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TRANSCRIPT
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This web site reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
S.O.S. WATER
LLP Link number: 2011-1-RO1-COM06-14663 1 ISBN 978-973-0-14974-6
PIATRA-NEAMT SOFIA
CANAKKALE ATHENS MARBACH
1
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
SOS WATER project - summary
Main goals of the SOS WATER project
to know and to promote the importance of water to the countr ies involved through research act iv i t ies, par tnerships with environmental inst i tut ions and exper imental act iv i t ies;
to ident i fy environmental problems related to water resources from each country through exchange of informat ion wi th the partners;
to ident i fy the possib le improvement solut ions for environmental problems concerning water use and water qual i ty through exchange of information between partners, study vis i ts , research act iv i t ies;
to increase the IT abi l i t ies by achieving leaf lets, brochures, the project 's website, v ideos posted on youtube and on l ive@edu/Etwinning;
to develop c iv ic at t i tudes concerning ecological problems through scient i f ic and art is t ic act iv i t ies to improve water;
to develop l inguist ic competencies and communicat ion ski l ls by using, besides Engl ish, the nat ional languages of a l l the partners in the f inal project;
to acquire basic t ransversal competencies: d ig i ta l by creat ing the web page, leaf lets, brochures; c iv ic and interpersonal competencies by ident i fy ing an environment problem that is going to be amel iorated through team work and through working on at tract ing the interest of the local community; entrepreneurship competencies by creat ing an improvement
2
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
plan for the water wastage problem by developing and disseminat ing the resul ts wi thin the local community;
to consol idate intercurr icular act iv i t ies through exchanges of sc ient i f ic information and pract ical solut ions to environment problems that are common to di f ferent countr ies.
Main activities
creat ing and managing a website;
development of logos, posters, brochures;
conduct ing hydrographic maps, comparat ive charts;
developing and implement ing plans for saving and improving water qual i ty in schools and wi thin the community;
s tudy vis i t to a c leaning water stat ion;
ecological c leaned area of the select r iver / lake;
workshop for creat ing the ECO-dict ionary;
creat ing the photos exhibi t ion;
d isseminat ion of results in school and community;
organiz ing the mobi l i ty in partners countr ies.
Final products of the SOS WATER project
the web page, maintained af ter the c losing of the project ;
the saving and water qual i ty improvement plan;
an ecology c lub (H2O Club);
the ECO - d ict ionary;
3
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
the brochure on CD and on paper;
ecological c leaning of two r iver / lakes and their surrounding areas;
comparat ive hydrographic maps of the partner regions and evolut ional charts;
“pract ical methods and tools for saving water” leaf lets, exhibi t ions photos and drawings, the SOS WATER movie.
4
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
H2O Club
Main goals
Acknowledging and promoting
the importance of water through
research, experimental and dis-
semination activities and through
educational partnerships with
environment institutions, as well
as schools.
Identifying the problems of the
local water resources, as well as
from different areas of the
country or Europe, by sharing
information with other schools
county or Europe.
Paintings by: E. Teodorova, M. Angelova, M. Gaydarova, H2O Club Bulgaria
C o me n i u
Visit tBistrit
AnalyzRiver,
u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa
o the Water Cleansinta, Neamt‐ Romania
zing the water from thMarbach‐ Germania
5
r tn e r s h ip
T
abiliti
probl
involv
pract
qualit
reduc
g Station
he Murr
An
The developme
es, concerning t
ems of the co
vement in sc
ical activities to
ty of the water,
cing the amount c
Physical analysis ‐ Tu
nalyzing the water ‐ Tu
SOS WATER
ent of civic
he ecological
ommunity, by
cientific and
improve the
as well as
consumed.
urcia
urcia
6
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
The growth of the students implication level in educational opportunities, with the aid of practical outdoors activities.
Identifying solutions for
decreasing the environmental
problems, as far as the use and
quality of the water is
concerned, through shared
information, case studies, re-
search visits and documentation
activities.
Cleaning the beach ‐ Turcia
Visit to a Bulgarian water station
Simona Pe
Magdale
Teodora
Yana Donc
Alex Schw
Boyan Lev
BoyanStoya B
trova
na S.
Tomas Bayryakov
Martin Dimitrov
a E.
cheva
Nikolai Mitov
M
weizer
vashki ElDario Dionisi
V
Julita Taskova
7
Boris BBoryana Kaneva
v Yordan Yotov Tony
Stanimi
Alex F
Maria Mihaela Georgieva
litsa Zaharieva Iliana D
Lyubomira L.
Vanesa Zlatanova
Bongalov
Koteva
Serkan Pash
Stanimira G
r Kalchev
Farfarov
Georgieva Ivelina Pavlov
Yana Vladimir
Lyudmil Stoya
Denitsa Hristo
Djovanova
Tatyana Arnaudo
Boris Kyuchoukov
hev
G.
va
rova
Stefka Padalska
Georgi Stoev
Vesela Koteva
Petya Georgieva
anov
ova
Iva Vasileva
va Mariana Soultanova
Stefan Weizenegge
Kai Kubler
Maxi Muller
Niels Reinhold
Talmon l’Armee
8
Ms. Nicole Fing
er Jojo Bergold
Linda Freiberg
Maxi Stiegler
Rebecca Ullric
Florian Peters
ger Mr. Christ
d Julian
ger Marc
Maxim
ch Sas
son Vincenzo
ian Johrend
n Volzer
cel Blind
milian Rupp
sha Ley
o Carnuccio
Karagianni E.
Komi Margarita
Zace Bjorni
Markopoulou K. Panagiotou Zoi
Adamopoulos D.
Manoli E.
Vlachakis E. Mpardani Anna
Mitropoulos V.
Berberi K.
Mougiakou A. Papaioannou E.
Papathanakos Katsikis A.
Velentzas A.
Eleftheriadi D. Koumarianos I.
Kolia M.
Tsiapa A.
Desara D.
Mathiou A.
Damala E.
Chatzipanagiotou Ch.
Michalopoulou P.
Kattis O.
Katsiveli S. Antoniadou M. Kosmas D. Lazou P. Papapanou A.
Tatsi E. Mpaliouskas S.
Aflorei
Adriana
Alina D
Ingrid B
Daria Ş
George
Maria
Alexandra Andrei Mă
a Letos
Dumitruţ
Botescu
Alexandru I
Ţăranu Sim
Lămâiţa Tra
Şchiopu
Morariu
Berea Taina Grig
Tudor Ciu
Mădălina Pa
10
ăzăreanu Florina Ba
Iovu
mona Raluca Costan
aistă Lorena Str
Andreea Ierc
Claudiu Roş
goriu Elena Irimi
rezu
ascaru
arbu Diana Turnea
ndache
Olivian Savin
Roxana Mihă
rechie
coşan
şu Raluca Cioban
Alexandru Ghe
ia Gheorghe Manolac
a Laura Onu
Bianca Cojocaru
n
ilă
u
rghelaş
Constantin Pavăl
Mariana Mîndru
Alexandra Şerban
George Barcan
che
Marina Budău
u
l
u
n
İ
B
S
Eİlke Erdoğan
Kame
Bora Ateren Öy
Selda Çetinkaya
11
Elif Gönen
er Gür Arslan
ykü ERTEN Ka
Doğa Kılıç
Yaİrem Ay
Caner Çimen
aan Sarioğlu Bi
Dilara Yalçın Os
ağız Öztürk
ihter Çakir
sman Kırlı
12
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Hydrographic maps
The central idea of the project was to br ing into the students’ attention the ecological problems that water puts up, by knowing the substances that could affect the qual i ty of the water, but also by opening their way towards constructive and accurate reflections over what we can to do improve the quali ty of the water, in partnership with the able insti tut ions.
I t started from knowing the environment in which we l ive in and went on to comparing i t with di f ferent environments from dif ferent countr ies and gett ing in contact with the better experimental practices, as wel l solving some water problems.
Thus, each partner country has selected a r iver which was to be studied from the point of view of physical qual i t ies (temperature, clari ty, conductivi ty), chemical qual i t ies (the existence of various concentrations of phosphates, ni trates, ni tr i tes, Ca, Mg, oxygen, pH, etc.) .
The rivers chosen to be studies within the pract ical activi t ies within the SOS WATER project are: Iskar (the r iver running through Sophia, the capital of Bulgaria), Murr (a r iver near Marbach am Neckar – Germany), Kiphisos (a r iver near Athens, the capital of Greece), Bistrita (a r iver crossing nearby Piatra Neamt – Romania), Sar ıçay Creek (a r iver nearby Kanakkale, Turkey).
13
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Hydrografic map of Iskar river - Bulgaria
Fact Sheet:
Longest in BG
Length - 368 km
Source elevation - 2,500 m
Basin area - 8,646 km²
The Iskar is formed by three rivers, the Chèrni (black)
Iskar, Bèli (white) Iskar and Lèvi (left).
After descending from the north slopes of Rila, it fills the Iskar
Reservoir—the largest in Bulgaria and the Lake Pancharevo.
The river runs near Sofia and passes through a rocky gorge in
the Balkan Mountains. This is the main source of water for
Sofiyska voda, the water and sewerage company in Sofia.
14
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Hydrografic map of Marbach am Neckar - Germania
15
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
16
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Hydrografic map of Neamț - România
17
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
HYDROGRAFIC MAP OF BULGARIA
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18
par tne r sh ip
ng plan
er, Sascha Ley, MGymnasium i
of our projecol . deas for our
ork of the last our hard work.assessed the
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save even morshed just befora where we exc
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19
par tne r sh ip
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ur inal consum
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SOS WATER
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20
par tne r sh ip
ter less ur inal se they are verbui ld ings, watt we don' t th inolder bui ld ingsld have to pay
r toilets
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SOS WATER
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21
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ip SOS WATER
Chalkless boards
There are boards wi th pens l ike a fe l t t ip , but you can erase them. Such boards l ike these are very expensive, so therefore not recommended.
JUST THINK how YOU can save water !
Just th ink a l i t t le b i t about your water consumpt ion at
school .
You needn't wash the sponge a hundred t imes before you
c lean the board, because half of the water ends up on the f loor
and not on the board.
When you wash your hands, make sure that the tap is turned off
properly , so i t doesn' t cont inue dr ipping.
Come
T
Technic
• Instaeracon
• Repwithsma
• InstWatThismea
• Stoinsupipe
• Chaoneinsttankalsotank
• Chaf lowwat
Educat
• Do con
n ius mul t i l a te ra l p
The Water S
cal measures:
ta l lat ion of ators which sumption by u
placing c lass ih modern whart boards; tal l ing waterter less ur inalss is only possianing that the p al l wateulat ing or ces; anging the toes of a smalta l l ing doubleks, to l imi t co works to putk; anging the s iwl imiter / automer af ter a certa
ional measure
not throw trasume plenty o
22
par tne r sh ip
Saving Plan
:
shower heareduce wate
p to 30%; ic b lackboardhite boards o
r less ur inalss work, as youble because our ine just ro l lsr losses bhanging wate
oi let tank wi tl ler volume oe f lush wateconsumpt ion. t a br ick in th
nk wi th somematic c losing. a in t ime.
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SOS WATER
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t ical sensor /es of s ink stop
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Using ri t d( im
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Using the dishwOrganis ing a Mhe importance
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recious Drop”water, which c
e park in f ront e sports f ie ld;
rain water meadidn`t before,
mproving the sc
23
par tne r sh ip
washer / washiMarch For Wate
of water and
Alternative s
” method of obcan be used toof the school ,
ans the schoolbecause of thechool`s park, p
S
ing only fu l l loaer every year thow to save i t .
ources
ta in ing anal ter wet thetrees awash the scho
can use this we high cost of wplant ing f lower
SOS WATER
ad; o show people.
rnat ive source and plants in ool yard and
water to th ingswater s, t rees) .
e
s
24
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ip SOS WATER
Comen
Wat
Id
Water
• Use househo• Applyfert i l ize• Avoidoceans
• Avoid• Burn• Redu• Store
n ius mul t i l a te ra l p
er quality im
deas about im
Pollution
environmental lo ld products y natural pest i
ers d l i t ter ing in r iv
d using more e less coal , o i l
uce Temperatue and Reuse H
25
par tne r sh ip
mprovement
mproving wat
ly- fr iendly
c ides and
vers, lakes and
Air Pollu
• Chmodels o
• Whtransport
• Pla
Thermal
energy than neor gas; re and Volumeeated Water.
SOS W
t plan
ter quality
Made by th
d
ution
hoose ef f ic ientf vehic les; hen possib leat ion walk or rant t rees
l Pollution
cessary;
e of Discharge;
WATER
e Turkish team
t , low-pol lut ing
use publ icr ide a bike;
;
m
g
c
Comen
Soil Po
• Usedable c ides • Plaplan ythat m• Redminimto ouespec• Dis
Radioa
The dsecu
n ius mul t i l a te ra l p
ollution
e organic, herbic ides a
whenever possnt nat ive speyour p lant ings
minimizes run oduce, reuse anize the amounr landf i l ls ania l ly l ike battepose of househ
active Polluti
disposal of radre.
26
par tne r sh ip
biodegra-and pest i -s ib le; ecies and
in a way f f ;
nd recycle nt of t rash d recycle, r ies, t i res and hold chemicals
ion
dioact ive mater
SOS W
plast ics. s properly.
r ia l must be sa
WATER
afe and
27
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Ideas on how to improve water quality
Made by Stefan Waizenegger, the German team
Outline
Introduct ion Reasons for water contaminat ion • Faecal and waste contaminat ion • Bio logical contaminat ion • Agr icul tural contaminat ion • Catastrophes • Air pol lut ion • Industr ia l contaminat ion
Methods to improve water qual i ty Conclusion
Introduction
Water is a v i ta l resource. For th is reason, i t must be protected. Water pol lut ion may not be a i t is a huge problem in many other countr ies and could potent ia l ly be one in ours. How can we decrease water contamination? First , i t is important to understand the causes of water pol lut ion. These are many and most of them are our faul t . The fol lowing wi l l show the reasons for water contamination and we wi l l g ive methods on how to improve the water qual i ty .
Reasons for water contamination
• Faecal and waste contamination - In countr ies l ike Germany wi th h igh standards of water treatment th is is no big problem.Water treatment plants f i l ter our water.
Comen But
wor ld´splants. pol luteswhen ththe r ivebiodegrcarpet are awathe plas
• BBiolo
often apol lut iobasis fof lows dthese streamsproblemand fau
• A
Today’ssame trto fer t i lenvironfert i l izeour watvery lowof the fo
n ius mul t i l a te ra l p
Germany see wastewater isMore of ten wa
s the environmhrowing away ers. Especial lyradable. The oof plast ic partash wi th plastst ic for food, e
Biological conogical contama direct resuln. Wastewater
or bacter ia to gdirect ly into start to gro
s. This can cms and s icke
na.
gricultural co
s agr icul tural inract of land thaizers and pestment. Ammoni
er. The ammoner, as a high le
w level decreasood chain.
28
par tne r sh ip
ems to be an s c leaned andastewater f lows
ment. In addi t iotheir rubbish. y plast ic is aceans are pol lic les f loat ing
t ic garbage. Mat i t and die w
ntamination mination is l t of faecal r is a perfect grow on. I f i t
our r ivers, ow in our ause health n the f lora
ontamination
ndustry producan a century agic ides. These um is a main cium amount haevel leads to eses plant grow
SOS W
except ion: ond f i l tered in ws direct ly into
on many peoplA lot of garba
a big problemuted by garbawithin the At la
Most t ragical ly wi th a fu l l s toma
ces far more crgo. This is poshowever contacomponent of nas to be evenlyexcessive plan
wth, resul t ing in
WATER
nly 5% of theater treatmentthe r ivers ande are careless
age ends up in, as i t is notge. We have aantic . Beaches
birds mistakeach.
rop on the sible thanks
aminate our nearly every y balanced in t growth and a
n the col lapse
e t d s n t
a s e
Comen
I f onr ivers band thewil l suf fqual i ty d
• I
The most ofmany cnot haprotect igovernmproblempol lut ioFactor iehazardoChina t
Therforgottetheir sythis shwater fheats tlower otemperaoxygen to massalgae o
Anotheav
n ius mul t i l a te ra l p
e uses too muby downpours oe ecosystem wfer . ( for fur ther determinat ion of
Industrial con
industry is rf the water coountr ies the g
ave laws conon. Inde
ments turn ams concernin
n caused byes of ten do nous mater ia l gehis is a great prmal pollutio
en. Factor ies aystems. One ould be a prof lowing back the water . Thoxygen saturatature depensaturat ion can
s f ish demise r s imi lar plant ther big issuevy metals, can
29
par tne r sh ip
uch fer t i l izer anof rain the ammwil l be endang
in format ion on f the Murr - Germ
ntamination
responsible foontamination. Igovernments dncerning wateeed, man bl ind eye tg wate
y industryot f i l ter their ets washed intproblem. n is another
and power statmight ask wh
oblem. The hointo the r ive
is resul ts in t ion, as th is indent. Lowen therefore lea
and excessivgrowth.
e is mining. T be washed int
SOS W
nd this gets wmonium amoungered. The fauammonium cf . “many”) .
or n o
er ny to er y. wastewater ; h
to the r ivers.
aspect that st ions use r iver
hy ot er a is er ad ve
Toxic substanto the ground w
WATER
ashed into thent wi l l increaseuna especial ly“Chemica l water
hence a lot ofPart icular ly in
should not ber water to cool
ces, includingwater or
e e y r
f n
e l
g
30
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
r ivers. Especial ly the method of hydraul ic f ractur ing is a t icking t ime bomb that wi l l eventual ly pol lute the environment and our water . What is hydraul ic f ractur ing( in short : f racking)? Since our natural gas reserves are slowly but surely being depleted, the industry has found a new way of extract ing the natural gas f rom shale layers. Enormous r igs are bui l t . They dr i l l holes of up to 5 k i lometres in depth to reach the shale. Another hole is dr i l led hor izontal ly cut t ing through ki lometres of shale. To extract the gas bound in the shale, a mixture of water, sand and chemicals is in jected into the holes wi th a pressure of 600 bar. The shale cracks, the natural gas is re leased and can be extracted. 40% of the f racking water stays in the earth. This toxic cocktai l eventual ly begins to r ise and can di f fuse into the ground water. Furthermore, methane can f ind i ts way into the ground water . The toxic cocktai l of acids, oxidants, polymers, b ioc ides, even radioact ive mater ia l and methane pol lute the environment. The surrounding waters turn toxic and f lora and fauna die. In Amer ica i t has been shown that the methane content in tap water can become high enough for this to be inf lammable. A smal l spark is enough to set of f an explosion of methane trapped inside a wel l . Trucks have to carry mi l l ion l i t res of water to societ ies near former fracking s i tes.
• Catastrophes
Everyone has seen the pictures: The burning Deep Water Hor izon, a d isaster of vast magni tude, the largest and most hazardous oi l spi l l in h is tory.
31
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
The ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico was severely
damaged. Plants and animals have died and are dying! The use of chemicals to dissolve the oi l caused addit ional pol lut ion. To get r id of the oi l carpet, the oi l was burned. But th is did not only cause severe air pol lut ion, but also lef t many other pol lutants behind. But even so, unt i l th is day the oi l has not completely disappeared. I t wi l l take a long t ime unt i l the environment has recovered.
Further catastrophes that had and st i l l have terr ib le ef fects on the environment were the explosions in Chernobyl and Fukushima . The radioact ive contaminat ion makes the water undr inkable. The animals d ie or mutate. The balance of the ecosystem has been hazardously d isrupted.
Even global warming can be cal led a catastrophe. I t has a s imi lar ef fect as thermal contaminat ion. Rivers wi l l warm and plant growth wi l l be increased resul t ing in lost habi tat for f ish and other water animals.
• Air pollution
Normal ly one would not associate a ir pol lut ion wi th water contamination. But acid rain is one example for the connect ion between the two. Part ic les of the pol luted air can be bound in ra inwater. This can spread into our ground water and r ivers. However, the pol luted rain is seldom toxic enough to harm us.
32
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Methods
• Faecal and waste contamination
The most important measure that has to be implemented is the construct ion of fur ther water t reatment p lants. Al though sewage plants are expensive, they are the only means of c leaning wastewater and ensur ing that no toxic substances f ind their way into our r ivers and even ground/dr inking water. In addi t ion, toxic or hazardous waste should be discarded of proper ly.
I t is just as important to reduce the amount of waste, as bui ld ing new sewage plants to clean the wastewater . Al though plast ic , the bane of our modern world, has i ts advantages, i t is a big problem for our environment. Our dr inking water should therefore be c leaned, so that we do not dr ink plast ic par t ic les which endanger our heal th. Furthermore, the already dumped plast ic should be col lected and discarded proper ly. This is where every one of us can help to improve the water qual i ty . Or, one could even take one fur ther step and star t us ing less plast ic. Maybe one day, i f i t is not too late already, we wi l l be
able to become independent of this mater ia l .
• Biological contamination
I f one is to stop faecal contaminat ion, one most l ikely wi l l s top bio logical pol lut ion. As
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34
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
unf i l tered waste water and sewing companies disobeying
them, wi l l eventual ly help to increase the water qual i ty. I f the governments do not want to face their responsibi l i ty , they must be forced by their people. Every one of us could star t or jo in a campaign wanting to improve the water qual i ty; i f not for the environment then for themselves. The companies could and should reduce water pol lut ion. Wastewater should be treated properly. Only c leaned and f i l tered water should f low back into our r ivers. Companies wi l l react i f there is g lobal and publ ic awareness of this problem.
Thermal pol lut ion can easi ly be reduced. Instead of pumping the hot water d irect ly into the r ivers one could s imply bui ld large pools where the water can cool down to a reasonable temperature. One need not even reach the r ivers temperature. The r iver can compensate some degree of d i f ference. But far more important than solv ing the problems ment ioned already, is f inding a solut ion for hydraul ic f ractur ing. I t is easy to agree that f racking is h ighly dangerous to our environment. Whole areas are contaminated. The water is undrinkable and fresh water has to be del ivered by trucks. We have been exploi t ing our earth for too long. This is merely a new stage. In our opin ion, f racking should be stopped immediately in Germany and in the rest of the wor ld. The environmental costs are far too dramatic for th is method to be an acceptable source of energy. I t is i r responsible to pol lute our environment for economic reasons.
• Catastrophes
A fur ther catastrophe l ike the explosion of the “Deep Water Hor izon” must be avoided at al l costs. The ecological damage is d isastrous. I t would be safest to forbid deep sea oi l dr i l l ing. Of course this is not feasib le. The world depends on a
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35
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36
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Conclusion
One can easi ly agree that water pol lut ion is a very important issue. Industr ia l nat ions, l ike Germany, wi l l have to help nat ions that cannot, or wi l l not stop water pol lut ion. But most important, every one of us can help to make a di f ference. Do not rely on others to make the star t . Take i t into your own hands to improve water qual i ty and save us and our environment f rom water pol lut ion. Many methods may take some t ime to implement. But that invested t ime wi l l be worth i t . The wor ld´s wastewater has to be c leaned proper ly, so that people can have dr inkable ground water. Nothing is more important than having a good water qual i ty. Water is a v i ta l resource.
References: Ideas on how to improve water quality
• h t tp: / /www.k factor f i l ter .com/ Images/Appl icat ions/Env ironmenta l / indust r ia l -wastewater_Medium. jpg (p ic ture 1)
• h t tp: / /www.wel t .de/ img/aus land/crop113892756/7040231600-c i3x2s-w200/Umwel tverschmutzung-durch-zwei - i l lega le-Fabr iken-faerbt -F luss- in-China-rot . jpg (p ic ture 2)
• h t tp: / /www.omnia-ver lag.de/oe_img/Umwel t_02/Roter_ F luss. jpg (p ic ture 3)
• h t tp: / /www.f rack ingf re ieshessen.de/wcf / images/Frack ing. jpg (p ic ture 4)
• h t tp: / /www.gizmodo.de/wp-content /up loads/2009/03/brennendes_wasser . jpg (p ic ture 5)
• h t tp: / /www.eoear th .org/ f i les /113701_113800/113736/Deepwater_hor izon_plat form_sink ing. jpg (p ic ture 6)
• h t tp: / /de.sot t .net / image/ image/s5/111939/ fu l l / rad ia t ion.png (p ic ture 7)
•
37
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
• h t tp: / /www.ramasur i .de/wp-content /up loads/2011/11/
I43002399211512_BLD_Onl ine. jpg (p ic ture 8) • h t tp: / / fmhsloudspeaker . f i les .wordpress.com/2010/08/a-water -
t reatment-p lant - for - for t -mi l l -cou ld-potent ia l ly-save- the- town-a- lo t -o f -money-photo-cour tesy-google- images. jpg (p ic ture 9)
• h t tp: / /b logs.e i .co lumbia.edu/wp-content /up loads/2010/07/ waste70908. jpg(p ic ture 10)
• h t tp: / /ac t ion. farmland.org/ images/content /pagebui lder / r iver -running- through-green- farm-f ie lds. jpg (p ic ture 11)
• h t tp: / /cdn2.zent rum-der-gesundhei t .de/ images/ t i te lb i ld / f rack ing-ia . jpg (p ic ture 12)
• h t tp: / /www.google .de/ imgres?q=von+Atomstrom+zu+Windst rom&um=1&sa=N&hl=de&biw=944&bih=941&tbm=isch&tbnid=pPXB_BEfz9S6wM:&imgrefur l=ht tp: / / forum. f inanzen.net / forum/Windkraf t_Nein_Danke- t439162%3Fpage%3D0&docid =49n6mZ2hF9CSMM&imgur l=ht tp : / / forum. f inanzen.net /anonymize/ht tp: / /www.prokon.net / img/atom.png&w=600&h=179&ei=kEemUe6XA8iJ4ASQr4HwAQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=75&tbnw=254&star t=0&ndsp=17&ved=1t :429, r :3 ,s :0 , i :93&tx=680&ty=223 (p ic ture 13)
• h t tp: / /www.dornbi rn .at / typo3temp/p ics /20d2a4807d. jpg (p ic ture 14)
• h t tp: / /de.wik ipedia .org/wik i /Deepwater_Hor izon • Wel t der Wunder : Bauer Media Ver lag KG, Ausgabe 6 (2013) S.
80-83 • h t tp: / /www. lenntech.com/water -proverbs.htm
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39
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Greece has drained many lakes completely to generate hydroelectr ic power or to expand agr icul tural land.
Industrial Pollution
Industr ia l pol lut ion is
pol lut ion which can be direct ly l inked wi th industry, in contrast to other pol lut ion sources. This form of pol lut ion is one of the leading causes of pol lut ion worldwide
Acid rain in Athens Sulfur d ioxide, contr ibuted chief ly by industr ia l ef f luents,
has severely damaged stone bui ld ings and monuments.
Consequences
Hard water is water with h igh levels of calc ium and magnesium which causes erosion and blockage problems.
Suspended part ic les are re lated to d iscolorat ion and an unpleasant taste of dr ink ing water .
I f infants consume ni trates, they can die f rom blue baby syndrome.
Gastrointest inal diseases are caused by pol luted dr inking water wi th sewage or manure runoff .
Comen S
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• Organpest icfer t i l iz
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40
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41
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
• Increased inc idence of sk in disorders due to contact with pol lutants.
• Increased inc idence of const ipat ion, d iarrhea and infect ions to intest ine.
• Dangerous effects on growing foetus in pregnant women. • Concentrat ion of pol lutants due to bioaccumulat ive
pest ic ides. through secondary and ter t iary food chain in case of non – vegetar ians.
• St i l l b ir ths, abort ions and bir th of deformed chi ldren.
Effects on Animal Health
• Large scale death of aquat ic and terrestr ial animals; • Reduced reproduct ion rate; • Increased inc idence of d iseases; • Imbalances created in secondary food chains; • Some organochlor ine pest ic ides ( l ike DDT, BHC, Endr in)
are known for b ioaccumulat ive characters.
Methods of treatment
Bioagriculture
In s imple terms, b ioagr icul ture means farming using sustainable methods. This can mean better use of fer t i l izers, b io logical pest ic ides and microbial fer t i l i ty enhancers to natural ly produce health ier crops and improve yie lds.
Benefits of bioagriculture
• Bio-agr icul tural farming methods have been proven to hal t and reverse soi l erosion.
• Organic bio logical agr icul ture focus on feeding the soi l . • Industr ia l agr icul ture focusses on feeding the plant
42
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Water pol lut ion cannot be al together checked, but measures can be taken to reduce i t :
a) Primary treatment
In this method mechanical screening and sedimentat ion of un-dissolved sol ids in raw sewage is done. But i t fa i ls to remove any dissolved substance from water.
b) Secondary treatment
Sewage treated in pr imary treatment is brought in contact wi th oxygen and aerobic micro-organisms. They break down the organic matter into harmless mater ia ls as CO2 and H2O. Further, chlor inat ion is done to reduce the bacter ia. I t may be fur ther treated to ter t iary level zero measures are adopted
for secondary treatment. They are: Tr ick l ing f i l ter method and act ivated s ludge process.
Trickl ing f i l ter method
In th is case sewage water passes through a th ick bed of gravel stones so that bacter ia consume most of the organic matter.
Activated sludge process
Here the sewage water is pumped into an aerat ion tank. The tank contains s ludge consist ing of bacter ia and algae. The bacter ia is able to decompose most of the organic matter and algae produces oxygen to promote the growth of these decomposers.
43
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Ideas on how to improve water quality
Made by the Romanian team
What does pollution mean?
Pol lut ion occurs when the introduct ion of some substances happens – sol id, l iquid, gaseous, radio-act ive; The water suffers physical , chemical or b io logical modif icat ions that make i t dangerous to publ ic heal th. Forms of pollution
Pollution due to biological agents
I t ’s a powerful bacter i-
o logical contamination of water , which resul ts in spreading diseases such as hepat i t is , typhoid fever, etc.
Pollution due to chemical agents
Resul ts from the discharge in
waters of var ious compounds such as: n i t rates, phosphates and other chemicals used in the agr icul ture industry.
Is due mainly because of detergents and pest ic ides. Equal is
the degree of water pol lut ion wi th PCBs (polychlor inated biphenyls) , which are used a lot in the plast ics industry.
44
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Radio-active pollution
I t may occur as a resul t of the discharge of radioact ive
mater ia ls in the atmosphere and especia l ly due to incorrect releases of radioact ive l iquid and sol id waste from industr ies using atomic energy or nuclear researches.
This type of pol lut ion is met in the Cernavoda area.
Example of a nuclear accident
On January 22, 1954 the sai lors on the ship "Fukuriumar i i no.5" not iced an unusual phenomenon: the f i re bal l made by the thermonuclear explosion on Bik ini Atol l . Therefore al l crew members and f ish caught were affected by radioact ive ash on sk in and inside the body.
Another resul t of th is explosion: radioact ive rain was fa l l ing in May of the same year, the radioact ivi ty remaining at a considerable level by September 1954.
Original pictures from Bikini Island
Pollution in agriculture
In agr icul ture, the main sources of water pol lut ion are:
untreated waste water coming from the l ivestock industry;
45
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
land administrat ion of excessive amounts of fer t i l izer ,
which causes the accumulat ion of n i trate in ground water and spread them;
use of chemical fer t i l izers (mainly ni trogen) in large doses and in inappropr iate moments plant growth;
appl icat ion of chemicals to protect plants by diseases and insects.
Pollution due to physical agents
Represents the contaminat ion of water wi th sol id, minerals or insoluble mater ia ls. I t is usual ly found in:
Sawmil ls ; Nuclear power plants; Thermal power plants.
Industry pollution
Usual ly found in major
industr ies. The number of pol lutants for a part icular industry is usual ly smal l .
For example: Wastewater from food
industry mainly contains organic pol lutant matters;
Waters comming from coal laundry, inorganic mater ia ls in form of suspensions, etc.
46
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Pollution in urban areas
I t is a mixture of water f rom households and industry (usual ly local) .That is why these waters can be found in almost al l types of pol lutants above, their product ion depends from case by case.
How pollution occurs?
• Pol lutants get into the water.Because of sunl ight,
pol luted water evaporates cycle ends wi th the fa l l back of water in to the earth as precipi tat ions.
• Polluted waters affects soil, plants and animals causing mutations.
47
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
„Water! You have no taste, no smel l , no color , no smel l , you can not be def ined , we taste you wi thout knowing you. You are not only required for l i fe: you are l i fe i tsel f . You are the most valuable weal th in the wor ld and you are the most tender, you, so pure deep in the earth. " Antoine de Saint- Exupéry
Methods to reduce pollut ion
The general ways to be followed to reduce pollut ion are :
Fast and eff ic ient waste recycl ing; Industr ia l development using less pol lut ing means; Safely stor ing the waste that is not b iodegradable; Appl icat ion of rules and sanct ions much higher;
Reduce pollution in agriculture
To reduce th is type of pol lut ion we need:
Supervis ion of an expert in the appl icat ion of fer t i l izers. Corect use of fer t i l izers and pest ic ides. Cult ivat ion in the correct t ime per iod to help regenerate
soi l resources, in order to reduce the need for fer t i l izers.
48
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Reduce pollution in agriculture
Introduct ion of machinery and equipment that would not pol lute
Methods to improve water quality • No oi l d isposing into the s ink; • Sewage plants must be improved; • Septic tanks should be provided wi th concrete wal ls and a
drain hole; • Bathrooms must be provided wi th a garbage bin to avoid
spreading waste in groundwater . • 20% of our town has no access to sani tat ion. Improper use of
sept ic tanks pol lute ground water. • Instal l ing and using f i l ters within publ ic inst i tut ions
(especial ly schools) Hard detergents wi th a lot of perborates for bleaching
are useless i f we wash at 40-60°C, because perborates are inact ive under 70° , and go into the sewage unmodif ied, af fect ing the qual i ty of water.
I t is preferable to not use dis infectants and specia l solut ions for c leaning to i lets . Also don’t use them excessively and keep in mind that "deodor iz ing" p i l ls may do more harm to the water. Use them with
49
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
moderat ion and don’ t use excessive concentrat ions of
solut ions for c leaning utensi ls . • Avoid throwing toxic substances (pest ic ides,
insect ic ides, poisons, mercury, petro leum products) in the s ink, to i let or channels. Bott les and the rest of the non-biodegradable waste must be stored in special p laces.
Reducing the industrial pollution
construct ion of dams; wastewater t reatment
(using f i l ters for chemicals or bacter ia to b iodegrade etc.) .
construct ion of waste-water treatment plants in v i l lages.
The dam f rom Bicaz ,Neamt ‐Romania
Reducing the industrial pollution
Building special waste collection tanks, to prevent their direct discharge into waters surface.
50
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Siret river
Source: SC METADET SA Falt iceni ( industr ia l pol luter) ; Cause: The product ion of detergents and polymethyl methacrylate ; Measures: Supplementat ion of Siret 's r iver f low in order to reduce the concentrat ion of the pol lutant wave. Therefore the treatment p lants can f i l ter the pol luted water faster .
Polluters in Moldova
In Neamt the most important
factors of pol lut ion are factor ies and chemical inst i tut ions.
Moldova river
Source: SC ARCELORMITTAL TUBULAR PRODUCTS SA Roman(industr ial pol luter) Cause: Damaging the stat ions viscous oi l supply p ipel ine led to the matter 's download in the Moldova r iver
Measures: repair ing the pipel ine
where the leaks occurred; c leaning the pipes;
bui ld ing a ser ies of dams from boards, bales of straw and absorbent mater ia ls in the Moldova r iver
51
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Bistrita river
Source: SC GA PRO CO CHEMICALS SA (chemical pol luter) Cause:
repeated star ts and stops of the chemical instal lat ions;
def ic tar ig technologies for neutral iz ing pol lutants f rom residual waters
Measures: the treatment and recovery of nutr ients from the
ef f luent coming from the granulat ion tower; L iquid and sol id loss recovery systems; ammonia reduct ion from the emission gases.
In Neamt county
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Surface occupied by water
Surface of polluted waters
Reduction through filtration
After applying the reduction methods
52
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Ideas on how to improve water quality
Made by Lyudmil Stoyanov from the Bulgarian team
Current water treatment and it ’s quality
Sofia ci t izens dr ink one of the most qual i tat ive waters in Europe.The water f rom the Bel i Iskar dam and lesser water sources is decontaminated wi th chlor ine, and the Iskar dam water passes through a few stages of t reatment in the sewage – t reatment p lants Bistr i tsa and Pancharevo .
Why do we have to add chlorine?
In order to have a c lean water and to guarantee i t ’s dr inking qual i t ies, chlor ine is being added to i t . The quant i t ies of i t are large enough to destroy harmful microorganisms and smal l enough to be completely harmless to people. This is the oldest and most ef f ic ient method for pur i fy ing water.
Stages of purif icat ion of water in water treatment faci l it ies
Chlor ine is added to the water in order to exterminate the bacter ia in i t .
When necessary, a reagent that enlarges undissolved substances is added in the water to entrap them in f i l ters in the next stage of treatment.
Water is f i l tered through a layer of quartz sand. In the end the water is being chlor i f ied once more before
release to ensure the opt imal content of remaining chlor ine necessary to prevent secondary bacter ia l contaminat ion.
Water qual i t ies are being str ic t ly contro l led by the accredi ted Laboratory test ing complex of “Sof ia water” , as wel l as by the Metropol i tan regional heal th inspect ion.
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Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
That way al l of the water qual i t ies are moni tored str ic t ly and match the normative standards of the country and the EU.
Qualit ies of drinking water in Sofia
Factors Measure Allowable values
Approximate values
pH pH 6,50 - 9,50 7,41
Natr ium mg/ l 200,00 <5,10
Calc ium mg/ l 150,00 <12,50
Ferrum μg/ l 200 <128 Manganes
e μg/ l 50 <10
Fluor ides mg/l 1,50 <0,20
Ni trates mg/l 50,00 <0,99
Ni tr i tes mg/l 0,500 <0,015 Residual chlorine mg/l 0,30 - 0,40 <0,31
Plans for improving the quality of drinking water
A l l in a l l improving water qual i ty means keeping water sources c lean, monitor ing careful ly the transfer of water , us ing non – harmful to the environment and to us (preferably wi th less energy usage) ways to d is infect water and not wasting already clean water.
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Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
1. The most common cause for worsening dr inking water ’s qual i ty is outdated inner – bui l t p lumbing in bui ld ings. In order to have better dr ink ing water we must renew or replace i t , as wel l as war i ly maintain i t .
The importance of keeping a clean l iving environment
In other words, you can help by s imple means such as keeping the space around your home swept and wi thout debr is , c leaning af ter your dog when you take i t for a walk, and using cars as rarely as possible.
2. Don't drain motor oil or antifreeze down storm drains
I f you change your car 's o i l , be careful to avoid spi l ls or residual dr ips.
Take your o ld motor o i l to a garage or auto parts store that recycles i t .
Consider having your car 's oi l changed at a quick lube or garage.
Keep your car maintained to avoid oi l and gas dr ips and leaks.
3. Minimize fert i l izer use Over-appl icat ion of fer t i l izer contr ibutes to eutrophicat ion,
the choking of our lakes and streams by overgrown algae and weeds. Proper use of fer t i l izer can reduce the environmental impact on our c i ty waters.
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Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
Take a soi l test to determine how much fer t i l izer to
apply. Fer t i l ize in ear ly fa l l , when i t is most benefic ia l to the
root system. But be sure to fert i l ize before the grass goes dormant, af ter which i t can' t take up the fer t i l izer .
Buy only what you need and fo l low the instruct ions. Don' t fer t i l ize just pr ior to a ra instorm. Leave grass cl ippings on the lawn to act as a natural
fer t i l izer .
4. Minimize pesticide use
Pest ic ides inc lude chemicals that k i l l insects ( insect ic ides), weeds (herbic ides) , and fungi ( fungic ides) . These chemicals can be toxic to humans, pets and other animals, hence they can have many harmful ef fects throughout the watershed.
Consider a l ternat ive methods such as using non-toxic sprays, benefic ia l predators, or spraying off pests with a forceful stream of water. Also, consider hand picking of f smal l infestat ions of pests.
Buy only what you need to avoid having to dispose of or s tore the product.
Choose pest ic ides that are the least toxic. Look for s ignal words on the package: warnings which read "Poison" are highly toxic and the most dangerous. "Danger" means extremely f lammable, corrosive or h ighly toxic. "Warning" means moderately hazardous. "Caut ion" means low to moderately hazardous
5. Report I l legal Dumping or Unusual Condit ions in Lakes or Streams
Be a watchdog over your lakes and streams. Contact local author i t ies i f you not ice any of the fo l lowing unusual condit ions in your lakes and streams:
56
Comen ius mul t i l a te ra l par tne r sh ipSOS WATER
A change in color of the water An unusual or foul odor Suds when there is no precip i tat ion occurr ing Any unusual- looking substance discharging from a storm
outlet I l legal dumping act ivi ty Unusual discharges from construct ion s i tes or industr ia l
s i tes Large number of dead or dying f ish or crayf ish
Spread the word
There’s strength in numbers, they say. In 21s t century there are count less ways to involve others in tak ing act ions for the environment.
You can: Hand out f lyers with short presentat ions on them. Organise cleaning events (v ia internet for massive ones
or s imply gather ing a dozen aqcuaintainces and c leaning publ ic places) to give an example.
Making shir ts , s t ickers, badges, wr i t ing ar t ic les, focusing di f ferent forms of ar t on the subject, organising events, doing what you’re best at for gather ing attent ion to the topic.
Bel ieving in the cause. As you can see, there can be done much and we are the
ones to guide others to creat ing heal thy habits for protect ing water and the environment on the whole. I t ’s up to us to give an example and star t the change. Once we teach others how to spread the word, we are bound to succeed.
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
Chemical analysis
Chemical water quality determination of the Murr-Germany
using the NSF Water Qual i ty Index
Outl ine:
• Introduct ion
• Measuring methods and mater ia ls
• Results
• Assessing the resul ts/ Comparat ive assessment of
b io logical macro analysis
• Conclusion
Introduction - The Murr
A length of 51.5 km and a catchment area of about 500 square k i lometres make the Murr the seventh largest t r ibutary to the Neckar. The source is near Murrhardt f rom where i t f lows into the Neckar, the Rhine and then into the North Sea.
The Murr can look back on an eventfu l h istory: in the
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
15th century i t was used pr imar i ly as a t ransport
route for local raf ter companies. The importance as a means of t ransport decreased great ly af ter that. In the era of industr ia l izat ion for a per iod of near ly 100 years a rai lway l ine ran through the Murr val ley.
The Murr val ley therefore became at t ract ive to residents and especial ly the industry. In the context of f lood protect ion the course of the Murr was straightened in many places. Only a few sect ions of the r iver match the or ig inal course of water .
Most parts of the Murr are protected areas. However, i t f lows through areas which are used for agr icul ture. Addi t ional ly, pur i f ied wastewater from sewage treatment p lants f low into i t .
Whether the water qual i ty is af fected thereby, and whether the Murr can be categor ised as an average c lean r iver in Germany, our water analyses dur ing the mobi l i ty to Germany wi l l show.
Measurement, methods and materials
To determine the amount of ammonium, ni trate, n i tr i te, phosphates, tota l hardness and the pH value of the water in the Murr , we used the Viscolor-School water analysis k i t . Using a conversion table the tota l hardness enables us to calculate the amount of calc ium dissolved in the r iver water.
The electr ical conduct iv i ty was measured with a mult imeter. First one has to measure the electr ic resistance
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
and then form the reciprocal of the acquired data. The oxygen content was determined by a quick test of the producer JBL.
Measurements
The measurements were taken dur ing the Comenius mobi l i ty to Germany on 2n d October 2012. The fo l lowing data is the average of 9 measurements, each of which was taken at 10 meter intervals. The water temperature at the t ime was about 9 ° C.
The resul ts may contain minor measurement errors or ins igni f icant deviat ions from the actual value.
Murr (average value)
Oxygen content (mg/ l) 13,2
Oxygen saturat ion(%) <100%
Ammonium (mg/ l) 0,15
Ni trate (mg/ l) 7,5
Ni tr i te (mg/l ) 0,0875
Water hardness (°dH) 28
Calc ium (mg/ l) 200,1
PH – value 8,25
Phosphate approx. 1 mg/l
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
Assessing the results
In our introduct ion we asked whether the water qual i ty of the Murr is af fected by pur i f ied wastewater f rom sewage treatment p lants and the agronomic use of the surrounding plains.
To answer th is important quest ion ammonium and phosphate levels should be considered f i rs t . The values turned out to be very posi t ive. The extremely low ammonium amount of 0.15 mg/l is extremely s igni f icant . This is wel l below the l imi t of 0.5 mg/l . Ammonium found in r ivers are mainly part of the ni t rogen cycle. I t is a resul t of the decomposit ion of organic mater ia l such as dead plants or dead animals. Organic mater ial a lso passes through faecal contamination into r ivers l ike the Murr , e.g. by fer t i l izers. These contain ammonium as i t is wel l known to increase the growth of crop or other p lants and therefore the main component of many fer t i l izers. A too high an amount of ammonium, resul t ing f rom faecal pol lut ion and fer t i l izers may lead to an uncontrol led plant and algae growth, which then might resul t in eutrophicat ion of the water .
Another danger is the possib le conversion of ammonium to ammonia, which is h ighly toxic to the ent ire ecosystem. However, i f the ammonium level is too low, other problems ar ise: a low ammonium level decreases plant growth and the whole food chain may col lapse. The ammonium content of the Murr therefore can be c lassi f ied as opt imal . I t cannot conf i rm the suspic ion of agr icul tural or faecal pol lut ion. The low phosphorus content indicates a s imi lar resul t . The phosphorus amount of 1 mg/ l is far below the l imi t of 5 mg/ l .
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
L ike ammonium, phosphorus, coming from organic mater ial , f inds i ts way into the r ivers.
I t a lso increases the growth of p lants but can, in h igh concentrat ions, lead to eutrophicat ion. For th is reason, ammonium and phosphorus are the pr imary indicators of agr icul tural or faecal contaminat ion. Both indicate that our suspic ion was wrong: The water of the Murr is not , or only to smal l a degree, pol luted by bio logical contaminat ion. Only the s l ight ly e levated pH-value may indicate a bio logical pol lut ion. However, a s l ight ly e levated pH-value can be a result of many other reasons. This good water qual i ty may also be the result of the str ic t regulat ions regarding the discharge of sewage water and the whole catchment area being protected as nature reserves.
Furthermore, i t was highly interest ing assessing the water qual i ty in re lat ion to the habi tat r iver Murr . Str ik ingly posi t ive is the high oxygen level , indicat ing a saturat ion of 100%. This is a good basis for a heal thy ecosystem. However, one must assume that there is a measurement error , as water cannot d issolve 13.1 mg of oxygen per l i t re at a temperature of 9 ° C.
L ikewise, the water hardness can indicate a heal thy aquatic environment. On the other hand hard water means a relat ively large amount of calc ium ions, which increases the toxic i ty of var ious substances. Nutr ients such as ammonium and ni trate including i ts prel iminary ni tr i te are present. However, these values are not benef ic ia l or even opt imal for waters inhabi ted by f ish. Ammonium and ni trate also serve as a basis for p lant growth and ni trate even as a nutr ient for f ish.
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
Moreover, the s l ight ly h igher pH-value and the just
ment ioned amounts of ammonium and ni t rate indicate a strong plant growth within the Murr . Present ly th is wi l l however not endanger the fauna.
Based on our data, we can also calculate the water qual i ty index. According to the NSF-standard the Murr reaches a qual i ty index of 76. This is average for German waters. Thus, the r iver Murr is suff ic ient ly chemical ly c lean and hereby also counts to the c lean r ivers of Germany.
Comparative analysis
Why is the water quality, according to the methods of the Saprobicindex, better?
Comparing the two methods for the determinat ion of water qual i ty , i t is str ik ing that the resul ts d iverge: whi le the Murr is a r iver wi th a moderate to a high degree of c leanl iness, according to the methodology of the Saprobic index, the chemical analysis indicates a rather average water qual i ty.
Now the quest ion is : How do these different results come about? The data of chemical analyses provide an instant value of the water qual i ty : they change quickly when a nearby f ie ld is fer t i l ized, more sewage water is introduced or i f the waters were af fected by rainfal l .
Fol lowing the example of the fer t i l ized f ie ld the ammonium ni trate and ni tr i te values r ise quickly but only for a short per iod. This has a negat ive impact on the water qual i ty index according to NSF-standards.
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
Furthermore, chemical water qual i ty determinat ion depends on ones measuring point: c lose to the r iverbanks, f rom where the samples were taken, one wi l l f ind other condit ions than in the middle of the r iver .
On the other hand, the resul ts determined by saprobic standards, offer long-term informat ion on the water qual i ty. I t takes a whi le unt i l the ecosystem has adapted to new condit ions. For example, i t takes t ime unt i l organisms indicat ing a good water qual i ty d ie and are replaced by organisms indicat ing the opposi te, or v ice versa. Also, the local dependency is less important.
Conclusion
As we want to make a general long term statement about the water qual i ty of the Murr and as the resul ts of the saprobic index provide longterm information on the water qual i ty , we wi l l g ive th is method a higher weight ing.
Final ly one has to agree that the Murr of fers a bio logical ly heal thy habi tat for f lora and fauna and i ts c leanl iness can be referred to as "mediocre to good".
By Sascha Ley, SOS Water Germany
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
Biological analysis
made by the Romanien team
Protocol – Zoobenthos We had col lected some l i t t le var iuos creatures that
l ive in waters of the lakes in our area, in some eprubets. Each group wi l l choose an eprubet. The tubes are contain ing alcohol in wich the l i t t le creature are preserved. The creature wi l l be taken by a pippete and placed on a watch glass. The next s tep is to ident i fy the chosen specimen and his features( name, species, k ingdom, special features) on the maps desplayed on the work off ice. Each group wi l l have to make a drawing to represent each creature and informations obtained, wich then they must submit to the other mates.
Haemopsis
• There are 25 species in Romania • Dimensions: f rom 6 to 200 mm • Body shape: l inear, oval and cyl indr ical • Major i ty l ive in freshwater • Habitats: under the rocks, in mud and on aquat ic
vegetat ion • Feeding: carnivores and hematophagous
Scientif ic classif ication : • Kingdom: Animal ia • Phylum: Annel ida • Subclass: Hirudinea Saprobiologically importance :
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
The Medic inal leech, at the top of the page, is the biggest f reshwater leech in the UK. I t used to be fa ir ly widespread but once br idges replaced fords and dr ink ing troughs replaced ponds i t became very di f f icul t to f ind in the
wi ld as i t no longer had easy access to i ts v ic t ims. Medicinal leeches are raised commercial ly to obtain hirudin - the ant i-coagulant used to prevent blood clots. For more detai ls see the table below.
Baetis
• Acvat ic larvae • Habitats: Oxygenated freshwaters, lakes and c lean ponds • In Roumania there are 101 species Scientif ic classif ication: • Kingdom: Animal ia • Phylum: Arthropoda • Class: Insecta • Subclass: Pterygota • Divis ion: Palaeoptera • Superorder: Ephemeropteroidea • Order: Ephemeroptera Saprobiologically importance: Baetis nymphs are found in almost every t rout stream, but they produce more broods and th icker hatches in cold, unpol luted,alkal ine waters.
Ecdyonurus • Ecdyonurus is a genus of mayf l ies of the Heptageni idae family;
• Over 500 descr ibed species;
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
• Distr ibuted in the Oriental and Afrotropical regions, and also present in the Central Amer ican Tropics and extreme northern South America;
• These are general ly rather smal l mayf l ies wi th two long tai ls ;
• The wings are usual ly c lear wi th prominent venation al though species with var iegated wings are known;
• They use a wide range of food sources wi th herbivorous, scavenging and predatory species known.
Scientif ic classif ication • Kingdom: Animal ia • Class: Insecta • Order: Ephemeroptera • Family: Heptageni idae • Genus: Ecdyonurus Saprobiologically importance:
This is an important group as both stages in the l i fe cycle are important for f ish development. The larvae take a year to develop in water, feeding on a var iety of p lant debr is, a lgae and diatoms.
Atherix • They don’t have true legs, some of theme show just
pseudopodia • Feeding: saprophagous, detr i t ivore Scientif ic classif ication • Kingdom: Animal iaPhylum: Arthropoda • Class: Insecta • Superorder: Panorpida Saprobiologically importance:
Larvae are predat ious. pupation akes place out of water. some rhagionid adul ts are blood-suckers, including possibly some species of Ather ix.
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip
SOS WATER
Comparative charts Made by the Romanian team
The determination of nitrate in water
Nitrate are chemical components wi thout color , smel l or
taste and they are the natural form of n i trogen found in the soi l which is essentia l for a l l forms of l i fe;
Sources of n i trate in water are natural and anthropogenic.
Natural sources are:
• Rainfal l ; • Ammonium ni tr i f icat ion (by microorganisms) and ni tr i te
(by ni trobacter ia) ; • Soi l erosion contain ing ni t rate; • Anthropogenic sources are: • Decomposit ion of organic matter , and man-made
pol lutants such as sewage waste and fer t i l izer .
C o m
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68
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SOS WATER
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69
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oncentrat ion os def ined as thogen ion act ivs a phis ical ses the commo
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ita Sarıçay Creek
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rate betweenece and Bulg
nd water tem
rogeni i ” . The S.P.L. Sorens
of hydrogen ihe decimal logi ty.
property ofon not ions of ho
ce of pH and t
s below 5.6, wirrevers ible c
hel ia l t issue, athe water is eyes, skin an
urr river Kiphisos river
SOS WATER
n Romania, gary
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70
l pa r tn e r s h ip
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diagrams of pany, Turkey a
Murr river Saricay
of pH in Rom
pH between Band Romania
y river Bistrita riv
SOS WATER
mania
Bulgary,
ver
C o m
Tequant i ta
Th
• Tog
• Wti tc
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71
l pa r tn e r s h ip
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of temperatu
s also importamistry. The rases at h ighericular ly gro
can dissolve mwi l l therefore
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gen than cool ved oxygen foat ic l i fe. nds are also matures.
agrams of tem
Cuiejdi river Bistr
of temperatur
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ure
ant because orate of chemr temperature. oundwater , more minerals fe have a hig
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water, and maor the surviva
more toxic to
mperature in
rita river
SOS WATER
re
f matter thatot and cold.
f i ts inf luenceical react ions wi th higherfrom the rocks
gher electr ica l
gas, such aster holds lessay not containal of d i f ferent
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Romania
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72
l pa r tn e r s h ip
ams of tempeany, Turkey a
nation of oxyof oxygen
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urr river Saricay river
erature betwand Romania
gen levels inis d isolved the water, a ir s and microorg
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SOS WATER
een Bulgary,
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in the waterpressure and
ganisms.
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C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip
SOS WATER
The influence of oxygen
• Dissolved oxygen is an important determinant for stability of waters and survival of water organisms.
• Micro organisms may decompose organic substances in water by means of oxygen.
• Organic pollutants may negatively influence water organisms, because they decrease BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• In eutrophic lakes and relatively enclosed sea areas, oxygen concentrations decrease strongly with depth. In some cases conditions may even be anaerobic.
Comparative diagrams of oxygen in Romania
C o m
Com
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2
3
4
5
6
7
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e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
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Phosphate areed by i ts reac
The
hosphate st imuh of a lgae la
leads to lack decl ine of b iod
he high concen
Kiphisos river
74
l pa r tn e r s h ip
agrams of oxomania and
ination of ph
e salts or estetion with a ba
influence of
ulate algae grounches a proof oxygen in
diversi ty in watrat ion of phos
Bistrita river
ygen betweeBulgary
hosphate in w
ers of phosphase.
phosphate
owth in water ocess cal led elocal waters ater tanks.
sphate in the w
Iskar river
SOS WATER
n Greece,
water
oric acid,
basins. Rapideutrophicat ion,nd as a resul t
water causes
r
d , t
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0.15
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e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
t only the f los, but even in ta l areas ne
cit ies. Tion of phosphater leads to tt ion of “de” - areas
with very lical act iv i ty .
etermination op
water from scho
75
l pa r tn e r s h ip
ra and fauna the ear The ate the
ead of
ow
of phosphate in R
ool water from rivBistrita
to perish in
Romania
ver water from rCuejdi
SOS WATER
the inter ior of
river
f
76
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip
SOS WATER
Comparative diagrams of phosphate between Romania, Germany and Greece
The determination of water hardness
Water hardness is the property of water which contains mineral sal ts of calc ium and magnesium, pr inc ipal ly as bicarbonate, chlor ide, and sulphate, and somet imes iron.
The effects of water hardness
Bathing in hard water gives a feeling of soap on the skin. This prevents rinsing and causes irritation. The hair is dirty and dry;
With soap it forms insoluble salts which stay on sanitary objects;
Laundry is not clean enough, it loses its color and brightness and requires
C o m
more de
• Housquickcond
• Stonwatetheredepocorrothese
T
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
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osion and thee mater ia ls in w
The determinat
77
l pa r tn e r s h ip
nces break dong therm
on pipes redun the other haage in that thethe pipes fr
e assimi lat ion water.
tion of Water
own mal
uce and ese rom
of
Hardness in R
SOS WATER
Romania
C o m
Comp
Iis a salt
Mare knowhighly so
0
5
10
15
20
25
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e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
arative diagraRomania,
The deter
n inorganic chemof sulfuric acid;
Many examples wn, and many ofoluble in water.
Kiphisos river
Bir
78
l pa r tn e r s h ip
ams of water hGermany, Tur
rmination of
mistry, a sulfate
of ionic sulfatesf these are
istrita river
Murr river
hardness betwrkey and Bulg
sulfate in wa
r Sarıçay Creek
Iska
SOS WATER
ween Greece, ary
ater
ar river
C o m
•Sul fatb io
•Copp
•Magnin ther
•Gypsumform sul fateplaste
•The scountedrugs.
C
e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
The ef
tes are imporological system
er sul fate is a
esium sul fate,rapeut ic baths;
m, the naturaof hydrated
e, is used tor ;
u l fate ion is er ion for som
omparative d
79
l pa r tn e r s h ip
ffects of sulf
r tant in both ms;
common algae
commonly kno;
al mineral calc ium
o produce
used as me cat ionic
diagrams of s
fate in water
the chemical
ecide;
own as Epsom
sulphate in R
SOS WATER
industry and
m sal ts , is used
Romania
d
d
C o m
Comp
Mcalc iumin wate
Imagnesnatural industr i
2
4
6
8
10
12
e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
parative diagT
The determi
Magnesium tm and other ion
r hardness;
n surfacesium appears
sources anal waste water
0
20
40
60
80
00
20
Bistrita rive
80
l pa r tn e r s h ip
rams of sulpTurkey and G
ination of ma
together withns are involved
e waterss both fromd spi l l ing ors.
r Sarıçay Cree
phate betweeermany
agnesium in
h d
, m f
ek Murr river
SOS WATER
n Romania,
water
C o m
The eff
Magnes• Helps • Keeps• Suppo• Hepls • Mainta
Magnesexcess
• centra• cardia• respira
i r r i tat iinhala
Co
e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
fects of mag
sium : for the norma
s the constant or ts immunity s
for the regulaains a normal b
sium carbonative may cause
al nervous systc d isturbancesatory and don in case ot ion.
omparative d
0
5
10
15
20
water from School
81
l pa r tn e r s h ip
nesium
al funct ion of mheart rhythm;
system and bontion of sugar leblood pressure
te used e:
em depressions; digest ive traof ingest ion o
iagram of ma
water from Cuiejdi river
waBis
muscles and ne
nes’resistanceevel in blood;e.
n;
c t or
agnesium in
ater from strita river
SOS WATER
erves;
;
Romania
C o m
Comp
Incarbonic of the car
Aremain inform, the
Adissolved
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
parative diagrGreece
The determ
n chemistry, a caacid, characterizerbonate ion;
At ambient tempn their solid crystay are not color an
Alkaline carbond in water.
Sarıçay Creek river
K
82
l pa r tn e r s h ip
rams of magne, Romania a
mination of co
rbonate is a salt ed by the presenc
era-ture carbonaallized form. In th
nd smell;
ate are hard
Kiphisos river Bis
nesium betwand Germany
orbonate in w
of ce
ate his
dly
strita river Mur
SOS WATER
een Turkey,
water
r river
C o m
Calci
• A• F
r• Iindutablmac
Comp
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
e n i u s mu l t i l a te r a
The
ium carbonate is u
As gastr ic ant iaFor the treatmrenal fa i lure; n the phustry as an inlets and oceuticals.
parative diagGerma
Sarıçay Creek
83
l pa r tn e r s h ip
e effects of c
used:
acid; ent of cronic
harmaceutical nert f i l ler for other phar-
grams of carbany, Romania
Murr river Bis
carbonate
bonate betwea and Greece
strita river Kiphis
SOS WATER
een Turkey,
sos river
84
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
The precious drop Made by the Romanian team
Protocol
Making a model towards using water from precipitations for irigating a field
Step I: Theoretical basis
The making of graphic representations which show : a) The average monthly quant i ty for each country member of the project regarding the precipi tat ion levels in the ra iny season ( from march to october) . b) A graphical representat ion of the average monthly temperature for each partner country in the project regarding the quant i ty of precip i tat ions, would give us a better p ic ture of the evaporat ion process,towards better identi f icat ion of drought per iods. c) Data wi l l be taken by students using as a source special ised si tes.
Step I I : Field teams (creating a number of teams)
Mater ia l resources: tape, rope, notebooks, penci ls . Target: measuring the surface of buildings in order to measure the quantity of water that can be obtained out of precipitations .
Step I I I : Calculating the suface of buildings (exposed surface)
1. Calculat ing the exposed area for precip i tat ions. 2. Corelat ing the col lect ing sur face wi th the quant i ty of
average monthly precipi tat ion, quant i ty which is later
85
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
3. used to f ind the maximum quanti ty of water we can
col lect . 4. Measuring ( theoret ical ly) the capaci ty of the
recipients regarding the quanti ty of precip i tat ions. 5. The approximate landmass of vegetat ion that could
be i r r igated wi th the obtained quant i ty of water. 6. Economical evaluat ion-“How much would i t cost to
i r r igate the speci f ic surface i f we would use water f rom the network? Are we saving money? How do we know? We’l l see the pr ice per cubic meter in each country.
Advantages : Level di f ferences in the school courtyard could i r r igate, by using natural ra infa l l , the grass patches or the t rees ( inc luding washing the al leys and the sports f ie ld) .
Step IV : Making the model
Technologycal process of making the model
Cr t issue Operat ion name Neccesary mater ia ls Observat ions
1 Pick ing mater ia ls
Po lyes te r boards ,po l yes te r b locks ,hoses ,g lasses,adhes ive , tape , ma tches , sc i sso rs , g reen space , g reen pens , b ranches , paper c l i ps
Each member o f each team i s ass igned to h i s /he r respec t i ve ro le .
2
Plac ing the model o f the po lyester houses and the roofs
Po lyes te r board , po lyes te r b locks , roo fs , g lue , sc isso rs , g lue , c l i ps , adhes ive tape
In the cons t ruc ted bu i l d ings there mus t be a t l eas t one e lemen t spec i f i c o f each coun t ry .
86
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
3 Placing the chimneys on the roofs
Hose, scissors, glue, tape
4 Creating green areas around the houses
Green space,glue,matches, branches for trees
Each team can make its own green space like a park, alley, or recreational space.
5
Establishment and installation of rain-water collection vessels
Glue, scissors, glasses, hose
6
Collected water pipe route planning to green areas or other destinations
Straw or thin hose
7 Testing the route for the collected water
Bowl of water
At the end every team will test if the instalation works and the water can be gathered and directed towards the green zone. Other purposes can be found for the collected water.
87
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
The solut ion of the teams during the Romanian mobi l i ty
L=50m, l=10m
1. The maximum capacity of the recipients needed to water 2500 m2 of turf. Deficit of water of 45 l/m2 Max capacity = 2500m2 x 45 l/m2 = 112500 liters= 112.5 m3
2. The capacity of water collected from the building: S = 50 x 10 = 500m2
Month Water collected June 500 x 108,4=54200July 500 x 93,3=46650August 500 x 71,9=3595September 500 x 48,8=24400
3. The reduction of expenses per month:
Month The reduction June 54200 x 0,8=4337,6 July 46650 x 0,8=37320
August 3595 x 0,8=2876 September 24400 0,8=19620
88
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
22.1 23.1 27.3 50.8 85.8108.493.3 71.9 48.8 38.4 34.3 26.3‐3.1 ‐2.2
2.4
8.8
14.317.6
19.5 18.814.8
9.1
3.3‐0.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
‐5
0
5
10
15
20
25
Precipitation (m
m/m
onth)
Tempe
rature
(°C)
Month
Comparativ Chart Temperature-Precipitation
Average precipitation Average temperature
C o me n i u s mu l t i l a te r a l pa r tn e r s h ip SOS WATER
Content
SOS WATER project – summary ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Main goals – H2O Club ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Team members ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Hydrografic maps ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The water saving plan ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Water quality improvement plan ... . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chemical and biological analysis ... . . . . . . . . 57
Comparative charts ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The precious drop .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
ISBN 978-973-0-14974-6.