sophia, year 3, no.2 (november, 2014)

Sophia, Year 03, Issue 02 (November, 2014)

1 | P a g e h t t p : / / p h i l g c g 1 1 c h d . w e b s . c o m



Dear Readers

World Philosophy Day was proclaimed by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) to be celebrated in every third Thursday of November. It was first celebrated on 21 November 2002. It is celebrated to honor the philosophical reflections and works of philosophy by people around the world. Philosophy is the stepping stone for innovations and creative ideas. It has been the foundation of progress through many centuries, across cultures. On this day people get together to exchange problems, ideas and solutions to make this world a better place to live. In these strife-ridden times, philosophy is the only hope towards world peace. It brings democracy, justice, human rights and equality into the forefront. Reflection of world issues and solutions to problems of the humanity are the focal point of philosophical analysis.

This year World Philosophy Day is being celebrated on November 20, 2014. The Department of Philosophy, P.G. Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh and the Centre for Positive Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Studies (CPPIS), Pehowa (Kurukshetra) jointly celebrate it via a student program with the theme Youth and Indian Education System. In the present issue of the Sophia we included some essays of the students which were submitted for the said programme. Hope this issue will be useful for our readers too.

Nidhi (Editor )



ANATOMY OF INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

Sukanya Rai, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Rohini, New Delhi

Education is a companion which no misery can depress, no crime can destroy, no despotism can

enslave. Home a friend, abroad an introduction, society an ornament. Without it what is man? A

splendid slave, reasoning savage. -Joseph Addison

Education is today the most important gift we can give to our children. The most important factor

which gauges any countrys future success is its talent pool of young and talented people. The fact

that Indian students have ranked a lowly 72nd in the Global Education Survey conducted by PISA

(Programme for International Student Assessment) doesnt show much of promise in our students.

Part of the skills gap problem is that only a small percentage of India's youth pursue higher

education. Even a more fundamental level of education is proving difficult with nearly 40 per cent

of people over the age of 15 being illiterate (Source: The Economist, "A Survey of Business in India";

June 2006.)

Hence, we see that it is becoming more and more difficult to create a robust and continuous

pipeline of talent. So it is, beyond doubt, that our present system of education is not up to the world

standards and we need to make serious efforts to improve this situation in the future.

India has always had a wonderful tradition of education and learning from the beginning of time;

Gurukul System of education was highly effective. According to the ancient Indian theory of

education, the training of the mind and the process of thinking are essential for the acquisition of

knowledge. Ancient Education System in India had three simple processes

1) Shravana : It means to listen to the words of wisdom which the teacher spoke.

2) Manana : It implies that the student needs to interpret the meaning of the lessons imparted by

the teacher so that they may be understood fully, reflecting upon what has been heard (shravana).

3) Niddhyaasana : It was believed that knowledge must result in realization and not merely a

collection of facts.



It is no doubt that our ancient education system was a great success, but unfortunately today we

are in a very poor condition. The teacher student interaction has been limited to classrooms and the

critical bond of growth has been broken. The respect for the guru has been lost. Secondly, our

students have actually forgotten to think critically leading us to a serious problem of lack of

innovative and creative minds. Thirdly, the present education system just focuses on factual

learning rather than practical learning. There is no working system wherein a student can practice

what he is being taught or put his own ideas to work.

What do we need to change about the Indian Education System?

Education has been a problem in our country and lack of it has been blamed for all sorts of evil for

hundreds of years. Since colonial times, few things have changed. We have established IITs, IIMs,

law schools and other institutions of excellence; students now routinely score 90% marks so that

even students with 90+ percentage find it difficult to get into the colleges of their choice; but we do

more of the same old stuff.

Rote learning still plagues our system, students study only to score marks in exams. The colonial

masters introduced education systems in India to create clerks and civil servants, and we have not

deviated much from that pattern till today. Creating a few more schools or allowing hundreds of

colleges and private universities to mushroom is not going to solve the crisis of education in India.

And a crisis it is we are in a country where people are spending their parents life savings and

borrowed money on education and even then not getting standard education, and struggling to

find employment of their choice. In this country, millions of students are victim of an unrealistic,

pointless, mindless rat race. The mind numbing competition and rote learning do not only crush the

creativity and originality of millions of Indian students every year; it also drives brilliant students to

commit suicide.

We also live in a country where the people see education as the means of climbing the social and

economic ladder. If the education system is failing then it is certainly not due to lack of demand

for good education, or because a market for education does not exist. Education system in India is

failing because of more intrinsic reasons. There are systemic faults that do not let our demand for

good education translate into a great marketplace with excellent education services. What should

change in Indian education system? What needs to be fixed at the earliest?

Focus on skill based education & Re-define the purpose of the education system

Give a man a fish and you feed him one day, teach him how to catch fishes and you feed him for a

lifetime. I believe that if you teach a man a skill, you enable him for a lifetime. Knowledge is

largely forgotten after the semester exam is over. Still the best crammers are rewarded by the

system. Our education system today encourages mediocrity in students, in teachers, throughout

the system. Hard work is always tough; the path to excellence is fraught with difficulties. Mediocrity

is comfortable. Our education system will remain as it is until we make it clear that it is not ok to be

mediocre. If we want excellence, mediocrity cannot be tolerated. The goal of our new education

system should be to create entrepreneurs, innovators, artists, scientists, thinkers and writers who



can establish the foundation of knowledge based economy rather than becoming largest call

centres.

Reward creativity, original thinking, research and innovation & Get smarter people to teach

The biggest flaw in our education system is perhaps that it incentivizes memorizing above

originality.Teaching jobs are until today widely regarded as safe, well-paying, risk-free and

low-pressure jobs. We need leaders, entrepreneurs in teaching positions, not salaried people trying

to hold on to their mantle.

Implement massive technology infrastructure for education and Allow private capital in

education

Instead of focussing on outdated models of brick and mortar colleges and universities, now that we

have computers and internet, it makes sense to invest in technological infrastructure that will make

access to knowledge easier than ever if it has to teach all of its huge population, the majority of

which is located in remote villages.

Personalize education one size does not fit all

Indian education system is built on the presumption that if something is good for one kid, it is good

for all kids. Decentralization of education is needed and govt dont need to obsessively what would

be the syllabus and what will be the method of instruction.

Make reservation irrelevant and promote mass education

We have reservation in education today because education is not available universally. Education

has to be rationed. There is no reservation in online education because it scales. Today top

universities worldwide are taking various courses online, and today you can easily attend a live

class taught by a top professor of Harvard University online if you want, no matter which country is

belong to. This is the future, this is the easy way to beat reservation and make it inconsequential.

We should also follow the notion- EACH ONE, TEACH TEN.

Role of Youth

Demographically, the India of today is at its youngest best with nearly 78% of population less than

40 years old. The entire world is eyeing India as a source of technical manpower. They are looking

at our youth as a source of talents at low costs for their future super profits. If Indian youth make

up their mind and work in close unity with working class people, they can hold the political power

in their hands. Indian youth has the power to make our country from developing nation to a

developed nation.

Youth is like a fire

It crept forward.



A Spark at first

Growing into a flame

The brightening into a Blaze.

So, we need to understand that our education system needs a revamp and we have to be the leaders

of this change. We have to imbibe the seed of creative and analytical thinking into our children, so

that they can be successful in their future endeavours. Let us build a beautiful tomorrow by starting

today. The time is ripe for us all now to reboot the India education system by various programmes,

joint initiatives and other measure by individuals, the government, industry and academia. Such

activities have the potential to play an important part in plugging the talent gap in the years to

come. Training individuals for the jobs of the future and allowing them to visualise what it possible

today will not only make a difference in their lives but will enrich our communities now and for

years to come.



YOUTH AND INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

B.Ram Prasad

M.B.B.S., Third Year, Katuri Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh (India).

"Young people should be at the forefront of global change and innovation. Empowered, they can be

key agents for development and peace. If, however, they are left on society's margins, all of us will

be impoverished. Let us ensure that all young people have every opportunity to participate fully in

the lives of their societies." - Kofi Annan

Introduction

Every society is made by people of different classes, values and ages, and everyone has to play an

important, essential and crucial role in the society of today and of future. And it is the duty of every

member of society to participate to strengthen the society. And every society is like a bouquet of

flowers where each flower participate to make the bouquet wonderful, and each flower has a

different colour, smell and size but all together make the bouquet more brighter, attractive and

beautiful.

Indian Youth and Education System

Young people are part of the bouquet of a society, but their role is more important than others.

They are integral and essential part of a society and a society is incomplete without young blood.

Therefore it is said: Todays youths are the force, hope and leaders of tomorrow, because they are

the future of society, country and community.

Young people are the driving force of change and can encourage governments to declare their

priorities. Young people have important responsibilities towards their country. It is important to

learn from the past and to live with a hope for a better future, a future that is appropriate for our

children and future generations.



The future generation has a duty to be honest, genuine, of good values and to work day and night

for the betterment of the society and the country. Young people have a duty to use their skills,

strength, creativity and imaginations to serve the country and the nation in the best possible

manner. These are the young people who can make the difference, because they are the backbone of

a nation and can build a bright future for society based on values and courageous behaviour.

India being the youngest nation of the world, this demographic dividend has raised high

expectations in regard to the youths meaningful participation in socio-political process;

particularly civic engagement.

Todays youth are some intelligent, pragmatic and adept at career building. Thanks to globalization

and the information revolution. However the Indian youth as experience suggests has not been able

to contribute to the nation building considerably and if at all these were any attempts they were

never commensurate with their enormous size and the deep diversity of the Indian society. It was

also too little to impact a society as large as India.

The demographic dividend of youth with diverse needs and almost total absence of educational and

skill development opportunities for them makes the youth education a most significant challenge at

the present time. Youth is overburdened by a education system which is not much meaningful for

them.

The present education system does not align with the holistic approach towards understanding

young peoples lives. What is needed is an approach focusing on interest based learning within

context and enhancing opportunities enabling them to construct knowledge and develop skills,

thereby improving the quality of life.

To encourage young people to stay in schools, they should have flexible schedules, strive to

eliminate gender bias and be relevant to young peoples daily lives, especially for the economically

disadvantaged group who must combine economic activity with education.

Education programmes should be so designed as to provide a second chance to those young people

who have missed this opportunity and could not complete their education earlier, due to some

unforeseen circumstances. This would help the youth to realize their full potential.

Life-Skills and Education

As the young people step into the threshold of the external world, they are increasingly influenced

by their peers and by adults other than their parents. They begin to explore and experiment

intellectually, ingeniously and socially through various activities. To support them in this sensitive

and tender stage, they need to develop life skills skills in negotiation, conflict resolution, critical

thinking, decision making and communication. This would help them develop self-esteem,

self-confidence, assertiveness, ability to work in teams and resolve conflicts in a rational manner.

Life skills programme should be an integral part of the education system in order to transmit the

accumulated resources of our cultural heritage to each new generation.



When young people work, they not only generate income but also develop their skills, increase

knowledge, build self-esteem and confidence and garner an optimistic outlook of what their future

might hold.

The launching of livelihood programmes would help the youth to develop an array of skills

including literacy and numeracy, technical, entrepreneurial, practical, social, managerial and

strategic skills.

It is precisely at this stage when vocational maturity undergoes greater development and progress

and it becomes more necessary since the students must engage in various academic and vocational

decision-making processes which have important repercussions for the future.

In advance of education sector reform, managing life skills programming can be a challenge. It may

create friction with teachers and students, who are already under pressure from a packed

curriculum and an exam-based assessment system.

In response, some countries have made life skills an examinable subject in order to signal its

importance. Unfortunately, this may result in life skills becoming just another knowledge-based

subject that students are required to memorize.

In addition, life skills cannot be effectively assessed by written exams. There are also education

sector cultural issues which can make teaching life skills unattractive.

Building acceptance of life skills programming :

1. Creating a supportive environment for the practice of life skills

2. Advocating and orienting politicians, policy makers, and societal leaders

3. Building support in communities and schools for life skills programming

Life skills programming can play a role in nudging societies towards social inclusion and equality,

creating a more beneficial teacher-student relationship, and promoting a public discourse on issues

previously considered taboo. For this reason, deliberate efforts are required to build awareness and

acceptance through advocacy and social mobilization.

Creating a supportive environment for the practice of life skills:

Children and adolescents are more likely to make good decisions if they can experience control over

their lives; and gain a sense of self-respect and recognition from others, including teachers and

parents. However, a lack of future prospects, little family support, low community status, and

limited opportunities to play a role in community decisions, all serve to undermine life skills

programming.

To increase the likelihood of success, programmes need to create opportunities to practice life skills

outside the classroom; question youth stereotypes; and, build support for the right to



self-determination. Simply put, unless schools, families and communities are prepared to allow

children and adolescents to play an active role in the decisions affecting them, life skills will remain

confined to the classroom.

Building support in communities and schools for life skills programming

As with advocacy activities for decision makers, there is a need to build support for life skills based

education among communities, schools, and families, through mobilization activities.

There is also a need to confront complacency and denial about the risks facing children and

adolescents, to build awareness of the benefits of life skills, and to reject the notion that it is a

foreign concept intent on undermining traditional values.

While it must be acknowledged that families are the true and best providers of life skills, it must be

accepted that in a rapidly changing world, there are risks (i.e. drugs, HIV/AIDS, trafficking, etc)

which many parents may be unaware of or unprepared for. It also needs to be accepted that most

families, in most cultures, can be found wanting when it comes to providing information to their

children on topics considered sensitive or taboo.

Orienting parents, local officials (i.e. school principals, district education officers, etc.), religious

leaders, and teachers (not teaching life skills) is something that many interventions identified as

important for the creation of the necessary programming space.

This includes preparing people for the subversive nature of life skills-based education. Indias

Adolescent Education Programme provides programme orientations to parents and communities.

Many stakeholders spoke of the value of teaching life skills to parents.

Youth has all the potential. Let us all provide rational education support to them so that they keep

on growing in their knowledge and understanding and keep making a difference to the nation and

to the world. Then they should be fully empowered to lead India into the future.

Young people should focus on their studies, because education is the best tool to success and for the

future of our country. They should devote sufficient time to their studies. Physical education and

sport is also important, and young people should play regularly, as health is also important for the

progress. If our youths will be healthy, they can do more work for the country.

Our youths are not less than the youths of other countries and are very capable and have various

opportunities. They have the skill, behaviour, attitude, health, knowledge and ability to make the

future of the country very shining.

Conclusion

I believe that the life and success of nations and their bright future lies in the hands of the youth

generation of today. And if young people of today have strong values, the best education, good

health, right priorities and full sincerity, then we can say that the future is bright. And if,



unfortunately, todays youths have not prepare themselves enough, then we cannot say that the

future will be brighter than today. Because, strong building always has a strong foundation.

Nelson Mandela says, Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the

world. In my view, education can make a man honest or corrupt, slave or free (to his habits),

explorer, inventor or criticizer, a Great support or burden for all, Successful or unsuccessful, and

humane or cruel. Any of these attributes can be inculcated (or corrected) in a person by his

education.



NATION RENOVATION

Kanak Balani , B.Tech (IInd Year), University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET),

C.S.J.M.University, Kanpur

Nations are built by the imagination and untiring enthusiastic efforts of the generations. It is

impossible not to be astonished by our nation India also known as our Motherland. It is known to

be our Motherland as it presents itself in a unique panacea which hence is a formulation of creative

bursts of cultures, religion, races and tongues. As Shashi Tharoor said, In India we celebrate the

commonality of differences; we are a land of belonging rather than of blood. No British rule or

invasion of marauders could set the spirit of our nation apart. Here, it is known to have a process in

which one generation transfers the fruits of its toil to another and this has been continuing since

ages. This process tends to go on and nation climbs the steps of glory and gains higher strength

with each coming generation along with its downsides as everything comes with Terms &

Conditions (T&C) as stated on offers. India has the spirit and enthusiasm that Ruskin Bond says ,

and when all the wars are over, a butterfly will still be beautiful.

Why is India still a developing country and why not a developed country ? A question who's answer

is the two most important factors that make up this nation; Youth and Indian Education System.

These factors are glorifying deep having some flaws as well as it is known that no system is perfect.

Youth, the center and the most important part of the human race. Talents are discovered through

them. They are who explore everything which interests them. They can simply be defined to be

ambitious with their careers. There is much competition known out as they are trying their level

best by cracking entrance examinations of various fields like technology, arts etc. Everyone wants

to have a successful career with good packages. According to them, easy things are the most

likeable of all as they don't consume much of hard work like having canned food, conveyance, lifts

etc. in short machines for every work they do. They just spend energy on the ways they can make

money through. They are a little more concerned about surroundings. They always try to gain

quality experiences by taking part in various competitions. Our youth wishes to be self-worth and

they speak for their rights; they discuss over conflicting values and try to change them for

everyone's good. According to them, they feel the accountability and pride that comes with mastery.

They tend to enjoy life by every possible means and success is the only step for them. They are

more educated and have ethical values. As Ashley Montagu says, It is the mark of the cultured man



that he is aware of the fact that equality is an ethical and not a biological principle. Seeing all well

doesn't make this generation; The youth perfect. There are many flaws existing too. Today's youth

is not at all tough; parents have bred weaklings and complainers as they are physically and

mentally not very strong. They never hesitate to complain about how tough they have it and never

consider themselves responsible for their mistakes. They need counselling to get over their

emotional baggage. The mistake they've still been committing is to be held responsible on the name

of the older generation, thinking that they have wasted much resources so that they can even do so.

Now what's done will be complained by the future generation and the story will continue always.

If I were asked under what sky has human mind has fully developed some of its choicest gifts, has

most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life and has found solutions, I should point to

India, said Max Mueller. Indian Education System known to be the mist developed system. India

has over 650 UGC approved universities and India have approximately 13 lakh schools. Education is

an important and integral part of our society which strongly helps in formulating our nation. Indian

Education System know how to fan sparks of interest into flames. It is a stumbling block towards its

objective of forming a national front as it has gone through a makeover through ages; Ecosystem

has been developing due to it. Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The

important thing is not to stop questioning as Education makes the value of a man are some words

said wisely. The youth voice their aspirations through this. Franz Kafka said, Don't bend; don't

water it down; don't try to make it logical; don't try to edit your own soul according to the fashion.

Rather follow your most intense obsessions mercilessly. While our education system has its

upsides, there are downsides as well as it is known all the glitters is not gold. National

Infrastructure needs to strengthen for talents to rise. Some universities just seek the way of

corruption not the quality of education. Minority classes are given much priority while admissions.

In earlier times, famous educated people like Mahatma Gandhi, Edison etc. were people of

determination. Gandhiji became a leader with compassion and determination par excellence.

Scientists had to work hard with patience to achieve victory and success. After all, winners don't do

different things. They do things differently. The road to success is not a bed of roses. It is full of

thorns and fallacy. Only those who wade through the difficulties of hurdles with grit and

determination can smell the roses.

Gideon High said some try words which are Far from making the end of nationalism, the IPL is the

ultimate triumph of that principle: a global tournament in which the same nation always wins. This

shows the determination and spirit of India as ignoring the facts won't make you stronger, it will

just make you weaker. Survival of the fittest is very necessary among blood. Youth can measurably

be more cloned if patience and equality is developed within them. If the Indian Education System

does not gets better than human capital and wide income inequalities will continue to endorse the

trend of rich will become richer and poor will get poorer. Initiatives like the Right to Education Act

have provided an impetus to growth and progress. Nothing is impossible if the spirit is true, success

is just down the lane. The golden words to sum up would be by Ashok Kallarakkal which says,

Failure is success in abeyance; but only for those who persevere.



YOUTH AND INDIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

Nidhi Semwal

(Student, P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh)

Indian has the largest youth population in the world. But will our youth, the future of our country

prosper with the kind of education that is being important today? Right to education exists, but our

youth getting the right kind of education? It doesnt matter if you do the right thing or not what

matters is that you say the right thing.

The Indian Education System

The Indian Education System is a very peculiar one. Like in trains we fight for seats in colleges also

same fights again and the commonly known as competitive examinations. I am not here taking

about how pressurizing it is to be in the Indian education system, I will only show my views about,

How this education system kills thinking of the youth ? and Why our country has so many

problems? So, let the games begin.

The Indian Education System has taught us many things; it has taught us to lie, to cheat people etc.

A few years back we had a test in school which had multiple choice questions based on everyday

life situation. That is again not the issue, the issue is that the answers were set and we had to just

mark what education tells us to do and not what we would have done. Why I am saying this? This is

because there are people around me who are blatant hypocrites. As to why they are what education

has taught all of us. A clear example illustrates my views so consider an actual classmate of mine

whose name is not to be mentioned thus let us called him Subject SS. So, this particular subject SS,

along with a few others were discussing the flawed reservation system. Actually the discussion was

started by him as well, he denied the importance of the system and said that it was clearly flawed as

well-developed people still look advantage of it. This was a pretty general discussion but that is not

the point that I am illustrating. Few days back in English class, the teacher asked us to give one

word for someone who still practices and believes in untouchability and caste system. Nobody said

a word, nobody except, the subject SS. This hypocrite gave the world, inhuman. His answer was



appreciated by the teacher, by the 45 out of 47 students present that day the 46th was he himself.

The 47th was me. I did not appreciate him , he fell down in my eyes. I would rather say that when he

said inhuman he maybe referring to the blatantly lying prick who was so shrewd in his views that

he could do anything to gain the answer points( though we dont get any.)

This flawed education system just doesnt end there, the constant nagging of marks, percentage,

percentile and ranks keep us so engrossed into these pretty things that the youth hardly cares

about the economy is falling down, rapes increasing day by day and corruption is becoming the

prime occupation in India. Also when they are not engrossed into any of the competition, they have

things such as IPL, movies which again distract the youth and instruct them to do the unethical

things. I saw people who talked so much rubbish language and used so many random shits.

The last example I would like to give is of my school assembly. We have class-wise presentations

where we take up a topic and prepare paragraphs, thoughts, songs, poems, quizzes and

questionnaire session on it. These are then presented after the daily anthems. Now what I love is

the quiz and what I hate is its alternative that is, the questionnaire sessions. But I have a reason to

hate them, these question session are no less than the multiple choices test. My fellow beings put up

a situation and volunteers are called out of the remaining crowd to answer. I always want to go up

to the mike but I never do because of just one simple reason. My answer will reach a full score on

the No-To-Be-Done-Scale because I will speak the truth and mostly the truth does not actually

match with the pre-defined answer thats why I didnt even get 10 out of 20 on the multiple choice

test. The answers that we receive to the daily life situation are the same as the answer key of that

multiple choice test, the actions that education tells us to do, doesnt matter if the person who just

so blatantly confessed to I would do this and this on the mike, would actually do it or not.

So this is my confession about what the Indian Education System does to us. It does not teach us to

do right things, it only talking about to do say right things. But that is what we need in India

isnt it? We need to improve our education system. Infect its necessary to development of Indian

education system.

Lets hope for the improvement in our education system..



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Events in the Session 2014-2015

Celebrated Teachers Day and released the September 2014 issue of Sophia on 3rd September, 2014.

The Departments of Hindi & Philosophy in collaboration with NSS Unit of P.G.Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh organized a lecture on Ideals of Sarada Ma in Modern Age on 9th September, 2014 and Viveka-Vahini also visited the college.

The Positive Philosophy Society organised an interactive-meeting on Educational Ideas of Guru Rabindranath Tagore and Shaheed Bhagat Singh on 27th September, 2014.



PRESENT WORKING COMMITTEE OF THE POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY SOCIETY

President: SHAVNAM (BA-III, 1150)

Vice-President: ARNIKA YUMNAM (BA-II, 10144)

Secretary : MANISHA JOSHI (BA-I, 266/14)

Associate Members:

1. SRISHTI SHARMA (BA-III, 1704)

2. SANDEEP KAUR (BA-II, 10023)

3. ROSHNI (BA-I, 429/14)

4. NIDHI SEMWAL (BA-I, 158/14)

Editor (Sophia: Student Magazine): NIDHI (BA-III,1234)

Class Representatives:

Jasveer Kaur (BA-III, 1087)

Sharandeep Kaur (BA-II, 10039)

Kanika Mehta (BA-I, 602/14)

Neha (BA-I, 776/14)

CONTACT US

The Positive Philosophy Society Department of Philosophy, P.G.Govt. College for Girls,

Sector-11, Chandigarh Website: http://philgcg11chd.webs.com

E-mail: [email protected] Contact No. 08288883993

sophia, year 3, no.2 (november, 2014)

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