Source Message Channel Receiver

Feedback

Noise

Context

Model of the Communication Process

Six Types ofSix Types ofHuman CommunicationHuman Communication

IntrapersonalIntrapersonal InterpersonalInterpersonal

Small GroupSmall Group Public SpeakingPublic Speaking

MassMass MediatedMediated

One personOne person Two peopleTwo people

Three to ?Three to ? One to manyOne to many

One to manyOne to many One to one/groupOne to one/group

InterpersonalInterpersonalaxiomsaxioms

Grounded in theory and researchGrounded in theory and research One cannot NOT communicateOne cannot NOT communicate IrreversibleIrreversible InterdependantInterdependant Content and RelationalContent and Relational Continuous (past, present, future)Continuous (past, present, future) Need not be face to faceNeed not be face to face

InterpersonalInterpersonalAxiomsAxioms

TransactionalTransactional Prior to 1920s LinearPrior to 1920s Linear After, InteractionalAfter, Interactional More realistic is transactionalMore realistic is transactional

CultureCulture

A group’s specialized values, beliefs, A group’s specialized values, beliefs, artifacts, ways of behaving and artifacts, ways of behaving and communicating passed through communicating passed through communication, not geneticscommunication, not genetics

Learning CulturesLearning Cultures

Enculturation learning the culture into which you Enculturation learning the culture into which you were born (through parents, peers, schools, religion, were born (through parents, peers, schools, religion, government, media, internet, etc.) government, media, internet, etc.)

Acculturation learning a culture different from your Acculturation learning a culture different from your native culture (mutual influence occurs)native culture (mutual influence occurs)

Ethnocentrism the belief one’s culture is superior to Ethnocentrism the belief one’s culture is superior to that of other’s culturesthat of other’s cultures

Stereotypes a fixed impression of a person or group Stereotypes a fixed impression of a person or group of people based mainly on physical characteristicsof people based mainly on physical characteristics

Communication StylesCommunication Styles Low Context Low Context

majority of information majority of information carried in explicit verbal carried in explicit verbal messages, with less messages, with less focus on the situational focus on the situational context.context.

Self-expression valued. Self-expression valued. Communicators state Communicators state opinions and desires opinions and desires directly and strive to directly and strive to persuade others to persuade others to accept their own accept their own viewpoint.viewpoint.

Clear, eloquent speech Clear, eloquent speech considered considered praiseworthy. Verbal praiseworthy. Verbal fluency admired.fluency admired.

High ContextHigh Context Important information Important information

carried in contextual carried in contextual cues time, place cues time, place relationship, situation. relationship, situation. Less reliance on explicit Less reliance on explicit verbal messages.verbal messages.

Communicators abstain Communicators abstain from saying “no” from saying “no” directlydirectly

Communicators talk Communicators talk “around” the point “around” the point allowing others to fill in allowing others to fill in the missing pieces. the missing pieces. Ambiguity and use of Ambiguity and use of silence is admired. silence is admired.

Individualistic and Collectivist Individualistic and Collectivist CulturesCultures

Individualistic CulturesIndividualistic Cultures Self is separate, unique Self is separate, unique

individual; independent, individual; independent, self-sufficient.self-sufficient.

Individual take care of Individual take care of themselves/familythemselves/family

many flexible group many flexible group memberships; friends memberships; friends based on shared based on shared interests & activities.interests & activities.

Reward individual Reward individual achievement & initiative; achievement & initiative; individual decision individual decision encouraged, credit/ encouraged, credit/ blame assigned blame assigned individuallyindividually

Collectivist CulturesCollectivist Cultures People belong to extended People belong to extended

families; “we” or group families; “we” or group orientation.orientation.

Cares for extended family Cares for extended family before self.before self.

Emphasis on belonging to Emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent in-a very few permanent in-groups with strong groups with strong influence over person. influence over person.

Rewards contribution to Rewards contribution to group goals & well-being; group goals & well-being; cooperation with in-group cooperation with in-group members; group decisions members; group decisions valued; credit/ blame valued; credit/ blame shared.shared.

Perception ProcessPerception Process

SelectSelect

OrganizeOrganize IdentifyIdentify ClassifyClassify

Infer/interpretInfer/interpret

FactorsFactors Physical Physical

characteristicscharacteristics EducationEducation ReligionReligion MediaMedia

Communication and the Communication and the SelfSelf

Self ConceptSelf Concept

A relatively stable set of A relatively stable set of perceptions one holds about perceptions one holds about

oneself.oneself.

Different Aspects ofDifferent Aspects ofSelf ConceptSelf Concept

Self-esteemSelf-esteem Self-awarenessSelf-awareness Self-actualizationSelf-actualization Ideal SelfIdeal Self Real SelfReal Self Reflected AppraisalReflected Appraisal Social ComparisonSocial Comparison

Self-DisclosureSelf-Disclosure

Revealing information about one’s self to Revealing information about one’s self to others that they could not know otherwise.others that they could not know otherwise.

Factors influencing:Factors influencing: Time ofTime of AgeAge GenderGender EthnicityEthnicity TopicTopic RelationshipRelationship ValenceValence

Reasons for Self-AwarenessReasons for Self-Awareness

Self-awareness is imperative to Self-awareness is imperative to maintain because it directly affects maintain because it directly affects personal and professional personal and professional development development (Gail Williams)(Gail Williams)

Those that feel socially excluded try Those that feel socially excluded try to dodge self awareness by not to dodge self awareness by not looking into a mirror. looking into a mirror. ((Jean M. Twenge; Kathleen R. Catanese; Jean M. Twenge; Kathleen R. Catanese;

Roy F. Baumeister.)Roy F. Baumeister.)

Increase Your Self-Increase Your Self-AwarenessAwareness

1.Who am I? test

Who am I? Who am I? Developed by Bugental and ZelenDeveloped by Bugental and Zelen

I am…(15-20 times)I am…(15-20 times)

Strengths1. Tall

2. Funny

3. Athletic

Weaknesses1. Skinny

2. stubborn

3. Broken hand

Self Improvement GoalsSelf Improvement Goals

Increase Your Self-Increase Your Self-AwarenessAwareness

1.Who am I? test

2.Listen to Others

3.Seek Information

Listen to OthersListen to Others Listen & Learn from feedbackListen & Learn from feedback ““Those struggling to define themselves crave others' Those struggling to define themselves crave others'

feedback to help enhance their self-awareness, whereas feedback to help enhance their self-awareness, whereas those with a strong identity rely less on feedback: They can those with a strong identity rely less on feedback: They can reinterpret, reject or accept information based on their own reinterpret, reject or accept information based on their own coherent sense of self." (coherent sense of self." (Le Tourneau )Le Tourneau )

Seek InformationSeek Information Actively engage in asking about what others think…in Actively engage in asking about what others think…in

moderationmoderation

Increase Your Self-Increase Your Self-AwarenessAwareness

1.Who am I? test

2.Listen to Others

3.Seek Information

4.Realize your Self dimensions

5.Try to expand your Open Self

Increase Open SelfIncrease Open Self

Self disclosureSelf disclosure Blind and Hidden self will reduce, Blind and Hidden self will reduce,

resulting in overall better resulting in overall better communication.communication.

The Johari WindowThe Johari Window

http://www.augsburg.edu/education/edc210/images/overall.jpeghttp://www.augsburg.edu/education/edc210/images/overall.jpeg

Model representing self, developed by Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham

Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem

How much do you like yourself ?How much do you like yourself ?

How much would you say you are How much would you say you are worth?worth?

How capable do you think you are ?How capable do you think you are ?

Your self Your self evaluationevaluation

The value you The value you place on yourselfplace on yourself

Self-Esteem is . . . Self-Esteem is . . .

Strategies to Build Self-Strategies to Build Self-EsteemEsteem

Attack you Self-Destructive BeliefsAttack you Self-Destructive Beliefs Engage in Self-AffirmationEngage in Self-Affirmation Seek Out Nourishing PeopleSeek Out Nourishing People Work on Goals That Will Result in Work on Goals That Will Result in

SuccessSuccess

Self-Destructive BeliefsSelf-Destructive Beliefs

Beliefs that damage Beliefs that damage your self-esteem and your self-esteem and prevent you from prevent you from forming positive forming positive relationships.relationships.

Steps towards Steps towards elimination:elimination:

Recognize your Recognize your internalized self-internalized self-destructive beliefs destructive beliefs

Realize that these Realize that these beliefs are unrealistic beliefs are unrealistic and self-defeating and self-defeating (Ellis)(Ellis)

Self-AffirmationSelf-Affirmation

Remind yourself that you have succeededRemind yourself that you have succeeded(Aronson, Cohen, and Nail 1998)(Aronson, Cohen, and Nail 1998)

Examples of self-affirming phrases:Examples of self-affirming phrases:

I can live a nurturing, exciting, and creative I can live a nurturing, exciting, and creative life.life.

I can accept imperfection.I can accept imperfection.

My world is safe and friendly.My world is safe and friendly.((From Gathering Through Insight and LoveFrom Gathering Through Insight and Love by Keyes) by Keyes)

Seek Out Nourishing Seek Out Nourishing PeoplePeople

Noxious people offer Noxious people offer negative criticismnegative criticism

Nourishing people are Nourishing people are positive and optimisticpositive and optimistic

(Rogers)(Rogers)

Success Will Build Self-Success Will Build Self-EsteemEsteem

CHALLENGE CHALLENGE YOURSELF with YOURSELF with goals that will goals that will result in successresult in success

Failure does not Failure does not mean you are a mean you are a failure. Failure is a failure. Failure is a learning experience learning experience you can grow from.you can grow from.

Benefits of High Self-Benefits of High Self-EsteemEsteem

better performancebetter performance more likely to more likely to

succeedsucceed will develop lasting will develop lasting

and meaningful and meaningful relationshipsrelationships

learn from mistakeslearn from mistakes build solid build solid

foundationsfoundations(Devito)

ListeningListening

NonverbalNonverbalCommunicationCommunication

KinesicsKinesics EmblemsEmblems IllustratorsIllustrators RegulatorsRegulators AdaptorsAdaptors Affect displaysAffect displays

ProxemicsProxemics ChronemicsChronemics HapticsHaptics

NonverbalNonverbalCommunicationCommunication

SilenceSilence ClothingClothing JewelryJewelry Body adornmentsBody adornments Eye contactEye contact ColorColor ArtifactsArtifacts ParalanguageParalanguage

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

What is nonverbal What is nonverbal communication?communication?

Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal Communication

Communication Communication without words; without words; communication by communication by means of space, means of space, gestures, facial gestures, facial expressions, expressions, touching, vocal touching, vocal variation, and variation, and silence for example silence for example (DeVito)(DeVito)

Why do we have Why do we have nonverbal nonverbal

communication?communication?