source tracking in the saginaw bay and great lakes ... tracking in the saginaw bay and great lakes...
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Source Tracking in the Saginaw Bay and Great Lakes Applications
Ottawa County Water Quality Forum
26 October 2009
Marc P. Verhougstraete and Joan B. Rose
Spirogyra
Nutrients
Light
Temperature
Physical stressors
Dr. Juli Dyble Bressie
Muck
•Spirogyra, Cladophora, detritus
•Masses do contain bacteria (Whitman et al. 2003, AEM v.69)
•Aesthetic issues
•People removing it from beach
Pollutants•Urban development•Wetland degradation•Wastewater discharges•Agriculture waste•Industrial outfalls
Saginaw Bay Issues
Research Questions
• What are the sources of fecal pollution entering Saginaw Bay?
• What are the bacteria concentrations in Saginaw Bay across beach transects?
• How do environmental conditions relate to bacteria concentrations on the beach?
E. coli: Drinking and recreational water quality criteria but regrow inenvironment, high correlation with gastroenteritis in freshwater
Enterococci: Indicator of recent fecal pollution but regrow in environment, high correlation with gastroenteritis in freshwater,
C. perfringens: Indicator of persistent intestinal pathogens like viruses and oocysts of protozoa and long term, older inputs of fecal pollution
Coliphage: A good indicator of enteroviruses and recent fecal contamination
Enterococci esp gene and Bacteroides human and bovine markersSanitary surveys and GIS
Measuring Water Quality
SHALLOW WATER MUCK
SEDIMENT
The Beachscape
Sample Sites
�
�
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�Port Crescent State Park
Caseville County ParkWhites Beach
Bay City State Recreation Area
SAGINAW BAYSample location Total number of
samples assayedMuck 9
Sediment 28
Shallow water 32
Swimmable water 12
Swash Shallow Swimmable
Beachscape
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
Sediment samples
441139/30/2008
04199/6/2008
04198/12/2008
042108/5/2008
042107/29/2008
04197/22/2008
441137/15/2008
44087/10/2008
Swimmable water samplesShallow
water samples
Muck samples
Number of samples collectedSampling dates
Analysis in SPSS:
•Linear regression
•Pearson correlations
•ANOVA
•ANCOVA
FIB in Water
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
E. coli enterococci C. perfringens Coliphage (F+amp) Coliphage (Somatic)
Microorganism
Con
cent
ratio
n (o
rgan
ism
s/10
0 m
l)
Shallow water Swimmable water
•E. coli exceeded standards 8 times in the shallow (235 CFU/100 ml)
•Enterococci exceeded standards 10 times in the shallow (61 CFU/100 ml)
Fecal indicator concentrations in the shallow and swimmable waters
FIB in Non-Water
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
E. coli enterococci C. perfringens Coliphage (F+amp) Coliphage (Somatic)
Con
cent
ratio
n (o
rgan
ism
/100
g w
et w
eigh
t)
Microorganism
MUCK SEDIMENT
•Higher levels of fecal indicators in muck
•Standards and reporting
Fecal indicator concentrations in the muck and sediment
Beachscape trends
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
Muck Shallow w ater Sw immablew ater
Sediment
Sample zone
Perc
ent
% C. perfringens positive % positive male specic phage % positive somatic phage
Positive detections in each zone for C. perfringens and coliphage
71%
29%PositiveNegative
83%
17%
PositiveNegative
Positive Negative
Total esp
n=48
6%
Prevalence of Markers
SedimentMuck
esp positives
67%
33%
Caseville County Park esp positiveBay City Recreation Area esp positive
n=3
•Bovine and human Bacteroides not detected in 27 samples assayed
•esp not detected in swimmable or shallow water samples
0.01
0.1
1
7/15/2
0087/2
2/2008
7/29/2
0088/5
/2008
8/12/2
0088/1
9/2008
8/26/2
0089/2
/2008
9/9/20
089/1
6/2008
9/23/2
0089/3
0/2008
Date
Conc
entra
tion
(CFU
/100
ml)
00.020.040.060.080.10.120.140.160.18
24 h
our P
reci
pita
tion
E. coli in sediment 24 hour rainfall
Precipitation and FIB
•Rainfall decrease water quality (Whitman and Nevers 2003, AEM v.69, Boehm et al. 2002, EST v.36; Lipp et al. 2001, Estuaries v.24)
•Temperature indirectly related to E. coli levels
•Wind driven system
Total 24 hour rainfall and E. coli concentrations in the sediment
Beachscape
Foreshore Swash Shallow Swimmableesp positives
24 hour precipitation
24 hour precipitation, nearshore algal masses
48 hour precipitation
MUCK
- 976 square miles of residential, forest, and agricultural land use
- 181 miles of shoreline
- 130 public beaches
- 149 inland lakes
Grand Traverse Bay Watershed
Buss
Buss
Sample Sites
-Traverse City State Park-West Bay Beach-Bryant Park Beach-Storm drains-Mitchell Creek (8 sites)
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
Traverse CityState Park
Milliken ParkBeach
Bryant ParkBeach
Location
Conc
entr
atio
n (o
rgan
ism
s/10
0 m
l)
E. coli
Enterococci
C. perfringens
Coliphage
Beach Water Quality
- Impacted by rain, wind, birds, wave height
- 6 (16%) enterococci exceedances (>61 organisms/100 ml) when E. coli was below EPA criteria (235 organisms/100 ml)
(n=16)(n=16) (n=6)
Mitchell Creek Results
- Impacted by precipitation and air temperature
- 60 (54%) enterococci exceedances (>151 organisms/100 ml) when E. coli was below EPA criteria (575 organisms/100 ml)
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
MC1 MC2 MC3 MC4 MC5 MC6 MC7 MC8
Location
Con
cent
ratio
n (o
rgan
ism
s/10
0 m
l)
E. coli
Enterococci
C. perfringens
Coliphage
a bb bbbb c
a: n=15 b: n=14 c: n=12
Preliminary Results
1. E. coli exceedances in 2009-1 at Bryant Park Beach-1 at Milliken Park Beach- 552 exceedances for all of Michigan
2. Beaches: Coliphage present in similar concentrations as E. coli at all sites: recent pollution
3. Mitchell Creek: Coliphage higher then C. perfringens at all sites: recent pollution
4. Water quality decreases prior to airport (MC 5) and remains elevated through mouth of river (MC 1)
Beach protection and keeping them pristine – Routine monitoring program– Stormwater improvements – Sanitary surveys
Buss Buss
Additional Efforts
Water quality results
Pet waste removal
Ordinances prohibiting feeding waterfowl
Benthic algae survey
Waste management
Additional Efforts
Community outreach and education
Additional Efforts
Bay Day
Adopt-a-stream
Community outreach and education
Additional Efforts
Local Applications
Buck Creek Watershed
- Allegan and Kent Counties- Part of Lower Grand Watershed
Outcomes- Strong bovine influence- Human sewage detected- Stormwater runoff- ID manure source
Local Applications
Coldwater River Watershed- Kent, Ionia, Barry Counties- Lower Grand River Watershed
Outcomes- Strong bovine influence- Human sewage detected- Drain improvements- Agriculture and community collaboration
Local Applications
Grand River
- Pathogen transport study
- Flow models
- Virus testing in sediment
- CSO characterization
- Human health implications
Local Applications
- MSU/MSUE
- Grand Valley State University
- The Upper Grand River Watershed Alliance
- Friends of the Middle Grand River
- West Michigan Environmental Action Council
- West Michigan Strategic Alliance
- Watershed and river councils
- Health Departments
Future Efforts
- Environmental factors impact on water quality - ID sources of pollution- Healthy Beaches Campaign- Stormwater remediation - Predictive models- Form alliances
Thank You
Marc P. Verhougstraete [email protected]
Joan B. Rose, Ph.D. [email protected]
http://www.fw.msu.edu/~rosejo/
The Water Quality, Environmental, and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory