soscv at bawana, new delhi - jamia millia islamia · 2014. 7. 21. · soscv at bawana, new delhi...
TRANSCRIPT
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Of
SOSCV at BAWANA, New Delhi
Conducted By Prof. N. U. Khan
& Dr. Vani Narula
Department of Social Work Jamia Millia Islamia
New Delhi
2010
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Acknowledgement
The evaluation of SHGs of Family strengthening programme implemented by SOS in the
areas of Bawana and Najafgarh has been a challenging, rewarding and a delightful
experience. I am thankful to SOS for entrusting this work to me.
I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Anoop Singh for showing confidence in me
and extending his full co-operation and help in carrying out the field work. There was no
pressure / interference from the organisation in the evaluation process, which gave added
confidence.
I would fail in my duty without expressing my thanks to Mr. Mohd. Jibreel and his project
team for the help they provided in conducting the fieldwork. The evaluation work would
not have been possible without the help and co-operation of all the officials of the SOS.
My special thanks to the SHGs and their members for their full co-operation to the
evaluation team throughout the fieldwork. Their availability and cooperation made work
easy for my team and me.
I am also grateful to the research team, for their excellent work in very testing conditions.
For the children and their families my special thanks. Their eagerness and willingness to
participate in the evaluation process made this study a success. As the light of literacy has
illuminated their lives, so has their simplicity and warmth touched mine.
August’2010 Prof. N. U. Khan Department of Social Work Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Nagar, New Delhi - 25
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Executive Summary Profile Activity Assessment Recommendations
Chapter – 1 Introduction 1.1 Present Study 1.2 Back ground of Family Strengthening Project 1.3 The Objective of evaluation 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Data Collection and Analysis
Chapter – 2 Profile of SHG members
2.1 Age Composition 2.2 Religion 2.3 Caste 2.4 Language 2.5 Education 2.6 Occupation
Chapter – 3 Institutional Stability of SHG
3.1 Membership of SHG 3.2 Institutional Stability of SHGs 3.3 Loans
Chapter – 4 Role of SOS 4.1 Group Formation Stage 4.2 Group Stabilisation Stage 4.3 Group Self Reliance Stage 4.4 Programmes conducted by SOS Chapter – 5 Need Assessment for Micro Enterprises
5.1 Assessment of groups 5.2 Assessment of Shiv Shakti Group
Chapter – 6 Conclusions and Recommendations
ANNEXURES: Research Tools
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List of tables Table No 2.1: Membership Profile of the Sample Table No 2.2: Age composition of SHG members Table No 2.3: Religion wise composition of SHG members Table No 2.4: Caste wise composition of SHG members Table No 2.5: Language wise composition of SHG members Table No 2.6: Education wise composition of SHG members Table No 2.7: Occupation wise composition of SHG members Table No 3.1: Year wise composition of SHG members Table No 3.2: Reasons for joining SHG Table No 3.3: Previous Debt of SHG member Table No 3.4: Awareness of purpose of SHG Table No 3.5: SHG meetings held per month Table No 3.6: SHG meetings conducted by Table No 3.7: Awareness of rules and regulations of the SHG Table No 3.8: Awareness of roles and responsibilities of the SHG Table No 3.9: Contribution and position in SHG Table No 3.10: Awareness of total savings of self in the group Table No 3.11: Awareness of total savings of group Table No 3.12: Loan taken from SHG Table No 3.13: Purpose of loan Table No 3.14: Loan Utilisation Table No 3.15: Knowledge of Bank Procedure Table No 4.1: Role of SOS Table No 4.2: Awareness provided by SOS Table No 5.1: Readiness for micro enterprise training and activity Table No 5.2: Previous Business Knowledge Table No 5.3: Preference for micro- enterprise activity Table No 5.4: Knowledge of raw material market Table No 5.5: Knowledge of selling market Table No 5.6: Skill base of members Table No 5.7: Readiness to go for purchase and selling Table No 5.8: Readiness of SHG to volunteer place for Training Table No 5.9: Availability of place for training and micro enterprise Table No 5.10: Expectation of support by SHGs Table No 5.11: Expectation of support by Shanti SHG Table No 5.12: Expectation of support by Om SHG Table No 5.13: Expectation of support by Shubh SHG Table No 5.14: Expectation of support by Shiv Shakti SHG Table No 5.15: Expectation of support by Asha SHG Table No 5.16: Expectation of support by Prem Sai SHG Table No 5.17: Expectation of support by Ekta SHG Table No 5.18: Readiness to spent time in micro enterprise activity Table No 5.19: Choice of time slots
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Executive Summary
Profile
When we examine the profiles we find that the most vulnerable group is the Shubh group
which consists of all members belonging to SC community, majority of whom are illiterate
and have no access to even the SOS’ adult education classes.
On the other extreme is the Shiv Shakti group which has very confident members and the
group is very cohesive, however, the illiterate members of this group also need to be
integrated with adult education so that rotation of office bearers is possible and all the
women have acquired the basic three Rs to venture into the micro enterprise.
The Ekta group is in need of being oriented for the micro- enterprise as its members are
either not working and those who are working are getting a paltry sum which defies
subsistence. This group is now ready to be groomed for micro enterprise on urgent basis.
The micro- credit activity needs to be strengthened in all the groups with the introduction
of compulsory rotation in the posts of office bearers so that all women get hands on
experience and build confidence in all aspects of SHG management.
The interventions of SOS’ adult education centre in providing functional literacy to women
of Prem Sai Group and Ekta group is highly appreciated and is recommended for
emulation for other illiterate members.
Institutional Sustainability of SHGs.
The size of the SHGs is between 15 and 20 members.
There is at least 90% attendance in the meetings.
At least 2 meetings are reportedly held by 4 of the 7 SHGs.
There are regular savings in the SHGs of the members.
Regular loans are given to the members.
There is 100% repayment of loans.
Maintenance of records is done by the groups themselves.
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All the members have participated in the formation of the rules and are aware of the rules
and regulations of the group.
Bank linkages are available to the groups.
The SHGs have multiple sources of income including: interest accrued on loans, penalties
and SOS support.
Groups are able pay their own supplies of stationary items such as record registers, pens,
etc.
Role of SOS
The role of SOS as Self Help Promoting Institution (SHPI) is highly appreciated.
Efforts of SOSCV Bawana in providing literacy to illiterate SHG members through adult
education classes, are highly appreciated.
So far most of the programmes of awareness are targeted at the beneficiaries of SOS. Most
of the groups of SOS are in the second stage of SHG development.
We must conclude by going on record to appreciate the hard work and patience of the SOS
SHG facilitator at Bawana.
SOS has helped all the groups achieve the targets of the first stage of development i.e
Identity by way of name.
Goals and objectives
Rules and regulations
Books of accounts
Books of records and minutes of meetings
Saving statement card.
Office- bearers
Auditing of accounts
SHGs facilitated by SOS facilitator were able to meet the following milestones of Second
Stage of group development for all the SHGs:
Regular savings of members and group.
Inter-lending activities and decisions on rate of interest
Timings of loans
Schedule of repayment of loans
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Attendance is above 90% in meetings
Default systems are in place.
Group members are willing to accept decisions and sanctions of the group.
Group has started discussing issues concerning their future, family matters and socials ills.
Groups are well linked to financial institutions i.e. bank in this case.
Achievement in the third stage of development is prominently visible only in the Shiv
Shakti group and Om group is also nearing it now. The Characteristics helped achieve by
SHGs through SOS facilitation are as follows
Loans are disbursed keeping members needs into account.
Loans are available at the time of need
Savings of the group have accumulated.
Inter-lending has stabilised.
Members are at ease with functioning of the group
Size of loans has become larger.
Idea of micro enterprise has taken root.
Women already in business have taken loans to expand their individual enterprise.
Group is taking initiative and is itself approaching SOS for support on how to further
develop their group.
Areas of this stage which the groups have not been able to achieve are:
The groups have not been able to develop horizontal networks with each other.
The groups have not been able to develop a voice in local governance.
Preparedness for micro enterprise
As of now only the Shiv Shakti group has developed and matured enough to
undertake the micro enterprise and they have identified the trade of jute bag making
for this purpose. Till the training , establishment of business and beginning of
profitable returns , the SHPI will have to nurture and support the SHG till the SHG
is made fully self reliant.
All the other groups need to stabilise further and all but Shubh group will be
prepared for the same within next 4-6 months.
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Recommendations
1. All the members of the SHG need to be trained in group management practices.
2. All groups need to conduct 2 meetings per month.
3. Meetings need to be conducted independently of the SOS functionary who can be present
in the background for support except for the Shubh group which is very new and has
illiterate members. This group needs continued and close facilitation.
4. Members need to be made aware of group savings, earnings and losses if any.
5. Leadership rotation needs to be firmly put in place.
6. Members need to move beyond SOS and themselves and participate in community
activities related to health, sanitation, women support and child protection.
7. SHGs need to link their members to Government programmes and in this case particularly
to mission converges of Delhi Government.
8. SHGs need to tap government grants to increase their incomes.
9. The groups need to meet the travel cost of their members, interest payable on bank loans
and operational costs of other activities.
10. SHGs ready for micro enterprise should be groomed to be ready to contribute capital in
setting up of the micro enterprise.
11. It is recommended that more women be taken under the ambit of this programme so that
we achieve the target of Zero illiteracy among the SHG members.
12. Adult education activity should be extended to all the women and girls of the community.
Perhaps at some later stage it can be made gender neutral and inclusive for all members of
the community of intervention.
13. It is recommended that the various awareness programmes may be extended to the
community at large and the SOS in continuation of the good work done by it in Bawana
may set up a community intervention unit here.
14. It is recommended that groups be facilitated for complete independence in the micro-
credit activity with full rotation of posts of office bearers.
15. Except for the case of Shubh and Ekta group, the other groups need only be monitored
occasionally but be left to run things on their own only for micro-credit activity.
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16. For the micro- credit activity all the groups need to be oriented to be participatory in
bearing SHG and enterprise setting cost which may be supplemented by SOS.
17. In no case should complete dependence be encouraged by funding the activity hundred
percent by SOS. This will go a long way in making the groups develop a self reliant
mentality and facilitate in the ultimate withdrawal SOS on completion of the target of
independent SHG establishment.
18. SOS as a SHPI primarily needs to fulfil the following targets:
a. Develop leadership skills in the women by instilling rotation of office within the
SHG.
b. Help the SHGs to become more cohesive and independent of facilitators for micro
credit activity.
c. Realistically identify micro enterprise.
d. Provide business entrepreneurship training.
e. Conduct micro-enterprise awareness camps, meetings.
f. Network and converge with trade and business bodies.
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Chapter - 1
Introduction
SOS India is a renowned organisation which focuses on working towards development and
welfare of children. This evaluation study would focus on the evaluation of SHGs formed by SOS
under its Family Strengthening Programme (FSP). Under this programme one of the major
component is capacity Building of families to enable them to develop their parenting knowledge
and skills; to secure a stable source of resources (e.g. income and food production) to provide for
their children’s development needs in the present and in the future: and to manage their resources
efficiently. Under this programme caregivers are encouraged to form self help groups and
contribute regularly to meet their credit requirements. An addition to the microfinance angle is the
functionality of the SHG as a livelihood micro enterprise.
A Self-help group of persons who come together with the intention of finding a solution to a
common problem with a degree of self sufficiency (Ranadive: 2008). SHGs can be formulated
around issues related to livelihoods and resources to meet the objectives of the Family
Strengthening programme i.e. to support families and communities to assume their responsibility
to protect and care for their children.
Family Strengthening Programme
This programme of SOS was devised to strengthen families and communities to protect and care
for children using a step- by- step family development planning process. It was found that these
families were in the lower socio-economic strata and were busy in the pursuit of their livelihood
activity due to this they were unable to adequately address the basic material, physical, emotional,
health and educational needs of the children. Therefore the programme was designed to reach out
to children below the age of 18 years of age and their families. Under the programme a package of
services is made available to the family including support for nutrition, health, education, as well
as skill building activities. SOS’ social and medical centres support this programme. Families
participate in this programme from need assessment to family development. Capacities of families
are aimed to be enhanced so that they may move out of deprivation and be able to earn a dignified
livelihood in a self reliant manner. FSP takes a child rights approach to assist and empower
families and care givers to fulfil the needs of children in their familial and community
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environment. This is the basic philosophy of SOS i.e. upholding the family environment for the
care of the child.
Apart from the families the SOS FSP reaches out to the communities by making them aware of
child rights, hygiene, participation in local self governance, etc. Mothers of the children who are
targeted in the FSP are facilitated to form SHGs to tide over their financial difficulties. Following
a systematic approach the SHGs are facilitated to pass through the stages of group formation
(initially for micro credit), then to the stage of group stabilisation where the group is ready to
totally self reliant for micro- credit and is ready to venture into micro enterprise for economic self
reliance; finally in the last stage the groups are encouraged to be totally self reliant by engaging in
micro enterprise which is set up with the capital accrued in the micro credit activity of the SHG.
The aim is to make the group an independent business enterprise for a dignified sustainability of
its members.
The FSP is not limited to be family empowerment programme. It reaches out to the communities
for the furtherance of the goal of better child care and self reliance of their immediate care givers.
Scope of Study
The present study is aimed at evaluating the preparedness of 7 Self Help Groups of SOSCV
Bawana, New Delhi on the following objectives.
Objectives
The objectives of the pilot study will be
a) To conduct an analysis of the Strengths and weaknesses of the SHGs in terms of
Organization.
Cohesiveness
Skills and capacities
b) To study the market for initiating the group or individual livelihood programmes
and draw out a possible option list.
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c) To Identify areas of skill (Business/vocational) for SHG members which can
enhance their capacities for livelihood micro enterprise based on a) and b).
Methodology
The methodology of study will be in four stages Three stages of SHG analysis and one of market
analysis
1. SHG analysis : to study objective a) ,
i) Interviews of the members of the SHGs will be conducted to collect information
from individuals on the functioning of the SHGs and the skills they posses.
ii) Focussed group discussion with the SHG to elicit information on collective wisdom
regarding the strengths and weaknesses of skills and capacities of the individual
group members and SHG as a unit will be conducted.
iii) Record analysis, to assess the organisational capacities of the SHG, will be done.
2. Market survey of neighbourhood areas to ascertain product/ service demand.
The evaluation was carried out taking the SHGs as the primary group of analyses and the
individual member as the unit within the group.
Attempt was made to analyze and evaluate all the interventions by the project during the
project cycle. Various tools were used which included interview Schedule, FGD schedule, and
proformas for secondary data analysis. The methods of data collection included interviews
with individual SHG members, SOS facilitator, group discussion with the SHG and interaction
with project team and other stake holders.
The sample was based on the availability of beneficiaries present during the interactions. Time
was set in collaboration with the SOS facilitator to meet the SHGs for data collection. As most
of the women who were working were available on Saturdays, particularly factory workers,
four visits were done on Saturdays and two on weekdays to conduct the FGD with pre
specified SHGs. On the same day interviews with SHG individual members were also taken.
The interviews were based on a detailed interview schedule, this along with the information
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obtained in the FGD were analysed together. Finally the data from all the three sources i.e.
interviews, FGDs, secondary sources were put together to assess the cohesiveness, stage and
preparedness of SHG for micro-enterprise activity.
The following research tools have been used in the present study:
• Interview: A structured Interview schedule was used to elicit information from the SHG
members individually.
• Focused Group Discussions (FGDs): These were conducted with each individual SHG.
These discussions focused upon eliciting the qualitative information group cohesiveness,
performance and need assessment for micro enterprise.
1.6 Data Collection and Analysis
• The data collection team was given one day orientation in research tools, interview
techniques and method of filling up the interview schedules. The team was trained to
conduct FGD’s of the SHG based on a well developed FGD tool.
• The field team is experienced in conducting the field work. They all have experience in
data collection in different research projects.
• Qualitative data was analysed electronically. It was classified and collated to help the
analysis and draw conclusions.
• For qualitative analysis the records of descriptive questions, FGDs and members responses
accompanied by SOS facilitator’s narratives were collated and content analysed and
expressed.
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Chapter 2 Profile of the respondents
The study comprised of 7 SHGs and each SHG targeted a membership of 20 members each. On
the days of data collection the strength of the SHGs is given in the following table. The Om group
was present in full strength, while Shiv Shakti group and the Ekta group were also present in good
strength. The reason for the low turnover of members in the other groups was cited to be their
having left for their native place as their children were on summer vacation from School. All the
members of the different Self Help groups were women. Majority of the women were widows.
However, as the programme outreach is on to families, some married women are also beneficiaries
of the Family strengthening programme (FSP).
Table No 2.1: Membership Profile of the Sample
SHG No. of
members Members present
Shanti 20 7 Om 15 15
Shubh 20 8 Shiv Shakti 19 14
Asha 17 12 Prem Sai 16 7
Ekta 19 14 Total 125 77
When we look at the above table we find that at least half of the universe i.e. 77 women out of 125
are represented in the sample. Detailed interviews and Group discussions with them have given
some interesting insights into the SHGs of FSP.
AGE
Most of the women SHG respondents were within the age group 25-45 years i.e 84.4% of the
respondents were in this productive age group. Only one respondent was below 25 years of age
and the remaining were above 45 years of age. It is important to note that women between the age
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group 25 to 45 years constitute the able work force along with the fact that they have young
children for whom they are responsible. It is important that this group particularly those who have
lost the male earning member in our patriarchal family get some source of livelihood for their
survival and that of their families. In that the FSP has engaged this group in its micro credit
activities and is nurturing the same for micro-enterprise, the work of SOS needs to be commended.
Table No 2.2: Age composition of SHG Members
SHG 15-25 25-35 35-45 45<
Shanti 1 4 2 Om 6 7 2
Shubh 2 4 2 Shiv Shakti 8 4 2
Asha 8 4 Prem Sai 7
Ekta 1 5 5 3 Total 1 30 35 11
Religious Profile
It is interesting to note that Bawana is not a traditional Village nor is it a slum of a metro. It is
what we constitute as a demographic in a state of flux. Some researchers would place it as a semi –
urban village; one which has a rural physical environment that is rapidly being urbanised by the
State Authorities to meet the ever expanding demand of the National Capital Region. Keeping this
in mind when we look at the religious demography, we find that most of the respondents were
Hindus followed by those who Muslims. According to the 2001 Census, demographic distribution
as per religion in Delhi consists of approximately 83.67% Hindu, 9.2% Muslim, 6.1% Sikh and
0.9% Christians. Other minorities include Jains, Buddhists and Jews but their percentage is
negligible.
The population targeted by the FSP consisted largely of Hindus i.e. 93.5%, Muslims represented in
the sample were 5.2% and only one Sikh women constituted the respondent group. No Christians
were reported as being part of the sample. It remains to be seen whether this representation is in
consonance with the demography of Bawana in general. Traditionally Bawana has been a largely
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Hindu Jat dominated rural area. Therefore, the presence of a large Hindu population is in
consonance with the same. It is important to note that Muslim women due to their traditions are
also not very visible in a population. It would be worthwhile that for extension of FSP and its
micro credit and enterprise related activities if a baseline survey of the area is done to identify
needy women who are as yet not visible and outside the range of FSP. Currently the religious
distribution is largely in sync with the demographic profile of the area.
Table No 2.3: Religion wise composition of SHG members
SHG Hindu Muslim Sikh Others
Shanti 6 1 0 0 Om 14 1
Shubh 7 1 Shiv Shakti 14
Asha 12 Prem Sai 7
Ekta 12 2 Total 72 4 1 0
Caste Profile
It is interesting to note that despite claims that Delhi is a Metropolitan city and primordial
identities seem to diffuse away. However, of the respondents in the study, while the upper caste
women clearly cited their caste on asking; women of the other castes, including tribals in the first
instance asserted that caste was irrelevant. On re-questioning they did not specify the caste but
said they were SC. This identity they said was more important to them as it enabled their children
to get benefits of education, scholarships, etc. The Muslim and the Sikh women said this question
was not applicable to them. Others who did not respond said they did not know their caste and in
any case it did not matter in Delhi. It is significant to note that the Shiv Shakti group refused to
respond to the question on caste as they said this was of no relevance to the SHG and caste does
not matter because we all are facing similar problems.
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Language profile Largely Delhi is regarded as a melting pot of India, where people from all over the subcontinent
seem to converge. Yet Hindi remains the dominantly spoken language here, as can be seen from
the table below. Besides Hindi, Punjabi and Haryanvi are also spoken in Delhi due to a large
Punjabi population in Delhi as well as Delhi being surrounded on three sides by Haryana. There,
were a few women in the group from Jharkhand and West Bengal also, but they all spoke Hindi.
Hindi emerges as the common means of communication for these women.
Table No 2.5: Language wise composition of SHG members
SHG Hindi Punjabi Haryanvi others
Shanti 7
Om 14 1 0 2
Shubh 8 1 0
Shiv Shakti 14 0 3 0
Asha 12 0 0 0
Prem Sai 7 0 0 0
Ekta 13 0 0 3
Total 75 2 3 5
Table No 2.4: Caste wise composition of SHG members
SHG SC ST OBC Pandit Jat Rajput Tyagi Others General
Shanti 1 0 1 0 3 1 1 0 Om 2 1 7 1 0 0 0 4
Shubh 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shiv Shakti
Asha 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 Prem Sai 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Ekta 10 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 Total 29 1 12 1 4 1 1 8
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Educational Profile When we look at the educational profile of the women we find that 36% of the women were
illiterate in the group. To have fully functional and empowered SHGs it is imperative that all the
members get an opportunity to hold position of responsibility, in the SHG. It is therefore,
important that the SHG enabling FSP should in its future plan include a target of Zero illiteracy or
conversely it should strive for literacy of all the SHG members. This effort will go a long way in
the empowerment of the women so that they may be able to face their future confidently and
independently. However it must be commended that no woman was left out of the SHG on the
basis of her illiteracy.
Table No 2.6: Education wise composition of SHG members
SHG
Illiterate 1 to 5 6 to 10 10< SOS Adult Education
center
Shanti 2 2 2 1 0 Om 6 1 5 3 0
Shubh 6 2 0 0 0 Shiv Shakti 4 0 10 0 0
Asha 2 1 5 0 4 Prem Sai 3 1 3 0 0
Ekta 5 1 0 0 8 Total 28 8 25 4 12
What is really encouraging is that at least 12 women were availing of adult education centre
facilities of SOS. This is highly appreciated and its continuance is highly recommended.
Occupational Profile Half of the members (51.9%) of the SHG were engaged in livelihood activities which had gainful
economic returns.
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Table No 2.7: Occupation wise composition of SHG members
SHG
Labour Job Self
Employed
Factory
Worker
Not
Employed Others
Total
Shanti 5 2 7 Om 8 3 4 15
Shubh 1 7 8 Shiv Shakti
9 2 1
2 Agan
Wadi 14
Asha 1 1 3 7 12 Prem Sai 2 3 2 7
Ekta 3 5 6 14 Total 6 26 6 37 2 77
This is important to take cognisance of as most of these women are widows and need to support
themselves and their families. Most of them said (in the group discussion) that they were already
working and after the death of the spouse wanted opportunity to increase their income as the cost
of living was high and they had small children whose future they wanted to secure.
Profile of Shanti group
Seven members of the Shanti group were present for the evaluation. Of these 4 were between 35-
45 years of age, 1 between 25-35 and 2 were above 45 years of age. All of the members were from
the Hindi speaking belt of Delhi and Haryana. There were 6 members who were Hindu and 1 was
a Muslim. The group had 3 Jats, 1 Rajput, 1 Tyagi, 1 SC and 1 OBC member. All the women
spoke Hindi fluently. Only 1 member was 10th pass, 2 were illiterate, 2 primary and 2 had studied
till the middle school level. Five of the women were self employed in the group, two were not
working. 5 of the members who were working had an income of above Rs 1000/- pm of these four
had an income of above Rs2500/- pm which included income self employment and widows’
pension. 3 of the members of the group were their in it since its inception in 2007 while 4 had
joined in 2008.
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Profile of Om group Fifteen members of the Om group were present for the evaluation. Of these only 2 members were
above 45 years of age the others were between 25-45 years of age.13 members of the group were
from the Hindi speaking belt of Delhi and Haryana, one was a Punjabi and 1 from Kerala. There
were 14 members who were Hindu and 1 was a Muslim. The group had 1 Pandit, 2 SC, 1 ST , 7
OBC and 4 other members. All the women spoke Hindi fluently, one knew English also. . 3
members were10th pass, 6 were illiterate, 1 primary and 5 had studied till the middle school level.
3 of the women were self employed in the group, 8 said they were in job and 4 were not working.
11 of the members who were working had an income of above Rs2500/- pm which was primarily
from job and self employment. 3 of the members of the group were their in it since its inception in
2007 while 6 had joined in 2008 and the remaining 6 had joined in 2009.
Profile of Shubh group 8 members of the Shubh group were present for the evaluation. Of these only 2 members were
above 45 years of age the others were between 25-45 years of age. All the members of the group
were from the Hindi speaking belt of Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. 7 members were
Hindu and 1 was a Sikh. All the 8 members identified themselves as SCs. All the women spoke
Hindi fluently, one knew Punjabi also. 6 were illiterate and 2 had studied up to primary level, they
were dependent on the SOS facilitator for record maintenance. Only one member was in a Factory
job and others were not working. The one employed woman was earning between Rs 1001-2500/-
per month. All the members had joined the SHG in 2008.
Profile of Shiv Shakti group
Fourteen members of the Shiv Shakti group were present for the evaluation. 11 of the members
were from the Hindi speaking belt of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh the other three were from
Bengal and Assam. All the members were Hindu. The group refused to respond to the question
regarding Caste. They said that in Delhi caste has no importance, ‘What is important is that, we all
are in similar life situation and want to become realistically economically independent’. All the
women spoke Hindi fluently in addition to their mother tongue. The group had 4 illiterate
members and 10 who had studied till the middle school. Nine of the women were self employed in
the group, two were factory workers and two were Anganwadi workers while one was not
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working. All the members had an income of above Rs 1000/- pm of these two had an income of Rs
3000/- to Rs3500/- pm which included income from rent, dairy farming and widows’ pension.
Three women had an income of more than Rs 2500/- pm but less than Rs 3500/- pm. Sources of
income for the women were widows pension, largely. Those who were self employed were
engaged in activities such as Dairy farming, shop keeping and tailoring. All the members of the
group were their in it since its inception in 2007 except for one who joined the group in 2010.
Profile of Asha group
Twelve members of the Asha group were present for the evaluation. Of these 4 were between 35-
45 years of age and majority 8 between 25-35 years of age. All of the members were from the
Hindi speaking belt of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. All the members were Hindus.
The group had 1 Jats, 2 Baniyas, 2 Bairagi (STs) and 7 SCs. All the women spoke Hindi fluently.
No member was 10th pass, 2 were illiterate, 1 primary, 2 had studied till the middle school level
and 4 had studied in the SOS Adult education Centre. 1 woman was self employed in the group,
7 were not working, 1 worked as labour and 3 were working in Factories. 5 of the members who
were working had an income of above Rs 1000/- pm of these 2 had an income of above Rs2500/-
pm which included income self employment, the factory workers were earning between Rs 1001-
2500/- per month. All the members of the group were their in it since its inception in 2008.
Profile of Prem Sai group
Seven members of the Prem Sai group were present for the evaluation. All of them were between
35-45 years of age. All of the members were from the Hindi speaking belt of Delhi, Bihar and
Haryana. . All the members were Hindus. The group had 6 SC and 1 OBC member. All the
women spoke Hindi fluently. No member was 10th pass, 3 were illiterate, 1 primary and 3 had
studied till the middle school level. 3 of the women were self employed in the group, two working
as labour and 2 as house maids. Of those who were working one earned Rs 500/- per month and
the others between Rs 1000- Rs 2500/-. However the group refuted that they earned less than Rs
200/- . The single person who said she earned Rs 500/- said this she earned the month she had
taken several offs. All the members of the group had joined the SHG in 2008.
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Profile of Ekta group
Fourteen members of the Prem Sai group were present for the evaluation. Of these 1 was between
15-25 tears of age, 5 between 25-35 years of age, 5 were between 35-45 years of age and 3 were
above 45 years of age. 12 members were from the Hindi speaking belt of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and
Haryana, and 2 were from Bengal. 12 members were Hindus and 2 Muslims. The group had 8 SC,
3 OBC and 1 Baniya member from the Hindu community. All the women spoke Hindi fluently, in
addition 2 were familiar with Bangla and 1 was literate in Urdu. 5were illiterate, 1 primary and 8
had studied in the SOS adult education Centre. 5 of the women were self employed in the group, 3
were working as labour and 6 were not working outside for money. Of those who were working
one earned Rs 500/- per month and 7 between Rs 1000- Rs 2500/-. 12 of the members of the
group had joined the SHG in 2008 and there were 2 additions in2010.
Conclusion
When we examine the profiles we find that the most vulnerable group is the Shubh group which
consists of all members belonging to SC community, majority of whom are illiterate and have no
access to even the SOS’ adult education classes. They are largely unemployed and are leading a
hand to mouth existence. This group needs special nurturing by SOS. As an immediate step all the
members of this group need to be made literate. On the other extreme is the Shiv Shakti group
which has very confident members and the group is very cohesive, however, the illiterate members
of this group also need to be integrated with adult education so that rotation of office bearers is
possible and all the women have acquired the basic three Rs to venture into the micro enterprise.
The Ekta group is in need of being oriented for the micro- enterprise as its members are either not
working and those who are working are getting a paltry sum which defies subsistence. This group
is now ready to be groomed for micro enterprise on urgent basis. The micro- credit activity needs
to be strengthened in all the groups with the introduction of compulsory rotation in the posts of
office bearers so that all women get hands on experience and build confidence in all aspects of
SHG management. The interventions of SOS’ adult education centre in providing functional
literacy to women of Prem Sai Group and Ekta group is highly appreciated and is recommended
for emulation for other illiterate members.
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Chapter 3 Membership in SHG
Self Help Groups have existed earlier under the name of Mahila Mandals in India. These were
more active in rural areas than in urban areas largely due to efforts under DWACRA and later
under programmes such as Urban Basic Services (UBS), IRDP and the SWA-Shakti projects.
Micro- credit groups have existed under the name of Kamaitee in urban catchments, which are a
version of kitty party groups. The elements of SHG were missing there. Unlike an SHG the
Kamaitee is not a group initiative or activity. An individual initiates it and tries to get members to
join it. The initiator then takes out the chit of the person who will get the months Kamaitee, it is
then up to the person to take it or transfer to another on an interest. The interest becomes the
earning of the Kamaitee members. In urban areas a problem of fraud and running away with the
money by the Kamaitee initiator has been commonly reported. Also, disappearance and non -
continuance of instalment payment by members whose chit comes out has been commonly
reported. A major reason for this is said to be the lack of accountability due to anomie in the city.
Keeping these challenges of running an SHG in mind, this evaluation study looks into the
membership patterns in the SHG.
Table No 3.1: Year wise composition of SHG members
SHG 2007 2008 2009 2010
Shanti 3 4 Om 3 6 6
Shubh 8 Shiv Shakti 13 1
Asha 12 Prem Sai 7
Ekta 12 2 Total 19 41 14 3
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The SHG groups were formed in the winter of 2007-08. Shiv Shakti, Shanti and Om groups were
formed in 2007, Asha, Prem Sai and Ekta groups were formed in 2008 and the newest group was
Shubh which was formed in 2009. When we see this table in combination with table one and the
GD discussion, we find that the group’s had undergone change with time. The Asha group started
with 20 members in 2008, along the way the group found two of its members to be defaulters. One
member changed residence and moved out. So, all in all three members dropped out and no new
alternate members were taken in. Of the 17 members on roll at present 12 were available for the
research. Shiv Shakti group was formed in the December of 2007. It started with 19 members but
this year one woman was excluded for being a defaulter and an alternate new member was
inducted, 14 members of this group were available for the evaluation study. Shanti group was also
formed in 2007 with20 members, 4 its members dropped out in 2008 and new were inducted. This
group has 20 members of which 7 were available for this study. Om group was formed in 2007
with 15 members. The group had high turn over 6 members were inducted in 2008 and another 6
in 2009. During the time of this study the group had 15 members of which all were available for
the research study. Ekta group was formed in 2008, initially with 18 members but one member
dropped out in 2009 and two new were inducted this year. So, the total group strength is 19 out of
which 14 were available for this study. Prem Sai group was also formed in December of 2007 in
Najafgarh. Initially it started with 15 members but this year one more member was inducted and
now the group strength is 16, out of which 14 members were present for this study. The newest
SHG to be formed was Shubh which was formed in January 2009. The group stated with 18
members and gradually it reached full strength of 20. Only 8 of its members were available for the
study.
It is significant to note that the SHGs have maintained optimum size and not exceeded the
mandated size of 20 in any case. The members of the SHG were of the opinion that having less
members but stable, like minded and reliable members was more important to make the SHG
Stronger for the development of all its members.
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Reasons for Joining SHG
Table No 3.2: Reasons for Joining SHG
SHG
For monetary
support
To save
money
Motivation
by SOS
functionary
Shanti 0 0 7 Om 10 5
Shubh 6 0 2 Shiv Shakti 13 1 0
Asha 11 0 1 Prem Sai 5 2 0
Ekta 13 1 0 Total 58 4 15
It is interesting to note that of the 77 respondents 58 wanted to join the SHG for getting extra
monetary support from the group, only 4 joined the group for savings and 15 of the respondents
did so on the motivation of the SOS functionary. It would be noteworthy here to mention that the
SOS functionary is extremely dedicated and the groups give a lot of weightage to his advice and
words. One group in particular the Shiv Shakti group wanted to move towards self reliance by
engaging in micro enterprise on the motivation by the SOS functionary. At this stage the SHGs
need continued support of the SOS functionary and his role in moving them towards self reliance
is important.
Previous debt It is important to look at the reasons for opting to join SHG in conjunction with existence of
previous debt. We find that majority of the respondents joined the SHG expecting monetary
support from it.
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Table No 3.3: Previous Debt of SHG member
SHG Yes No NA Shanti 4 3
Om 1 13 1 Shubh 8 0
Shiv Shakti 4 10 Asha 3 9
Prem Sai 4 3 Ekta 6 8 Total 30 46 1
On exploring the reason why in the group discussion along with perspective of indebtedness we
find that at least 30 out of the 77 respondents were under previous debt, which they sought to pay
out through the micro credit function of the SHG. This is a very important finding; it reiterates the
need for establishing SHGs to counter moneylender mafia and to help women meet their needs
without falling into the trap of indebtedness which reels these already vulnerable women into the
clutches of poverty. 47 of the respondents were not under any debt but some of them were
contemplating borrowing money from professional moneylenders even though they were familiar
with the disadvantages of the same. So, on one hand the SHGs have come to the rescue of those
women who were under debt, and on the other it has prevented others from treading this path
altogether.
Awareness about Self Help Groups
The first step towards becoming a member of any group is awareness about the group and its
purpose. 72 of the 77 respondents were aware of the purpose of the SHG as they were made
initially into micro-credit groups under the FGSP of SOS. Most were aware of the micro-credit
function of the SHG. It is important to note that during the Group Discussion the SHG members
expressed that they had begun to understand the concept of SHG, its purpose and utility more by
actually being a part of it rather than by mere verbal explanation of the same by the SOS
facilitator.
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Table No 3.4: Awareness of purpose of SHG
SHG Yes NO
Shanti 7 Om 15
Shubh 6 2 Shiv Shakti 12 2
Asha 12 Prem Sai 7
Ekta 13 1 Total 72 5
They could also relate the difference between an SHG and a kitty group. All in all the awareness
was more a result of active participation in the SHG.
Institutional Sustainability of the SHGs
One important purpose of the SHG is empowerment of its members. The sustainability of the SHG
involves strengthening of the inner capacities of the group members as well those of the group as a
whole. The aim of a fully mature group is to achieve competence independently in financial and
non-financial matters without even the minimal help of facilitators. For this it is important to see if
the members are active in the SHG activities and have members who have expanded their incomes
while at the same time reduced debt.
SHG Meetings
3 of the SHGs were meeting once a month and the rest were meeting twice a month. Of these the
SOS facilitator was present in one. This meeting would take place at SOS Bawana.
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Table No 3.5: SHG meetings held per month
SHG 1 Times 2 Times NA
Shanti 7 Om 12 3
Shubh 8 Shiv Shakti 13
Asha 12 Prem Sai 7
Ekta 3 9 2 Total 42 32 2
Some of the meetings were also held in common areas of the neighbourhood like the Chaupal,
mandir or a member’s house with more space. The time of the meetings was fixed and anyone
coming late had to pay a fine. In case of extreme emergency only, a member was permitted to send
the contribution through someone else. In some of the SHGs two meetings were held per month.
One was held by the members alone and in the other one the SOS facilitator was present. This
presence is essential in the beginning to provide the members support till they are fully aware of
the SHG and its functioning. It may be noted that the dependence of the SHGs on the SOS
functionary after 2 years of formation needs to be weaned off. However in this case as the FSP
aimed to take the SHG to the next level from being a micro-credit group to being a micro
enterprise group, this support needs to be continued till the SHGs begins to get viable returns to
their business enterprise.
We find that each SHG needs to train at least 1/3rd of its members in group management related
activities, through learning by doing.
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Table No 3.6: SHG meetings conducted by
SHG SHGs members SOS Functionary
Shanti 4 3 Om 15
Shubh 4 4 Shiv Shakti 14
Asha 8 4 Prem Sai 5 2
Ekta 3 9 Total 53 22
As far as micro credit activity is concerned the groups now are mature enough to be left alone.
They may be peripherally monitored only.
Awareness of rules and regulations
It is interesting to note that each group has democratically ascertained its rules and regulations.
Non – compliance to the rules leads to imposition of fines which is added onto the collection of
the group. All the members were aware of the rules and regulations of their respective groups.
More than the awareness of the rules it is the commitment of the members to uphold the rules in
letter and spirit which shows the strength of the group.
Table No 3.7: Awareness of rules and regulations of the SHG
SHG Yes No NA Shanti 7
Om 15 Shubh 7 1
Shiv Shakti 14 Asha 12
Prem Sai 7 Ekta 10 2 2 Total 72 3 2
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Along with this majority of the members were also very well aware of their roles and
responsibilities in the SHGs as members and office holders.
Table No 3.8: Awareness of roles and responsibilities of the SHG
SHG Yes No NA Shanti 1 6
Om 15 Shubh 1 7
Shiv Shakti 14 Asha 10 2
Prem Sai 7 Ekta 8 4 2 Total 56 19 2
19 of the respondents said they were not aware of the roles and responsibilities while 2 gave no
response. It is noteworthy as mentioned earlier that though rotational leadership existed in theory,
in the SHGs it did not exist in practice. As most women did not want to take the responsibilities of
office bearers, they were not aware of the details of tasks of and methodology of office bearers,
but they were very well aware that these are responsible positions which require extra effort,
banking knowledge and willingness to interact with others. As was pointed out earlier, mere
awareness is not enough, each of the SHG members needs to gain experience at the three office
bearing positions to develop themselves as well as strengthen the group.
Contribution and Savings
The monetary contribution of all the members per month is 100.00. All the financial transactions
took place during the meeting only. This is very positive because it is indicative of full group
interaction and transparency. The groups were of the opinion that this amount is just right for
contribution as it is well within the means of the members. However, some women did want to
increase the contribution to 200.00. In the group discussion to this proposition was not accepted
as most members found more than Rs.100/- to be unaffordable. Another important observation
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31
was that the leadership in the SHGs was not rotational. Though democratic means of voting were
used to designate SHG members to functional responsibilities of president, secretary and treasurer
women who were not literate exercised the power of voting to exclude themselves.
Table No 3.9: Contribution and position in SHG
SHG Rs 100/-pm Yes No Shanti 7 2 6
Om 15 3 12 Shubh 8 3 5
Shiv Shakti 14 3 11 Asha 12 2 10
Prem Sai 7 2 5 Ekta 14 3 11 Total 77 18 60
In this process the group is seeing convenience rather than development of each individual as a
goal by repeating the office bearers again and again. To further the goal of SHG as a reciprocal
model of group work it is imperative that each individual in the group also develops for the
development of the group as a whole. Also, putting responsibility on those who feel they can’t do
it will break their mindsets of underconfidence and motivate them to go for adult education.
Majority of the members in the different groups were pleased with the status quo and did not want
office bearers to change because the work would be an added burden of responsibility. It is
important for the SHG organisers to remove this complacency and aim towards empowerment of
all the group members by insisting on rotation in allocation of office bearing responsibility.
The sustainability of the group also depends on the group’s ability to develop and enhance savings
of the group. The SHGs under this study were able to regularise their savings through the monthly
contributions. The members of the group were largely (67 out of 77) aware of their share of
savings in the SHG.
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Table No 3.10: Awareness of total savings of self in the group
SHG Yes No
Shanti 6 1 Om 13 2
Shubh 5 3 Shiv Shakti 11 3
Asha 12 Prem Sai 7
Ekta 13 1 Total 67 10
However, only half of them were aware of the savings of the group. Of those who were aware,
none could differentiate between the savings principal amount and interest earned. The members
said that though the accounts were shared in each meeting and were available for all to see,
understanding and remembering the group’s savings as a whole was difficult. Most of the
members who could recount the group’s savings were the office bearers.
Table No 3.11: Awareness of total savings of group
SHG Yes No
Shanti 7 Om 13 2
Shubh 2 6 Shiv Shakti 11 3
Asha 0 12 Prem Sai 2 5
Ekta 11 3 Total 39 38
The above findings again reinforce that the office bearers’ roles need to be put in rotation to
strengthen the capacities of each and every member. There were two sets of cards of savings and
loan records which were kept. One was with each member and the other was kept at SOS. As the
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33
members have only their card and not the consolidated account statement the difference in
knowledge of individual and group accounts of members can be justified.
Loans
One of the parameter’s of group sustainability is its regularity in the activities related to loans.
These include, loan disbursement, repayment and record maintenance.
Table No 3.12: Loan taken from SHG
SHG Yes No
Shanti 6 1 Om 3 12
Shubh 7 1 Shiv Shakti 12 2
Asha 10 2 Prem Sai 4 3
Ekta 7 7 Total 49 28
Of the 77 respondents interviewed in this study 49 had taken loan from the SHG. Some had taken
loan twice also and minimal had never taken any loan. In the group discussion the procedure and
underlying rules for loan disbursement were shared by the respondents. The loan applicant was
required to give a written application for the loan to the group citing the reason for seeking the
loan. This application was then put in front of the group by the secretary of the group. Decision to
permit loan disbursement to the applicant was taken by the group. If more than one application
was received the group made the decision regarding the amount to be disbursed to each and
interest thereon. In case the amount required could not be distributed between the two then based
on the reason for seeking the loan, the group would decide the merit of the case and then disburse.
The groups shared that the reason and urgency of seeking the loan was seen rather than capacity to
pay back in making the decision.
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Reasons for seeking loans
It is notable to see that the three most frequent reasons for seeking loans were for education of
children, medical treatment of family member and for business. 2 people had taken loan for
marriage of their children, while one had taken it for construction work at home.
Table No 3.13: Purpose of loan
SHG Education Treatment Business Marriage Repay
Debt construction
Shanti 3 1 2 Om 2 1
Shubh 3 2 1 1 Shiv Shakti 9 3
Asha 1 5 3 1 Prem Sai 2 1 1
Ekta 0 3 4 Total 18 14 14 2 0 1
It is however interesting to see that while 30 the respondents had previous debt none of them had
taken loan to repay that debt. Even more significant is the fact that no woman who had become
part of SHG had gone to a professional money lender for loan again. This is an important step in
the emancipation of women. In this sense the SHGs were able to achieve the goals of meeting
credit needs of their members, decreasing the number of members in debt and in increasing the
economic independence of their members. The groups also reported that they had never had any
problem in the recovery of the loan. In case of default the groups had devised their own default
management policy. Defaulters were charged a fine of Rs10/- per month and if persistent default
continued the person was removed from the group and the amount was taken back. So far no such
loan recovery problem was reported by any group.
Mere loan disbursement and recovery is not the only criteria for assessing the empowerment of the
women. Generally women tend to spend more on their families. An issue of concern is that, the
main criteria for deciding the merit of the case for loan disbursement is the purpose cited for
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35
seeking the loan, it then becomes imperative to find out if the loan was utilised for the same or was
its use diverted to something else.
Loan Utilisation
We find that out of the 49 respondents who had taken loan majority i.e. 47 had utilised the same
for the actual purpose cited, while 2 had diverted the use.
Table No 3.14: Loan Utilization
SHG For purpose Diverted use
Shanti 6 Om 3
Shubh 7 Shiv Shakti 10 2
Asha 10 Prem Sai 4
Ekta 7 Total 47 2
On in-depth questioning it was found that the loan was sought for investment in business, however
in one case it was utilised for medical treatment and in the other in paying the fees of child. The
permission of the SHG was not sought by the members before change in use, though the same was
reported in the following meeting. The group was generally empathetic towards the member due
to the genuineness of the cases concerned. This shows that unlike banking institutions which are
impersonal and bureaucratic, the SHGs has an empathetic human face and goes beyond economic
support to provide social support to its members in case of crisis and does not penalise its
members for diversion of use of loan.
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Knowledge of Bank Procedure
As discussed earlier the lack of rotation in leadership within the SHG has resulted in leaving out
some of the members from understanding the Bank procedures regarding the SHG. Of those who
were aware the extent of knowledge was limited and based on hearsay rather than actual practice.
Table No 3.15: Knowledge of Bank Procedure
SHG Yes No No
response
Shanti 3 4 Om 9 6
Shubh 4 4 Shiv Shakti 10 3 1
Asha 7 5 Prem Sai 7
Ekta 10 4 Total 50 26 1
It is once again reiterated that to make the SHGs sustainable rotational leadership needs to be
implemented firmly so that no member is left out of the knowledge and skill process. Further Bank
linkages have been made available to the group and this should be continued.
Conclusion
When we look at the findings of the study we find that on evaluation the SHGs that the SHGs
made under the FSP meet most of the criteria of institutional sustainability. These can be
summarized as follows.
1. The size of the SHGs is between 15 and 20 members.
2. There is at least 90% attendance in the meetings.
3. At least 2 meetings are reportedly held by 4 of the 7 SHGs.
4. There are regular savings in the SHGs of the members.
5. Regular loans are given to the members.
6. There is 100% repayment of loans.
7. Maintenance of records is done by the groups themselves.
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8. All the members have participated in the formation of the rules and are aware of the rules
and regulations of the group.
9. Bank linkages are available to the groups.
10. The SHGs have multiple sources of income including: interest accrued on loans, penalties
and SOS support.
11. Groups are able pay their own supplies of stationary items such as record registers, pens,
etc.
On the other hand the groups need to strengthen some of their practices, which are:
19. All the members of the SHG need to be trained in group management practices.
20. All groups need to conduct 2 meetings per month.
21. Meetings need to be conducted independently of the SOS functionary who can be present
in the background for support except for the Shubh group which is very new and has
illiterate members. This group needs continued and close facilitation.
22. Members need to be made aware of group savings, earnings and losses if any.
23. Leadership rotation needs to be firmly put in place.
24. Members need to move beyond SOS and themselves and participate in community
activities related to health, sanitation, women support and child protection.
25. SHGs need to link their members to Government programmes and in this case particularly
to mission converges of Delhi Government.
26. SHGs need to tap government grants to increase their incomes.
27. The groups need to meet the travel cost of their members, interest payable on bank loans
and operational costs of other activities.
28. SHGs ready for micro enterprise should be groomed to be ready to contribute capital in
setting up of the micro enterprise.
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Chapter 4
Role of SOS The formation of the SHGs was part of SOS’s Family Strengthening Programme. The first SHG
was formed in the year 2007. Most of the members of the SHG consisted of widows whose
children were benefiting under the community outreach FSP. When we examine the programme
we find that the SHGs were an outcome of the felt needs of majority of women led families
targeted under FSP. It is noteworthy that the programme could translate the felt needs into an
empowering tool for the women in the form of SHGs. The women were not united into a
purposeful group before the FSP intervention. It therefore is understood that the SOS team had to
start from scratch in building the SHGs. The beneficiaries of the FSP were motivated to form the
SHGs. Though it is very easy to say this, the process of motivation itself is the most difficult and
difficult to describe. Initially women belonging to a specific neighbourhood in Bawana who were
FSP beneficiaries were explained about the concept of micro credit through SHGs. They were
given early training, stationary, economic and social support by SOS functionary in formation of
the group, which is endorsed by 74 of the 77 respondents.
Table No 4.1: Role of SOS
SHG
Group formation
Strengthening members
Leadership program
Savings Bank liaison
Utilisation of Govt
Programs
Shanti 7 7 7 7 7 7 Om 15 15 15 15 15 15
Shubh 8 8 7 8 4 7 Shiv Shakti 14 14 14 14 12 13
Asha 12 12 5 12 9 4 Prem Sai 7 7 3 6 7 7
Ekta 11 11 10 11 11 8 Total 74 74 61 73 65 61
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Role of Facilitator in Group formation Stage (time taken 0- 6 months)
At first the facilitator from SOS fixed up a time and date for a meeting at SOS Bawana which was
convenient for the women. The members of one group were those residing in the vicinity of each
other. Caste and lingual group considerations were not taken as the groups were heterogeneous on
these criteria on account of Delhi being metropolitan city. The facilitator made effort to make a
group which was a mix of women who were literate and illiterate; confident and meek; working,
self-employed and housewives. Unlike rural SHGs it is not possible for an urban SHG to have
homogeneity of caste, class, occupation, place of origin, language and age. The SHGs at Bawana
exhibited homogeneity of sex, geographical location, and income level. The bonding factor for
most women was that they were heading single parent families. It is important to note that in
deciding the objective of the SHG SOS had targeted empowering of women to help them take
charge of their lives and improve its quality through the means of SHGs. Though SHGs are not
registered as legal entities as this is not needed, however SOS facilitator helped the SHGs develop
all the characteristics of a formal institution which include the following
a) Identity by way of name.
b) Goals and objectives
c) Rules and regulations
d) Books of accounts
e) Books of records and minutes of meetings
f) Saving statement card.
g) Office- bearers
h) Auditing of accounts
Savings started form the first meeting. The group decided the amount, rules and regulations and
each aspect were clarified by the facilitator. Need for opening bank account and linking up with
the bank was done by the facilitator. Further, the group was helped to decide its internal loaning,
policy which included the amount to be loaned, reason for loan, interest rate to be charged,
repayment schedule, procedure on default and need for communication of the same before
disbursement of the loan. Importance of meeting, its process and recording as a democratic
process of decision making and the central place for contribution collection was explained by the
facilitator. This active and minutely detailed facilitation has strengthened the SHGs of Bawana.
Members were themselves maintaining and writing the records in their registers. However, the
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40
illiterate members were getting excluded out of this exercise and their inclusion is needed to be
done.
Role of Facilitator in Group Stabilisation Stage (time taken 6-8 months)
The groups were strengthened with the help of the SOS facilitator who helped to stabilise them
along with the peer influences of the group itself. In this stage the facilitator helped the group to
stabilise in group processes and financial matters. In this evaluation it is very clear that the groups
are now well versed in micro credit and need to move forward to livelihood independence. With
that goal achieved SOS can then withdraw and move to other beneficiaries. As expected in the
stabilisation stage the SHGs facilitated by SOS facilitator were able to meet the following
milestones of success:
a) Regular savings of members and group.
b) Inter-lending activities and decisions on rate of interest
c) Timings of loans
d) Schedule of repayment of loans
e) Attendance is above 90% in meetings
f) Default systems are in place.
g) Group members are willing to accept decisions and sanctions of the group.
h) Group has started discussing issues concerning their future, family matters and socials ills.
i) Groups are well linked to financial institutions i.e. bank in this case.
The one important milestone which needs to be achieved is once again the lack of leadership
rotation and universal literacy of all the SHG members. The time taken in this stage was very little
due to the efforts of the SOS facilitator.
Role of Facilitator in Group Self Reliance Stage (time taken 8-24 months)
This is the stage at which all of the groups started in 2007 and early 2008 have reached. With the
help of the SOS functionary the groups have discarded defaulters and inducted new members.
Loan repayments are systemic. Some members have availed of credit facility for more than two
turns also. The group has accrued savings and profits on account of interest on loan repayment by
members. The aspirations of the group members have grown. They do not require facilitation with
the micro finance aspect of their SHG any more. This is where the group has become self reliant.
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41
However, the groups’ expectations for facilitation have arisen for total self reliance for livelihood.
It is note worthy, that the SOS functionary has been sensitive to this change and has taken
initiative for need and capacity assessment of the groups for initiating micro enterprise related
activities. Meanwhile the groups have achieved most of the features of this stage independently
with passive monitoring by the facilitator. These are”
a) Loans are disbursed keeping members needs into account.
b) Loans are available at the time of need
c) Savings of the group have accumulated.
d) Inter-lending has stabilised.
e) Members are at ease with functioning of the group.
f) Size of loans has become larger.
g) Idea of micro enterprise has taken root.
h) Women already in business have taken loans to expand their individual enterprise.
i) Group is taking initiative and is itself approaching SOS for support on how to further
develop their group.
Areas of this stage which the groups have not been able to achieve are:
a) The groups have not been able to develop horizontal networks with each other.
b) The groups have not been able to develop a voice in local governance.
At this stage the SOS facilitators have accordingly modified their role. Now the routine functions
are taken over by the group and on the group’s requirement the facilitator is now required to focus
on issues of micro enterprise development, networking, zero illiteracy and SHG sustainability.
All in all the SOS facilitators have been progressing methodically as required professionally along
with the developmental stage of the group. For the last stage of Institutionalisation of the group for
final termination of intervention, the group now requires to achieve the following:
a) Develop horizontal networks
b) Rotational leadership
c) Develop sustainable livelihood activity
d) Participate in local self governance
e) Serve as role model for other unorganised women to emulate.
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f) Provide support to new groups.
g) Establish linkages to government schemes and bodies.
h) Participate in community level development initiatives and decision making.
The SOS facilitators now need to focus on helping the SHGs to become institutionalised by
achieving the aforementioned targets.
Programmes conducted by SOS
In addition to the early efforts by the SHG facilitator in training the members in the functional
areas of simple book keeping, recording, interest calculation, fund and default management,
organising and conducting meetings, etc; the facilitator also organised some programmes for
awareness and self development of SHGs members.
Table No 4.2: Awareness provided by SOS
SHG
Family
Planning
Immunisation Personal
Hygiene
Adult
literacy
Child
Labour
Elections HIV/
AIDS
Govt
Programmes
Shanti 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 Om 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Shubh 7 7 8 6 7 8 7 8 Shiv Shakti 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Asha 12 11 6 12 9 8 6 5 Prem Sai 7 7 7 6 7 7 7 7
Ekta 12 12 9 12 8 9 8 8 Total 72 71 64 70 65 66 62 61 Most of the members had attended these programmes. Considering that a large number of the
members were widows, some of them expressed that the programme on family planning or
irrelevant for them. Otherwise they benefited a lot from the other programmes on communication
skills, immunisation, personal hygiene, adult literacy, child labour, rights, HIV/AIDS and most
importantly from the one on Government programmes. They wanted more inputs on how
practically they can access government benefits for themselves and their children.
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The facilitator in the final stage of group development needs to facilitate inputs to the group on
legal literacy, bank linkages, micro-enterprise, and networking and most importantly on
participatory/ self monitoring and evaluation.
Conclusion
The role of SOS as Self Help Promoting Institution (SHPI) is highly appreciated. As is also the
efforts made in providing literacy to illiterate members. It is recommended that more women be
taken under the ambit of this programme so that we achieve the target of Zero illiteracy among the
SHG members. Later this should be extended to all the women and girls of the community.
Perhaps at some later stage it can be made gender neutral and inclusive for all members of the
community of intervention. So far most of the programmes of awareness are targeted at the
beneficiaries of SOS. It is recommended that the same may be extended to the community at large
and the SOS in continuation of the good work done by it in Bawana may set up a community
intervention unit here. Most of the groups of SOS are in the second stage it is recommended that
groups be facilitated for complete independence in the micro- credit activity with full rotation of
posts of office bearers and except for the case of Shubh and Ekta group the other groups need only
be monitored occasionally but be left to run things on their own only for micro-credit activity. For
the micro- credit activity all the groups need to be oriented to be participatory in bearing SHG and
enterprise setting cost which may be supplemented by SOS. In no case should complete
dependence be encouraged by funding the activity hundred percent by SOS. This will go a long
way in making the groups develop a self reliant mentality and facilitate in the ultimate withdrawal
SOS on completion of the target of independent SHG establishment. We must conclude by going
on record to appreciate the hard work and patience of the SOS SHG facilitator at Bawana.
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Chapter 5
Need Assessment for Micro enterprise
As part of foray into the last stage of intervention with the SHGs i.e. towards making them
institutionalised and totally self reliant, this evaluation of the SHGs was also commissioned to
assess the readiness of the SHGs to enter into micro enterprise. In undertaking this assessment the
main points to be considered were:
Personal and family background in terms of occupation and income levels
Educational backgrounds
Work experience and exposure to work environment.
Readiness to spare time for training and business creation
Analysis of proposed activity
Details of current knowledge and skills
Perception of members regarding support
Most of the women in this case were widows who now from being income supplementers or
external income consumers had to take-up or were forced to take up (due to circumstances of
losing the primary earning member) income generation work. Most of them were limited in
engaging in full time work due to their childcare and household work. The only via media left to
them was to engage in work with flexibility of operation and returns which were sustainable. For
most of them alone engaging in such a venture was not possible. After more than a years
engagement in the SHGs most of the members were keen to move forward with micro enterprise.
Only 8 of the 77 respondents were not interested in engaging in livelihood activity and in being
trained for the same. Of these 5 were working in factories and were not sure if they could give
time for the micro- enterprise as they had only one weekly off and on other days they had to take
care of their children and do household chores as well. Some of the women who were willing to
engage in micro enterprise were already working and had their own business. They wanted to have
additional income. While quite a few who were getting widow pension , felt that the pension
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amount was meagre and they had to borrow from their relatives, particularly parents, parents-in-
law or brothers to meet day to day expenses, so for them the micro- enterprise was a necessity.
Table No 5.1: Readiness for micro enterprise training and activity SHG Yes No
Shanti 6 1 Om 12 3 Shubh 7 1 Shiv Shakti 14 Asha 11 1 Prem Sai 7 Ekta 12 2 Total 69 8
Of the women who were interested in micro enterprise a substantial number i.e. 50 had no
previous business knowledge. The remaining had knowledge of either one or in case of women
already engaged in business of each aspect of business.
In the group discussion it emerged that, the women who had previous knowledge of the raw
material market and the selling market were willing to share the same with other members. They
however did not want a repeat of no task rotation of the micro- finance SHGs to repeat itself.
At least 10 women cutting across different SHGs were familiar with accounts for business. The
members of the Shanti, Shubh and Asha groups were motivated that they are familiar with
Accounting as they maintain their SHGs records. Only women in OM group and Shiv Shakti
group said they had some awareness where to get the raw material from. They cited the Sadar
Bazar, Chandni Chowk and Bawana as the probable purchase markets. Members of Shanti, Om
and Shubh groups were not aware of where their market will be. While members of the other
groups had some idea of what their prospective markets will be. Most of the groups except for the
Shiv Shakti had majority of the members perceived that they were not trained in any skill. It is
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noteworthy that the Shiv Shakti group is one of the early groups and has matured and is quite self
reliant with regard to micro-credit. This group had zeroed down on their micro- enterprise activity
and were clear that they need training in the same. Most of group members had other skills like
cooking for marriages and parties, knitting, etc.
The main area of training identified from the group discussions common to all the groups is on
learning primary business skills. In addition to this the groups during the course of the group
discussion were facilitated to identify the micro- enterprise that they would be interested in
undertaking unanimously.
The table 5.3 below will shed light on member based preferences. In relation to the micro-enterprise selected by the group concerned, when we see this table we
find that unanimity is expressed only in two groups i.e. the Shiv Shakti and Om groups.
Table No 5.2: Previous Business Knowledge
SHG Accounting Purchase Selling Skill No
Shanti 1 6 Om 3 2 9
Shubh 7 Shiv Shakti 4 3 3 12 2
Asha 2 10 Prem Sai 1 1 5
Ekta 2 1 11 Total 10 5 9 14 50
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Assessment regarding the other groups:
When we look at the other groups we find that (Table 5.3) most of the members were keen on
learning tailoring skills. All members of the Om group also identified this as an activity. But when
we look at micro enterprise we are looking at an activity which is done together and the group
becomes a whole which is greater than its parts. On deeper inquiry into the matter it was revealed
that tailoring was identified more as an activity ‘which we would like to learn rather than an
activity which can be utilised for micro- enterprise. The gains seen were:
a) SOS will give us machines
b) We can get employment in the garment manufacturing factories in Bawana which are
quite a few in numbers and prefer women machinists.
Though these reasons are genuine and ultimately do reach the goal of economic empowerment.
The focus is the individual and not the strengthening of the group.
When we assess the other groups on factors such as awareness regarding the markets for purchase
of the raw material and marketing of the finished product we find that though the other groups
have not been able to zero down on the micro-enterprise activity some of their members were
aware in general about the markets where the raw material can be sourced from.
Table No 5.3: Preference for micro- enterprise activity
SHG Animal
husbandry Cutting tailoring
Jute Bag Making
Beautician Cooking
Papad making Other NR
Shanti 1 1 1 1 4 Om 15
Shubh 7 1 Shiv Shakti 14
Asha 8 1 1 1 Prem Sai 5 2
EKta 3 3 6 4 Total 1 38 18 3 2 2 7 8
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Table No 5.4: Knowledge of raw material market
SHG Yes No Shanti 4 3
Om 9 6 Shubh 0 8
Shiv Shakti 6 8 Asha 4 8
Prem Sai 6 1 Ekta 8 6 Total 37 40
With regard to the selling market most were not clear because they still hadn’t decided the activity
or the product. Those who said they knew where they could sell the choice expressed, identified
the market as that of the local Bawana market.
Table No 5.5: Knowledge of Selling market
SHG Yes No Shanti 4 3
Om 7 8 Shubh 0 8
Shiv Shakti 5 9 Asha 4 8
Prem Sai 1 6 Ekta 8 6 Total 29 48
Most of the women were skilled in pickle making, tailoring and cooking. Women had different
skills and they were also ready to share these with other members in their groups. However, the
micro-enterprise activity the various groups were identifying were not tapping these skill bases.
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Table No 5.6: Skill base of members
SHG Shanti Om Shubh Shiv
Shakti Asha Prem
Sai Ekta Total
Tailoring 7 9 10 8 3 32
Crochet 4 1 4 2 11 Cooking 7 6 1 4 3 7 28
Pickle making 5 6 13 4 2 3 33
Bag making 3 13 3 1 20 Book keeping 1 1
Door to door sales 3 1 4 Mehndi/Tattooing 2 2
Embroidery 2 3 1 6 Knitting 4 3 7
Murabba making 1 3 4 Candle Making 1 2 3 Papad Making 4 7 4 1 16 Jute Products 3 3 6
Beautician 1 1 2 Flower
Arrangement 5 5 Soft Toys 2 2 Sofa cover 3 1 4
Tution 2 2 4 Kirtan Mandali 4 4
Massage 1 1 Creche 1 1
Any other 3 3 6
The SHGs members were interested in those skills that they did not have and wanted to be trained
in them. They were looking to SOS to provide training and tools to them without actually seeing
the activities as potential for micro-enterprise.
With regard to preparedness to participate in the micro enterprise related activities of purchase.
We find that no member of the Prem Sai group was ready to do so while in other groups the same
members who opted for purchase were also the same who opted to go for selling.
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Table No 5.7: Readiness to go for purchase and selling
SHG
Readiness to go for purchase
Readiness to go for sales
Shanti 4 4 Om 8 8
Shubh 2 2 Shiv Shakti
8 8 Asha 6 6
Prem Sai 0 2 Ekta 7 6 Total 35 36
However, this questioning will have no value till a unanimous conclusion on micro- enterprise
activity by the other groups is reached.
Just as in the case of the Shiv Shakti group the other groups also largely said they had no place
where all of them could be accommodated to learn the skill together. They also identified SOS as
the location where they would like to learn the skill from and also receive a certificate.
Table No 5.8: Readiness of SHG to volunteer place for Training
SHG Yes No Shanti 1 6
Om 0 15 Shubh 0 8
Shiv Shakti 12 2
Asha 3 9 Prem Sai 0 7
Ekta 0 14 Total 16 61
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We tried to explore whether the SHGs were willing to engage in the micro enterprise activity even
without the spatial backup SOS Bawana. This would also determine to what extent the SHGs were
interested in the micro enterprise.
Table No 5.9: Availability of place for training and micro enterprise
SHG Yes No Shanti 1 6
Om 0 15 Shubh 0 8
Shiv Shakti 12 2 Asha 3 9
Prem Sai 0 7 Ekta 0 14 Total 16 61
We found that 12 out of the 14 members of the Shiv Shakti group were willing to volunteer their
own place for learning the activity and later for organising the place for keeping the raw material
and finished product also. Asha group also had 3 volunteers and Shanti group had one. The
important thing is that the Shiv Shakti identified the probable alternatives as a group, they also
explored the alternative of a rented place from their SHG savings. The group was very keen ,
serious and participative in its decision to get training for and then undertaking the micro-
enterprise activity.
Group ready for Micro- enterprise
Shiv Shakti group Back Ground of the group Fourteen members of the Shiv Shakti group were present for the
evaluation. 11 of the members were from the Hindi speaking belt of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh the other three were from Bengal and Assam. All the members were Hindu. The group
refused to respond to the question regarding Caste. They said that in Delhi caste has no
importance, ‘What is important is that, we all are in similar life situation and want to become
realistically economically independent’. All the women spoke Hindi fluently in addition to their
mother tongue. Nine of the women were self employed in the group; two were factory workers
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and two were Anganwadi workers while one was not working. All the members had an income of
above Rs 1000/- pm of these two had an income of Rs 3000/- to Rs3500/- pm which included
income from rent, dairy farming and widows’ pension. Three women had an income of more than
Rs 2500/- pm but less than Rs 3500/- pm. Sources of income for the women were widows pension,
largely. Those who were self employed wer