abandonment Report
When a water well is abandoned, the work shall be performed by a West Virginia certified water well driller.
All wells shall be completely filled with grout to prevent contamination from entering the subsurface water bearing formations and ground water mixing with one aquifer to another.
Bentonite or cement grout shall be used for grouting material.
If the well is so large that, the use of these materials is not practical, the commissioner shall determine a proper plugging process.
Household water requirements
Typical usage: 50-100 gallons/person-day (drinking, bathing, laundry, toilet flushing, dishwashing, cooking, etc.)
Well flow rate requirement:
• Minimum acceptable rate: 5 gpm
• Preferred rate: 10 gpm
• Minimum fire protection rate: 20 gpm
Geothermal Wells
• A closed loop geothermal well is a deeply drilled borehole with two parallel high-density polyethylene pipes (HDPE) grouted the full length of the well.
• There are typically two or more closed loop wells piped together.
• A water-based glycol solution is pumped through the closed-loops, to the heat pump which then extracts the earths heat energy from the fluid.
• The fluid is circulated through the pipes where the heat from the earth is transferred through the grout and warms the fluid back up naturally.
• The closed loop type of geothermal system is not dependent upon striking water at all.
Geothermal Gradient at 6 kilometers deep (~20,000 feet)
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The temperatureat 20,000 feet below the surface in WVis about 150-degreesCelsius (302 ⁰F) whichwill support a heatPump.
Some schools andlarge buildings in WV are heated byGeothermal heat pumps.
What Well Owners Should Not Do
What Well Owners Should Not Do
What Well Owners Should Not Do
What Well Owners Should Not Do
What Well Owners Should Not Do
Water Supply Protection Starts at Home!
Septic systems
Driveways
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Keep activities at least 50 feet or
more from wellhead or spring box
Source Water Assessment & Protection Program
Brian A. Carr, P.G.
Program Manager
SWAP/WHPA/C&T/GISTA
Phone: 304-356-4298
E-mail: [email protected]
Program Contacts
Phone: (304) 558- 2981
Website: www.wvdhhr.org/oehs/eed/swap
E-mail: [email protected]
QUESTIONS?