source identification and entry pathways of banned antibiotics nitrofuran and chloramphenicol in...

8/10/2019 Source Identification and Entry Pathways of Banned Antibiotics Nitrofuran and Chloramphenicol in Shrimp Value Ch

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1Department of Fisheries Technology and Quality Control, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels,Belgium

3Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

4Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh

5Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

6Department of Fishing and Post Harvest Technology, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Science University,Chittagong, Bangladesh

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Source identification and entry pathways of bannedantibiotics nitrofuran and chloramphenicol inshrimp value chain of Bangladesh

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EurAsian Journal of BioSciencesEurasia J Biosci 8, 71-83 (2014)http://dx.doi.org/10.5053/ejobios.2014.8.0.7

AbstractBackground: Contamination with residues of banned carcinogenic antibiotic drugs like nitrofuranmetabolites and chloramphenicol (CAP) in frozen shrimp products has become a major concern offood safety for exporting countries. In the present study an approach was taken to identify thesources of such harmful antibiotics in the shrimp value chain of Bangladesh, one of the majorshrimp countries.

Material and Methods: Inputs of farms and hatchery systems including feed, feed additives, feed

ingredients and therapeutic agents were thought to be the sources of contagion. Fish and shrimp

feed, feed ingredients, sediment and water samples of shrimp hatcheries and farms were,

therefore, analyzed for 3-Amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 3-Amino-2-

oxazolidinone (AOZ), 1-Amino-hydantoin (AHD), Semicarbazide (SEM) and chloramphenicol (CAP) to

identify their source and entry pathways. About 500 g of each 160 feed and feed ingredients were

collected in pyrogens free polyethylene sealed bag and transported to Fish Inspection and Quality

Control (FIQC) laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Whereas 500 mL of each 250 soils and water samplewere collected from hatcheries. Sample preparation and residual metabolites analysis were

conducted using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

analytical assays on an Waters Alliance 2695 series HPLC and Quattro Micro, API mass spectrometer

instrumentation (Waters Corporation, USA).Results: Among the analyzed 160 feed samples, 38 were found contaminated with CAP and/ornitrofuran metabolites (AMOZ, AOZ, AHD and SEM), where 11, 10, 8, and 9 samples were for shrimpfeed, fish feed, poultry feed and feed ingredients. Imported feed ingredients contained with proteinconcentrates of improper quality were found contaminate with higher level of SEM. Althoughhatcheries were found free from contamination, whereas sediment and water samples of manyshrimp farms were found contaminated with high levels of SEM and CAP.Conclusions: It could be narrated that antibiotic contamination of shrimp products were the use ofantibiotic contaminated feed and feed ingredients in the farms; use of poultry litter to fertilizeponds during mixed culture, because poultry were fed with antibiotic medicated feed from zero dayof feeding and indiscriminate use of insecticides and pesticides at nearby agricultural farms.Keywords: Bangladesh, chloramphenicol, feed ingredients, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, metabolites,shrimp value chain.

Abbreviations: ACN: Acetonitrile; AHD: 1-Amino-hydantoin, SEM: Semicarbazide; AMOZ: 3-Amino-5-

morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone; AOZ: 3-Amino-2-oxazolidinone; CAP: Chloramphenicol; DoF: Department of

Fisheries; EU: European Union; FIQC: Fish Inspection and Quality Control; GDP: Gross Domestic Product; HCl:

Hydrochloric acid; HPLC: High Pressure Liquid Chromatography; LCMS/MS: Liquid chromatography and mass

spectrophotometry/ Mass spectrophotometry; RASFF: Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed .

Islam MJ, Liza AA, Reza AHMM, Reza MS, Khan MNA, Kamal M (2014) Source identification and entrypathways of banned antibiotics nitrofuran and chloramphenicol in shrimp value chain ofBangladesh. Eurasia J Biosci 8: 71-83.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5053/ejobios.2014.8.0.7

M. Jakiul Islam1,2*, Afroza Akter Liza3, A.H.M. Mohsinul Reza4, M. Shaheed Reza5,Mohammed Nurul Absar Khan6, Md. Kamal5

EurAsian Journal of BioSciences


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Nitrofuran is group of broad spectrum synthetic

antibiotics, belonging to nitrofuran antibacterial

drugs. These inexpensive drugs have been widely

used as feed additives to prevent bacterial enteritis

by Escherichia coli and Salmonella in cattle, fish,

poultry and swine. The occurrence of 3-Amino-2-

oxazolidinone (AOZ) residue in animal edible tissue is

a major human health concern and these drugs were

banned from use in food animal production in the

European Union (EU) concerning their

carcinogenicity and mutagenicity (Anonymous

2003). The uses of nitrofurans for livestock have also

been prohibited in countries such as Australia, USA,

Philippines, Thailand and Brazil (Khong et al. 2004). It

is well known that nitrofurans are metabolized

rapidly in vivo and within 7 to 63 minutes results in

the rapid depletion of nitrofuran in blood and tissue

(Nouws and Laurensen 1990,McCracken et al. 1995).

However, the form of metabolites 3-Amino-5-

morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), AOZ

and Semicarbazide (SEM) bind to tissue proteins in

the body for few weeks after treatment (Gikas et al.

1996, McCracken and Kennedy 1997, Cooper and

Kennedy 2005). Chloramphenicol (CAP) is also a

broad spectrum antibiotic used to combat serious

human infections which is commonly used in farm

animals to enhance production. Unlike nitrofuran,

CAP is harmful for human because it is carcinogenic

and can cause aplastic anemia, leukemia, bone

marrow suppression and gray baby syndrome. CAP

was banned for use in food-producing animals in USA

and Europe. A "zero tolerance" has been established

by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for CAP

residues in seafood like shrimps, crabs, crayfishes

and other animal products.Shrimp farming and related activities contribute

significantly to the national economy of Bangladesh.

The main areas of contribution are export earning

and employment generation for on and off farm

activities. Frozen shrimp is the second largest export

sector of the economy. The massive natural

resources available in Bangladesh make this sector

particularly promising for investors looking to supply

in international as well as in domestic markets.

Fisheries sector contributes 4.57% to the Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) and shrimp alone

contributes about 0.07% of total export earnings

(Hassan et al. 2013).Anonymous (2008) portal database of the

European Commissions on crustaceans and

products thereof

for Bangladesh during 2000-2012,

shows the trends of occurrences. A total of 159

(10.56%) notifications (alert-40; border rejection- 47;

information-72) were recorded for Bangladesh

against a worldwide 1505 notifications. During the

period, 120 (20.27%) notifications were identified

for residue of veterinary medicinal products against

592 notifications recorded in the portal. Forty eight

consignments were re-dispatched to Bangladesh

while 11 consignments were destroyed at the

European border as a consequence of the

notifications by the European countries (Alam

2013,

Hossain et al. 2013).

Importing countries encountered a number of

food safety problems for fish and fisheries products,

which included microbiological contaminants due to

lack of hygiene in the production process, residues

from use of prohibited antibiotics, metal

contaminants, parasites and a broken cold chain

(Antunes et al. 2006). Belgium, Great Britain,

Germany, Netherland and Denmark were the most

significant European Union (EU) export destinations

for Bangladeshi shrimp. Belgium remained at the top

of the list for import of Bangladeshi shrimp despite

its notifications of semicarbazide (SEM), a

metabolite of nitrofuran antibiotic in 2009.

Belgium

imported shrimp from Bangladesh had a

value of

US$ 97 million in 2008-2009; this fell

73

million in 2009-2010 and then jumped to US$ 252

million in 2012-2013 (Anonymous 2013).

Over the last few years, the EU has rejected manyshrimp consignments of giant freshwater shrimp

(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) from Bangladesh, India,

China, Thailand, Vietnam being the products were

found to have metabolites of banned nitrofuran

metabolites (AMOZ, AOZ, AHD, SEM) and

Islam et al.

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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 8: 71-83 (2014)

Received: June 2014

Accepted: October 2014

Printed: November 2014

INTRODUCTION


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chloramphenicol (CAP).

The presence of nitrofuran metabolites and other

chemical contaminants in shrimp product is a great

concern to Bangladesh export sector. Nitrofuranmetabolites and other chemicals detected in the

shrimp are suspected to be contaminated mostly

from its environment, where shrimp culture is

practiced. Other probable source should also be

taken into consideration like shrimp feed and feed

ingredients, seed sources, imported inputs for

shrimp and fish feed production, indigenous inputs

and drugs used in aquaculture and poultry

industries. If sources of such contaminations are not

identified, and required preventive measures are not

taken in time, Bangladesh shrimp sector will face asetback leading to severe decline in shrimp

production and the lose of competitiveness in

export market.

There are debates on how these banned

antibiotics gain access into the shrimp body. SEM

was found to occur naturally in shrimp and crabs

(Pereira et al. 2007); while its formation in starch and

egg white powder treated with hypochlorite

solutions containing 12% active chlorine (Hoenicke

et al. 2004). Here it is noteworthy to mention that

hypochlorite is commonly used as a disinfectant in

shrimp processing plants. However, a detailed

investigation on the source of contamination of

shrimp with banned antibiotics is essential, and as a

first step it prompts a systematic analysis of feed

and feed ingredients used in the shrimp farming in

Bangladesh. In view of the above circumstances, an

investigation was conducted to identify the source

and find out the possible routes or pathways

through which the hazardous antibiotics and their

chemicals gain access into the shrimp value chain.

Survey on source identification

Three non-compliant shrimp processing

industries in Bangladesh were identified: (i)

Jalalabad Frozen Foods Ltd; (ii) Modern Seafood

Industries Ltd and (iii) Bagerhat Seafood Industries

Ltd., where the numbers of non-compliance

consignments were comparatively higher in the year

of 2012. The major areas identified were: Rupsha,

Dumuria, Batiaghata of Khulna, Fakirhat, Chitalmari,

Mollarhat, Rampal of Bagerhat, Jessore town,

Abhaynagar, Keshabpur and Monirampur of Jessore.On the basis of identified areas, a survey was

conducted in different markets in Khulna, Jessore

and Bagerhat districts to find out the feeds available

in the market. A survey was also conducted among

the farmers of those areas in order to know about

the use of feeds in shrimp and another survey was

conducted in hatcheries to collect information on

the different types of feeds, disinfectants and

therapeutic compounds used in the hatchery system

and aqua farms.

Sampling approachBased on the survey results, 10 areas were

selected for sample collection. Feed samples were

collected from retail market, shrimp farms and from

feed industries. A total of 160 samples were

collected which included shrimp, fish and poultry

feed, feed ingredients, poultry litter and snail

samples of dried shell whole, dried shell crushed and

live form. As for water and sediment samples of

shrimp farms and hatcheries, 250 shrimp farms and

25 hatcheries were selected randomly from the

culture areas accordingly based on 96/23/EC

directives and (Boyd 1995).

Collection and antibiotic analysis of feed

sample

A total of 160 feed and feed ingredients were

collected. Besides this water and soil sediment also

collected from 250 shrimp hatch. About 500 g of

each feed and feed ingredient sample and 200 mL of

each soil water and sediment samples was collected

in pyrogen free polyethylene sealer bag and

transported the Quality Control Division of DoF,

Dhaka. Sample preparation and analysis of AMOZ,AOZ, AHD, SEM and CAP were conducted using

validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass

spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical assays on an

Waters Alliance 2695 series HPLC and Quattro Micro,

API mass spectrometer instrumentation (Waters

Corporation, USA). In brief, at first feed samples

were homogenized in acetonitrile (ACN) and

resulting homogenate was washed with hexane and

extracted using ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate was

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Islam et al.EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 8: 71-83 (2014)

MATERIALS AND METHODS


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taken to dry and the residue was reconstituted in

95% ACN. The samples were then analyzed by

reversed phase chromatography with detection by

LC/MS/MS in negative mode. Deuteratedchloramphenicol (D5-CAP) was used as an internal

standard. The molecular [M-H] - ion was transmitted

and fragmented for each analyst. Two daughter

molecular ions were monitored, and the ratios of

these ions were used to confirm the presence of the

analyst in a sample. D5-CAP was carried through the

analytical procedure to compensate for any analyte

loss and for ion suppression during the MS stage. In

case of nitrofuran metabolite analysis, aliquots

(1.000.05 g) of homogenized feed samples were

taken into test tubes and washed with 8.0 mL cooledmethanol and centrifuged by 4,000 rpm for 4 min.

This washing step was repeated with 4.0 mL

methanol. The samples were then mixed with 5.0 mL

of 0.2M HCl and 50.0 L of 2 nitrobenzaldehyde (2

NBA, 100mM in methanol ) and incubated overnight

at 37C. Then it was neutralized and pH was adjusted

with 1.0 M NaOH. After the addition of 4.0 mL ethyl

acetate, the samples were centrifuged and organic

layer was transferred to a clean tube. Then the

samples were further extracted with 4.0 mL ethyl

acetate, centrifuged and the organic layer added tothe first extract. After evaporation to near dryness,

the samples were reconstituted in methanol and

passed through 0.45 M syringe filter. After that the

samples were analyzed by reversed phase

chromatography with detection by LC/MS/MS in

positive mode. AMOZ-d5 was carried through the

analytical procedure to compensate for any analyte

loss and for ion suppression during the MS stage.

Collection and antibiotic analysis of water and

sediment of culture ponds

Water samples from shrimp farms were collected

from the middle of a dyke and 10-20 m inside the

ponds (approximately 50-60 cm depth), and 225 mL

of sediment were collected from the upper 5 cm

layer from the bottom of the same pond with a 5 cm

diameter corer. Cores were obtained from 4 to 6

places within each pond and combined to provide

one sample per pond (Boyd 2000). In case of shrimp

hatcheries, water and sediments were collected

from hatchery inlet. They were analyzed for

antibiotic residues following the procedures

described above.

Analysis of survey results

Informations collected from differentstakeholders were analyzed and the possible

pathways of antibiotic contamination to shrimp

were assessed (Fig. 1). Strategies for precautionary

measure and prevention or control measures against

such contamination were prepared.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses of antibiotic contamination

for feed and feed ingredients were made using

analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA).

Contamination was calculated as percentages with

95% confidence intervals. Differences betweenmeans were assessed for significance by Tukey-HSD

test with a significance level of P


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5 out 7 and 2 out of 8 were found contaminated for

shrimp feed, fish fedd, poultry feed and feedingredients respectively. In case of Khulna 1 out 13, 2

out of 2, 2 out 8 and 5 out of 12 were found

contaminated for shrimp feed, fish fedd, poultry

feed and feed ingredients respectively. Whereas for

Jessore 1 out 3, 1 out of 7, 1 out 8 and 1 out of 17

were found contaminated as the same chronological

order (Fig. 4). Maximum number of feeds

contaminated with nitrofurazone (SEM), were

manufactured by Bismillah Feed Mills Co. Ltd. and

Fakirhat Feed Mills Co. Ltd. of Bagerhat district

(Table 1). In addition to shrimp, fish and poultryfeeds; some feed ingredients collected from that

region were contaminated with high levels of CAP

and SEM, such as Anpro-USA (protein 60%) (CAP 0.23

ppb, SEM 2.63 ppb). In Khulna district, Progoti Fish

Feed Co. Ltd. and Spectra Hexa Co. Ltd. Were the

producers of shrimp feeds with high levels of CAP

contamination of 2.00 ppb and 5.70 ppb,

respectively (Table 1). In case of SEM contamination,

Spectra Hexa Co. Ltd. produced less contaminated

feed of 0.27 ppb in compare to Progoti Fish Feed Co.

Ltd., which produced highly contaminated feed of3.17 ppb. Table 1 shows that the maximum feeds

samples were adulterated with SEM. In Jessore

district the major contaminated feeds were Quality

Feed Golden Grower of Abhoynaga, Jessore

produced by Quality Feed Mills Co. Ltd. of 6.73 ppb

SEM, which was the highest contamination among

all the feed industries. AHD was found highest of

2.16 ppb in SGS grower feed (Poultry) of Dumuria,

Khulna. For AOZ the highest amount of 2.61 ppb

found was in Showkat poultry feed of Fakirhat,

Bagerhat. AMOZ was found in acceptable limit in allfeeds. Maximum 5.70 ppb chloramphenicol (CAP)

was detected in spectra hexa limited feed followed

by Progoti Fish Feed Ltd. of 2.00 ppb of Batiaghata,

Khulna. Soybean oil cake collected from Fakirhat of

Bagerhat was found non compliant with CAP of 1.60

ppb. Jessore poultry feed (layer) and Advanced

Poultry Feed were also found adulterated with 0.81

ppb and 0.63 ppb CAP, respectively.

Several feed ingredients collected from Bagerhat

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Fig. 1. Possible pathways for entry of banned nitrofuran and chloramphenicol in giant freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachiumrosenbergii).


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Islam et al.

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Fig. 2. Study area and sampling site for source identification of banned antibiotics.Map shows popularity of different feeds used in Khulna, Bagerhat and Jessore regions. Rank1 indicates most popular while Rank2 is secondmost popular feed in a specific area.


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Table 1. Antibiotics contaminated feed and feed ingredients found to be used in shirmp farming in study area.

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region, contaminated with 2.89 ppb SEM, which

included Croatian Super Meat and Bone Meal,

whereas Indian oil cake collected from Abhoynagar,

Jessore was contaminated with trace amount of 0.10

ppb CAP but high 3.89 ppb SEM (Table 1).

Analysis of water and sediment for nitrofuran

metabolites and chloramphenicol

Results for nitrofuran metabolites and

chloramphenicol were presented in (Table 3) and

area based contaminations were depicted at (Fig. 5).In case of Bagerhat district among the water and

sediment samples collected: 8 out of 91 (9%) pond

water samples were found contaminated with CAP

and/or nitrofuran metabolites such as AMOZ, AHD

and SEM with highest level of CAP 0.45 ppb and

AMOZ 0.68 ppb. Similarly 8 out of 91 (9%) pond

sediment samples were also contaminated with CAP

or AMOZ, AHD and SEM with highest level of CAP

0.35 ppb and AMOZ 1.10 ppb (Table 3and Fig. 5).

For Khulna district, 5 out of 64 (8%) pond water

samples were found to be contaminated withbanned antibiotics with highest level of CAP 2.07

ppb and AOZ 0.25 ppb. Among 64 samples four

samples (5%) pond sediment samples were also

found contaminated with highest level of CAP 0.62

ppb and AOZ 0.73 ppb (Table 3and Fig. 5).

Results show for Jessore district 2 out of 52 (4%)

pond water samples were found contaminated with

banned antibiotics with highest level of SEM 2.64

ppb. Two (2) out of 52 (4%) pond sediment samples

were contaminated with highest level of SEM 0.26

ppb (Table 3and Fig. 5).

Study conducted on the contamination of banned

antibiotics including nitrofuran metabolites and

chloramphenicol in shrimp feed and feed ingredients

showed that 50%, 29% and 11% feed and feed

ingredients were contaminated with nitrofuran

metabolites and chloramphenicol used in Bagerhat,

Khulna and Jessore districts, respectively (Table 2).

Whereas maximum number of antibiotics

contaminated farms were located in the same area.

It is suggested and could be concluded that feedsapplied in the shrimp farms is the primary source of

nitrofuran metabolites and chloramphenicol

contamination of water and sediments of shrimp

ponds.

In Bangladesh, many of the feed ingredients used

to prepare of shrimp and fish feeds were imported

from European and Chinese markets, especially

those which are added as protein concentrate. As

shrimp require high protein diets of 30% and above

(Akiyama et al. 1992), meat and bone meal became a

major ingredient to supplement this high protein

content, and in most cases they are contaminated

with banned nitrofuran. Since there are no proper

guidelines for importing feed ingredients in

Bangladesh, most of the importers do not check the

contents prior to receipt of raw materials at the port

of entry. Therefore, the importers mostly rely on the

analysis results supplied by the exporters alone.

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Table 1. Continued...

DISCUSSION


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Table 2. Area-wise non-compliant feed and feed ingredient.

Fig. 3. Antibiotic residues detected in feed and feed ingredients of shrimp, (A) chloramphenicol, (B) furazolidone,(C) furaltadone, (D) nitrofurantoin and (E) nitrofurazone.


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Islam et al.

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The study revealed that dry whole shrimp with

shell collected from Jessore district which were used

as feed ingredients by the feed processing industriesin Khulna region were contaminated with high levels

of 1.93 ppb CAP in AIT dry whole shrimp (Table 1).

Although dry whole shrimp with shell is a popular

and cheap ingredient in fish/shrimp feed industry

used to enhance the protein content, there is high

risk of contaminating the fish/shrimp feed prepared,

using dry whole shrimp with unwanted chemicals

and residue of antibiotics. It was previously reported

that crustacean shell is a site of drug deposition

(Wang et al. 2004, Uno et al. 2006) and our data with

high levels of CAP in dry whole shrimp is an

indication that dry shrimp as a feed ingredient might

be a source of contamination in the fish/shrimp

feeds available in the domestic market of Khulna

region, Bangladesh.

Polyculture is practiced for giant freshwater

shrimp with carp and tilapia in Bagerhat, Khulna and

Jessore districts of Bangladesh where the farmers

dispense feed at a rate of 3-5% body weight per day

(Eslamloo et al. 2013). Results obtained from survey

showed that almost all the farmers indiscriminately

Fig. 4. Area wise frequencies of antibiotics contaminated feed and feed ingredients at Bagerhat, Khulna, Jessore andregion.

Fig. 5. Area wise frequencies of antibiotics contaminated pond water and sediment at Bagerhat, Khulna and Jessore region.


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use shrimp feed, fish feed, poultry feed in shrimp

farming and even poultry litter as feed ingredient or

for pond fertilization. Although the government has

banned the use of poultry litter as fertilizer in the

ponds, many of the farmers in those areas were still

using it. It is well known that poultry farmers use

high levels of antibiotics (and even banned

nitrofuran is used

) with the diet for treatment and

prevention of infections (De Souza et al. 2005) or to

promote the weight of the animal (Schwarz et al.

2001, Akyuz and Kirbag 2009) and their litter

contains high levels of antibiotics as excreted

metabolized or un-metabolized via the urine and

feces shortly after administration (Hassan et al.

2013). Therefore, the use of poultry litter in ponds

may result in contamination of the shrimp with those

antibiotics used for disease control of poultry

farming. The study also revealed that farmers

frequently used Market Feed (mostly poultry feed

with lower protein content) and home-made feed

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Table 3. Chloramphenicol (CAP) and nitrofuran metabolites in water and sediment.


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Islam et al.

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Akiyama DM, Domin WG, Lawrence AL (1992) Penaeid shrimp nutrition. In: Marine Shrimp Culture: Principles and

Practices. Elsevier Science Publisher. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00646.x

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Alam SMN (2013) Bangladesh in the rapid alert system for food and feed notifications in the period 2000-2012: a

review. Veterinarni Medicina 58(8): 399-404.

Anonymous (2003) European Commission Decision 2003/181/EC. Official Journal of European Commission L71: 17-18.Anonymous (2008) Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). European Commission.

http://dx.doi.org/10.2772/72905

Anonymous (2013) Food Outlook. Biannual report on global food markets. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3473e/i3473e.pdf

Antunes P, Machado J, Peixe L (2006) Illegal use of nitrofurans in food animals: contribution to human salmonellosis.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection 12: 1047-1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01539.x

Boyd CE (1995) Bottom soils, sediment and pond aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, New York.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1785-6

Boyd CE (2000) Water quality an introduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Springer, New York.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4485-2

Cooper KM, Kennedy DG (2005) Nitrofuran antibiotic metabolites detected at parts per million concentrations in retinaof pigs, a new matrix for enhanced monitoring of nitrofuran abuse. Analyst 130: 466-468.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/B418374F

De Souza SVC, Junqueira RG, Ginn R (2005) Analysis of semicarbazide in baby food by liquid chromatography tandem

mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In house method validation. Journal of Chromatography A 1077: 151-158.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.062

Eslamloo K, Akhavan SR, Henry MA (2013) Effects of dietary administration of Bacillus probiotics on the non-specific

immune responses of tinfoil barb, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Acta

Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 43(3): 211-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/AIP2013.43.3.05

where poultry litter were included as feed ingredient

to reduce feed cost. This might also be a source of

antibiotics which is leached into the pond water and

ends up in pond water-sediment and finally inshrimp body.

The study detected trace amounts of 0.35 ppb

SEM in snail meat samples collected from

aquaculture pond in Khulna region, whereas their

shell was free from contamination. Bioavailability of

furazolidone in rat when they were fed with pig

tissues containing radio labeled (14C) furazolidone.

The availability of SEM in snail meat is, therefore, an

indication that there is a possibility of residual

transfer of SEM from snail to shrimps as they

sometimes forage on snails, and there are reportsthat the farmers directly apply snail meat into the

ponds as live food (Vroomen et al. 1990).

In Bangladesh, shrimp culture ponds are

sometimes located near the agricultural fields,

where rice, wheat and various crops are cultivated.When various insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides

are used to kill agricultural pests, the run-off from

these agricultural fields becomes the non-point

sources which may also be a source of harmful

chemicals in the shrimp farms.

The study was funded by Bangladesh Quality

Support Program (BQSP)-Fisheries, United Nations

Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)Project No. EE/BGD/05/B02.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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