source: us doe nov 10 introduction to bioenergy - tpg...

Introduction to Bioenergy

Dr Nawshad Haque

Web: www.users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul

3rd July 2016 – Presentation 1

Source: US DOE Nov 10

Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 1

About Me• A Forestry Graduate from Chittagong

University

• MSc from University of Wales

• PhD in Chemical Engineering from University of Sydney

• 3 Years work at NZ Forest Research

• Since 2005, at CSIRO Australia

• Leads a Team on technology evaluation and LCA research, co-supervises PhD students, offers workshop, courses for universities and industries


With Dr Steve Schuck, Manager Bioenergy Australia who I met first in 1997

Structure of this courseLecture Topic

1 Overview of bioenergy system – issues and challenges

2 Feedstock for bioenergy

3 Processing of feedstock

4 Fuel comparison – fossil and non-fossil energy

5 Properties of biomass as fuel, physical and chemical

6 Size reduction of biomass fuel – chipping equipment and issues

7 Biomass fuel processing including drying

8 Biomass conversion to energy – mechanical, thermal, chemical, biological, electrical

9 Plant size, design and flowsheeting

10 Techno-economic evaluation of bioenergy plant

11 Life cycle assessment of bioenergy plant

12 Design of a typical bioenergy system

13 Case study plants study

Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy

3

Learning Objectives

• What are various types and forms of energy?

• What is biomass and what is bioenergy?

• Why do we need it?

• How much do you need?

• Where do you need it?

• What are the equipment and technologies?

• What are key challenges?

• What should we do?


Source: IBI Survey May 2011

Two Energy we are interested in

• Thermal energy (heat): A form of kinetic energy due to the random motion of the atoms or molecules (the building blocks) of solids, gases or liquids. The faster the atoms or molecules move, the greater the thermal energy of the object, usually described as the hotter the object is.

• Electrical energy: Most familiar in the form of electricity, which is the organised flow of electrons (one of the building blocks of an atom) in a material, usually a metal wire.


Bioenergy

• Biomass energy: any material of plant or animal origin such as:

• woody biomass (stems, branches, twigs)

• non-woody biomass (stalks, leaves, grass)

• agricultural residues (rice husk, wheat straw, coconut shell), and

• animal and human excrement

• The energy can be converted through a variety of processes to produce:

• solid, liquid or gaseous fuel.

• Processing stage prior to conversion - chopping, mixing, drying or densification


Biomass

• Forest based

• Biomass crops

• Agriculture crop residue

• Bagasse

• Municipal solid waste

• Green waste

• Sewerage treatment based solid waste - biosolid


Biomass Energy Conversion

Source: Dr Steve Schuck, Bioenergy Australia, Submission to Garnaut Climate Change Rivew April 2008


Fuel wood process

Source: RWEDP Report 29 Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 9

CO2 conc. measurement by CSIRO/BOM

Source: State of the Climate - CSIRO and The Bureau of Meteorology, Australia - http://www.csiro.au/greenhouse-gases/.

Station at Cape Grim, TasmaniaCourtesy: Google Maps

10 |Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy

Biomass in Iron & Steel IndustryBiomass in Iron & Steel IndustryBiomass in Iron & Steel IndustryBiomass in Iron & Steel Industry

2.2 t/t steel


Biocarbon Plant Flowsheet (100,000 t/y)

PYROLYSIS UNITWATER VAPOUR

CHIPPINGUNIT

COLD AIR OUT HEATINGZONE

CONVEYOR ENTRY EXITSCREENS

PYROLYSISZONE

BED DRYER515,785 t/y 50,000 t/y

WOODY BIOMASS HOPPER HOT AIR IN LIQUID CONDENSATE

OVERSIZEBIN

WASTE CHARCOALUNWANTED MATERIAL 100,000 t/y


CSIRO Technology


Source: J. Sustain. Metall. (2015) 1:94–114

Bioenergy System Bioenergy System Bioenergy System Bioenergy System –––– Current stateCurrent stateCurrent stateCurrent state

Feedstock

stockpile

Feed

preparation

Heat plant/

ReactorHeat

ElectricityAsh

Boiler

Turbine

Process


Equipment

Feed preparation

Feedstock stockpile Growing, harvesting, collection, transport, stockpile

Feed preparation Feeder, chipping, screening, conveying, materials handling, stockpile

Furnace Heating chamber, firing chamber, gas cleaning stage

Boiler Flue gas supply, fire tube or water tube, temperature control, water control, blow

down

Heat related Heat exchanger, finned tube, shell and tube, plate type

Steam system Steam supply pipes, steam traps, pressure controllers

Ash/waste disposal Ash collection pan, stack, electrostatic precipitator


Feedstock preparation

Source: US DOE Nov 10


Forestry product flow


Production chain


Tree to Cellulose – Macro to Nano

Source: U of Canterbury (J Harrington)Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 19

Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, Lignin


Wood composition


Oil chemicalsBiomass or “Bio-Oils”

chemical

Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lectures

Hydrocarbon Oil vs Biomass



Biomass from treesBiomass from treesBiomass from treesBiomass from trees

• Hardwood (≈ 3 to 6 t dry)

• Radiata pine (≈ 1.2 t dry)

23


Processing stages• Felling

• Residue collection – Forwarder and log Grabber (with log grapple head)

• Bundler/baler

• Bark separation

• Size reduction (chipping, ripping, shredding)

• Cleaning - washing

• Screening

• Drying

• Transport

• Storage

24

Biomass collection


Mobile chipper and screens


Mobile harvester and chipper

Loading and transport


Bed dryer


Rotary dryer

Rotary dryer


Steam and Drying Plant


Burner for steam system


Gas flows in two chambers


Secondary chamber


Boiler plant


Wood gasifier

Gasifier based on biomass

Electricity load types

Source: World Nuclear Association: http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-

environment/renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspxDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 38

Calculations, unitsA boiler consumes half a cubic metre of natural

gas in one hour. What is the power input?

The heat energy content of natural gas is 38

MJ per cubic metre. Therefore in one hour the

boiler has converted 19 MJ of heat energy

power = energy/time

= 19/3,600

= 5,300 joules per second

= 5.3 kW

Thermal boiler efficiency = 75 to 85%, say 80% or

0.8 , then actual output

= 5.3 x 0.8 = 4.24 kW

If this boiler you run over 350 days

= 350 days x 24 hours = 8,400 hours

Total energy you will get from this

boiler = 4.24 x 8,400 = 35,616 kWh or

35 MWh (thermal)

If you make electricity using a steam

turbine, efficiency say 33% or 0.33

Your electricity output = 35 x 0.33 =

11.8 MWh electrical

Assume transmission loss = 10%

Nett sent-out electricity = 11.8 x 0.9 =

10.6 MWhDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy

39

More calculationsAssuming electricity use for an Average Australian

home (≈ 6 MWh/year) – this 10.6 MWh will give

about two households for 1 year

Assuming 0.3 MWh/person/a or roughly 1

MWh/household for Bangladesh, it will give over 10

years supply of electricity.

In India, it could be 4 years etc.

How much wood do we need to

produce this electricity?


Wood properties - density

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

She-oak Forest redgum

River redgum Bluegum Cypress pine Shining gum

Bas

ic d

ensi

ty (

kg/m

3 )


Moisture content

• Oven dry-basis

• Wet basis

• Dry ash free basis


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Wood moisture content ((%) oven-dry basis)

Wo

od

mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t ((

%)

wet

bas

is)

Wood green moisture content

Local name Scientific name Green moisture content (%) oven-dry basis (or dry denominator)

Radiata pine (mainly from NZ but Australian data is similar) Pinus radiata 150 (Kinninmonth and Whitehouse,

1991)

Blackbutt (Northern NSW) Eucalyptus pilularis 60 (Haque, 2002)

River red gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis 69 (Theoretical estimate)

Forest red gum Eucalyptus citriodora 63 (Theoretical estimate)

Blue gum Eucalyptus globulus 75 (Theoretical estimate)

Shining gum (Tasmania, NSW) Eucalyptus nitens 112, 70-170 (from plantations (Innes, 2007)

She-oak (Northern NSW) Casuarina cunninghamiana 54 (Theoretical estimate)

Cypress pine (Central NSW) Callitris columellaris 94 (Theoretical estimate)

Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy43

MC vs Density

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

Basic density (kg/m3)

Max

imum

gre

en m

oist

ure

(%)


Energy content

14.0

15.0

16.0

17.0

18.0

19.0

20.0

21.0

22.0

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Oven-dry density (kg/m3)

Cal

orifi

c va

lue

(MJ/

kg)

Cotton tree

Eucalypus

MangrovesWattles


Calculations (cont..)Assuming electricity use for an

Average Australian home – this

10.6 MWh will give about two

households for 1 year assuming 6

MWh/household/per year

Assuming 0.3 MWh/person/a or

roughly 1 MWh/household for

Bangladesh, it will give over 10

years supply of electricity.

In India, it could be 4 years etc.

How much wood do we need to produce this

electricity?

• 19 MJ/kg oven-dry wood

• 15% loss in boiler

• 16 MJ (thermal)/kg

• 66% loss in steam turbine

• 5.32 MJ (electrical)/kg

• 10% loss in power plant and transmission

• 4.8 MJ (electrical sent out)/kg

• 3.6 MJ/kWh electricity (unit conversion)

• 1.3 kWh/kg oven-dry wood

• or 1.3 MWh/t oven-dry wood

• You need: 8.2 tonne (OD) wood

• More if it is wet wood


MC vs Heating Value

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Hea

tin

g v

alu

e (M

J/kg

)

Moisture content dry-basis (%)

Heating value = -0.1 x MC_db (%) + 17.5


How much electricity required in Bangladesh?


Pulp Mill

Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lecturesDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 49

Pulping

Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lecturesDr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 50

Mechanical and Biochemical process


Source: Oregon State University - http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lectures

Anaerobic digester with solid waste

Biogas based power generators

Biogas cleaning & power generation

Biogas from waste stream

Biogas engine for electricity generation

Solar kiln designs – bio-heat can be used to dry stuff, solar can be used to dry biomass


Solar kiln designs

Solar kiln at Boral

Timber’s Herons

Creek site, NSW,

AUSTRALIA

Recent design of solar kiln

by Solar Dryers Australia,

Bellingen, NSW



Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass Boundary for biomass LCA and economicsLCA and economicsLCA and economicsLCA and economics

59


LCA Model for LCA Model for LCA Model for LCA Model for Biomass preparationBiomass preparationBiomass preparationBiomass preparationDry biomass

Plantation Harvesting Collection Transport Chipping Drying

60

Recap for the day

• Biomass is plenty and all around us

• Potential sources of heat and electricity

• Various processing required

• Why, how much, where and other questions answered

• Equipment and technology (established and to be developed) involved

• Techno-economic evaluation important

• Sustainability using life cycle assessment (LCA) and social considerations

• We should promote it at various level Dr Nawshad Haque | Bioenergy 61

Further reading

• http://agsci.oregonstate.edu/bioenergy-education/video-lectures

• www.bioeneregyaustralia.org

• www.iea.org


MINERAL RESOURCES FLAGSHIP

Thank you

Dr Nawshad HaqueTeam Leader

t +61 3 9545 8931e [email protected] http://people.csiro.au/H/N/Nawshad-Haque.aspx

Energy

Dr Nawshad Haque

t +61 434 141506e [email protected] www.users.tpg.com.au/nawshadul Thank you

source: us doe nov 10 introduction to bioenergy - tpg...

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