some of the physics that cooling allows -...
TRANSCRIPT
Eagle Ridge, Galena, Il. USASeptember 18 - 23, 2005
Walter OelertIKP – Forschungszentrum Jülich
Ruhr – Universität BochumCERN
The Reason for Beam Cooling:Some of the Physics that Cooling Allows
obvious:
cooling and control of coolingis the essential reason for our
existence,
gives us the opportunityto do and talk about
physics that cooling allows
• 1901 – 19101901 – Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (Deutschland)
1902 – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Niederlande) undPieter (Niederlande)
1903 – Antoine Henri Becquerel (Frankreich)
Marie Curie (Frankreich) und Pierre Curie (Frankreich)
1904 – John William Strutt (Großbritannien und Nordirland)
1905 – Philipp Lenard (Deutschland)
1906 – Joseph John Thomson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1907 – Albert Abraham Michelson (USA)
1908 – Gabriel Lippmann (Frankreich)
1909 – Ferdinand Braun (Deutschland) undGuglielmo Marconi (Italien)
1910 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals (Niederlande)
• 1911 – 19201911 – Wilhelm Wien (Deutschland)
1912 – Gustaf Dalan (Schweden)
1913 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Niederlande)
1914 – Max von Laue (Deutschland)
1915 – William Henry Bragg (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland undWilliam Lawrence Bragg (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1916 nicht verliehen
1917 – Charles Glover Barkla (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) (verliehen 1918)
1918 – Max Planck (Deutschland)(verliehen 1919)
1919 – Johannes Stark (Deutschland)
1920 – Charles Edouard Guillaume (Schweiz)
• 1921 – 19301921 – Albert Einstein (Deutschland) (verliehen 1922)
1922 – Niels Bohr (Danemark)
1923 – Robert Andrews Millikan (USA)
1924 – Karl Manne Siegbahn (Schweden) (verliehen 1925)
1925 – James Franck (Deutschland) undGustav Hertz (Deutschland)(verliehen 1926)
1926 – Jean Baptiste Perrin (Frankreich)
1927 – Arthur Holly Compton (USA) undCharles Thomson Rees Wilson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1928 – Owen Willans Richardson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) (verl. 1929)
1929 – Prince Louis Victor de Broglie (Frankreich)
1930 – Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (Indien)
• 1931 – 19401931 nicht verliehen
1932 – Werner Heisenberg (Deutschland) (verliehen 1933)
1933 – Erwin Schrodinger (Osterreich) undPaul A. M. Dirac (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1934 nicht verliehen
1935 – James Chadwick (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1936 – Victor F. Hess (Osterreich)
Carl David Anderson (USA)
1937 – Clinton Davisson (USA) undGeorge Paget Thomson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1938 – Enrico Fermi (Italien)
1939 – Ernest O. Lawrence (USA)
1940 nicht verliehen
• 1941 – 19501941 nicht verliehen
1942 nicht verliehen
1943 – Otto Stern (USA) (verliehen 1944)
1944 – Isidor Isaac Rabi (USA)
1945 – Wolfgang Pauli (Osterreich)
1946 – Percy W. Bridgman (USA)
1947 – Edward Victor Appleton (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1948 – Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1949 – Hideki Yukawa (Japan)
1950 – Cecil Powell (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
• 1951 – 19601951 – John Cockcroft (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) und
Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton (Republik-Irland)
1952 – Felix Bloch (USA) und Edward Mills Purcell (USA)
1953 – Frits Zernike (Niederlande)
1954 – Max Born (Deutschland)
Walther Bothe (Deutschland)
1955 – Willis Eugene Lamb (USA)
Polykarp Kusch (USA)
1956 – William B. Shockley (USA), John Bardeen (USA) undWalter H. Brattain (USA)
1957 – Chen Ning (Volksrepublik-China) undTsung-Dao Lee (Volksrepublik-China)
1958 – Pawel Tscherenkow (UdSSR), Ilja Frank (UdSSR) undIgor Tamm (UdSSR)
1959 – Emilio Segre’ (USA) und Owen Chamberlain (USA)
1960 – Donald A. Glaser (USA)
• 1961 – 19701961 – Robert Hofstadter (USA)
Rudolf Mossbauer (Deutschland)
1962 – Lev Landau (UdSSR)
1963 – Eugene Wigner (USA)
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (USA) und J. Hans D. Jensen (Deutschland)
1964 – Charles H. Townes (USA) ,Nikolai Gennadijewitsch Bassow (UdSSR) undAlexander Michailowitsch Prochorow (UdSSR)
1965 – Richard Feynman (USA), Julian Schwinger (USA) undShinichiro Tomonaga (Japan)
1966 – Alfred Kastler (Frankreich)
1967 – Hans Bethe (USA)
1968 – Luis W. Alvarez (USA)
1969 – Murray Gell-Mann (USA)
1970 – Hannes AlfvAn (Schweden)
Louis Noel (Frankreich)
• 1971 – 19801971 – Dennis Gabor (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1972 – John Bardeen (USA), Leon Neil Cooper (USA) undRobert Schrieffer (USA)
1973 – Leo Esaki (USA) und Ivar Giaever (USA)
Brian Davon Josephson (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1974 – Martin Ryle (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) undAntony Hewish (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
1975 – Aage N. Bohr (Danemark), Ben R. Mottelson (Danemark) undJames Rainwater (USA)
1976 – Burton Richter (USA) und Samuel C. C. Ting (USA)
1977 – Philip W. Anderson (USA) ,Nevill F. Mott (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland) undJohn H. van Vleck (USA)
1978 – Pjotr Kapiza (UdSSR)
Arno Penzias (USA) und Robert Woodrow Wilson (USA)
1979 – Sheldon Glashow (USA), Abdus Salam (Pakistan) undSteven Weinberg (USA)
1980 – James Cronin (USA) und Val Fitch (USA)
• 1981 – 19901981 – Nicolaas Bloembergen (USA) und Arthur L. Schawlow (USA)
Kai Manne Siegbahn (Schweden)
1982 – Kenneth G. Wilson (USA)
1983 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (USA)
William A. Fowler (USA)
1984 – Carlo Rubbia (Italien) und Simon van der Meer (Niederlande)
1985 – Klaus von Klitzing (Deutschland)
1986 – Ernst Ruska (Deutschland)
Gerd Binnig (Deutschland) und Heinrich Rohrer (Schweiz)
1987 – Johannes Georg Bednorz (Deutschland) und Karl Alex Muller (Schweiz)
1988 – Leon Max Lederman (USA), Melvin Schwartz (USA) undJack Steinberger (USA)
1989 – Wolfgang Paul (Deutschland)
Hans Georg Dehmelt (USA)
Norman Foster Ramsey (USA)
1990 – Jerome I. Friedman (USA), Henry W. Kendall (USA) undRichard E. Taylor (Kanada)
• 1991 – 20001991 – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (Frankreich)
1992 – Georges Charpak (Frankreich)
1993 – Russell A. Hulse (USA) und Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (USA)
1994 – Bertram N. Brockhouse (Kanada) und Clifford Glenwood Shull (USA)
1995 – Martin L. Perl (USA)
Frederick Reines (USA)
1996 – David M. Lee (USA), Douglas D. Osheroff (USA) undRobert C. Richardson (USA)
1997 – Steven Chu (USA), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (Frankreich) undWilliam D. Phillips (USA)
1998 – Robert B. Laughlin (USA), Horst Ludwig Stormer (Deutschland) undDaniel Chee Tsui (USA)
1999 – Gerardus t’ Hooft (Niederlande) undMartinus J.G. Veltman (Niederlande)
2000 – Schores Alfjorow (Russland) und Herbert Kroemer (Deutschland)
Jack S. Kilby (USA)
• 2001 – 20042001 – Eric A. Cornell (USA), Wolfgang Ketterle (Deutschland) und
Carl E. Wieman (USA)
2002 – Raymond Davis Jr. (USA) und Masatoshi Koshiba (Japan)
Riccardo Giacconi (USA)
2003 – Alexei Abrikossow (Russland), Witali Ginsburg (Russland) undAnthony James Leggett (Großbritannien-und-Nordirland)
2004 – David Gross (USA), David Politzer (USA) und Frank Wilczek (USA)
98 22
Dipole Breathingoscillations of a one-dimensional
Bose-Einstein condensate
Bose-Einstein condensate:momentum distribution of
ultracold bosonic atoms
generate laser light for atom cooling,
trapping and manipulation
Vacuum chamber surrounded by
optical elements and magnetic coils
D.M. Harber et al, Phys. Rev. A to be published
P(o) x, x`, y, y` ε
COSY dipole
target
drift chambers
scintillator S1
scintillator S3
Cerenkovcounter
neutral particledetector
beam
drift chambers
scintillator S1
silicon pads + scintillator
pp ppK+K-
dipole
hexagonal drift chamber
silicon pads
+ scintillator
target
beam
K-
ppK+drift chambers
scintillator S1
silicon pads + scintillatorsilicon pads + scintillator
pp ppK+K-
dipole
hexagonal drift chamber
silicon pads
+ scintillator
target
K+
p
~1m
~1m
100
200
30 60 90 120 [minutes]
even
trat
e /s
0
no cooling stochastic cooling
spilltime
60 min.
η (= p /m c)π,max π
0 0.2 0.4 0.60
10
20
30
40
50
pp pp π 0
σ
/η
(µb)
tot
2
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
10
10 2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Pbeam
[GeV/c]
total
elastic
pp η
ΣpK+
ΛpK+
ηpp ´
cross section
πd+
ppK K+ -
COSY
σ[m
b]
IUCFfirst:
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95
missing mass [ GeV/c2 ]
p p → p p X
even
ts /
0.5
MeV
/c2
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.945 0.95 0.955 0.96 0.965missing mass [ GeV/c2 ]
even
ts /
0.5
MeV
/c2
pp → ppη
σ[n
b]
103
104
10
102
Q[MeV]1 10 10
2
pp → ppη′
+ pp FSI
phase space (arb. norm.)
+ ph FSI
(A.M.Green, S.Wycech, PR C55 (1997) R2167)
aph = +0.7fm + i 0.4fm
rph = -1.5fm - i 0.24fm
10
100
1000
-1.4 -1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
14 MeV 25 MeV 39 MeV 73 MeV 92 MeV118 MeV141 MeV170 MeV196 MeV
t’ [(Gev/c) 2]
cos θ cm > -.8
dσ/d
t’ [
µ b
/ (G
eV/c
) ]2
p p Λ Λ
1.771 GeV/c
1.771 GeV/c
-1 -0,5 1
1.922 GeV/c
cos θ [CM]
d σ /d
Ω [
µb/s
r]
0 0,5
0
10
20
30
40
0
2
4
6
0
0,5
1
Λ
p p Λ Λ
p p Λ Σ + c c0
p p Σ Σ++
0.01
0.1
1
100
1000
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Momentum [GeV/c]
10
σ [µ
]bpp ΛΛ
pp ΛΣ + cc 0pp Σ Σ --
pp Σ Σ ++
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Excess energy [MeV]
p+p Λ+Λ
σ [
µb]
Excess e
nergy [M
eV]
Pol
aris
atio
n
t’ [(GeV/c) ]2
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
0 50 100 150 200
Sing
let
Fra
ctio
n
Excess energy [MeV]
S = 0
S = 1
pp Σ Λ 0
pp Λ Λ
y
x
p
θΛ
p
θ Λ*
θ Λ*
x
y
p p
Λ
z
z
p + p Λ Λ
Kent D. PaschkeCMU
SF :
SF = 0
SF = 1
MEX
QG: SF= const. = 0
p + p Λ Λ
Dnn ( = 1)
p + p Λ Λ
Knn ( = 1)
MEX --> tensor interaction --> spin flip --> Dnn and Knn negativ QG --> minor tensor interaction --> smaller and positive Dnn and Knn
Kent D. PaschkeCMU
MEXMEX
QG QG
p
θp
Λ
π−
C
p
Λ
π+
P
p
Λ
π−
CP
p
Λ
π+
Α = = 0.006 ± 0.014
direct CP violation test:
I(θ ) = I (1 + α P cos θ )yy 0I(θ ) = I (1 + α P cos θ )yy 0
P = P
α + α
α − αA = (α + α) / (α − α) = 0.006 +- 0.014
99first H - production and - detection at LEAR
Xe Target
H°
pe
p
norm
aliz
ed d
efle
ctio
n [m
m]
99
94
11
+
e-
T∆E
e+
"trace"
23,300
e+γγ
time of flight [ns]
19.7 +/- 0.6
p
exit window for neutral particles
H. Herr, D. Möhl, A. Winnacker (1982)
CERN - Accelerator - Complex
LHC
former AAC complexchanged to AD
! " #
$ %
% !
% &
' ( ) * +& $ , & % - ! " , ! ! - " . , " $ - # & , " / -
' ( 0 & & ! &
/ " , % -
1
& & .
2 3 4 3 , ' ( ) * - 5 3 2 3 4
2
& # /
1
" "
' 2
( 1 6
P(p) = 100 MeV/c( E(p) = 5 MeV )
spill : < 3 . 107 every 90 sspill length ~ 80 ns
MAGNETIC SEPTUM
ELECTRIC SEPTUM
POSITRON P.U.
BUMPER 1
S.S. 1
SEXTUPOLE
RESONANCE CAVITY
HORIZONTAL & VERTICALSCRAPERS S.S. 4
B 3S.S. 3
S.S. 2
1.60 m COOLING LENGTH
2.00 m
0.54 m
B 2
B 4
DECELERATION P.U.
POSITRON P.U.
BEAM CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
R.F. CAVITY
FAST KICKER
BUMPER 2
B 1
see talk byPavel Belochitskii
• CPT invariancehigh precision spectroscopy
• gravitationmatter - antimatter
CPT invariance fundamental featureof local relativisticquantum field theories
gravitational forcebetween matter and antimatteris essentially unknowneven in the sign
Motivationto make and study Cold Antihydrogen
Apfel Anti-Apfel Anti-Apfel
Erde Anti-Erde
Standard-Modell der Physik: G - wohl verstanden G - nicht experimentell bestimmt
Erde
Standard model of physics
G – fairly well understood G – experimentally not known,not studied
apple anti-apple anti-apple
earth anti-earth earth
e
p
e
Hydrogen
Antihydrogen
mirror - - image
p
hydrogen 1s – 2s spectroscopycold (5-7 K) H atomic beam
two photon excitation
velocity measurement → correct 2. order doppler shift
laser photon density variation→ correct stark shift
1s
2s 2p(τ ~ 0.12 s) (τ ~ 1.4 ns)
243 nm
243 nm
M. Fischer et al., eprint physics/0311128
2 2[ ] [ ] [ ][
[ ] 1 /[ ] 1
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] [/] [ ] ]
q p M pq p
m e q eR HR
m em e q e m pe MH
∞
∞
+ + +
− − −
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ += ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ +⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Status of CPT invariance in leptonic
and hadronicsystems
19 x 10-119 x 10-11p p
1032 x 10-92 x 10-12e+ e-
10152 x 10-32 x 10-18K0 K0
freegift
measurementaccuracy
CPT testaccuracy
_
_
part
icle
–an
tipar
ticle
sys
tem
s
different CPT tests:
Teilchen Falle (Harvard)
-V
-V
Positionsdetektor
Abbremsfolie (Be)
p
Gas-Zelle (He+ x%SF6)Ringelektrode
Vakuum < 10 -17
0
-V
Wirkungsgrad des Einfanges:
5 x 10 at V = - 4 kV- 4
Φ = Φ
2d²0[ ]z²z
z
0
-V
a)
b)
+
_
potential valleyfor + charge
potential mountainfor – charge
impossible to trap positive und negative chargewithin the same Penning-trap
project:make cold particles of opposite charge to interact
P1
P2
P3
P4
XET
XCTXR
BV1
XCB
XEB
BV2
BV3
HV
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
EET
ECTERECB
RL
PCTPRPCB
PEC
B1
B2
TBE
DEG
Positron-PartA
ntiproton-Part
Desing of the A
TRA
P - Trapdone by the H
AR
VA
RD
-Collaborationpartners
Antihydrogen - Production A
rea
e+ trap
p trap
H production
area
ball valve
ATRAP-I
scintillatingfibres
BGO
e+
degrader(Be) p
rotatingelectrode
e+ trap
p trap
5 cm
e energy+ ene
rgy
[eV
]
20
30
CO
UN
TS
Positron Cooling of Antiprotons with ~ 1.9 * 10 e @ - 15 Volt5 +
no positrons
85 ms
135 ms
535 ms
785 ms
910 ms
960 ms
1035 ms
1035 ms
1535 ms
5035 ms
10035 ms
2035 ms
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Voltage [ V]
02040
02040
35 ms Cooling time:
Colling time [s]
Mea
nan
tipro
ton
ener
gy
energye+
• maximize production rates !• produce ‘cold‘ H0 !
study trapping mechanisms !• ground state H0 !
• cold trapped positrons• cold trapped antiprotons• overlap of p and e+
• combine p and e+ for production of H0
the way to high precision H0 spectroscopy
• trap neutral H0 !!!• laser cooling !!!• 1s-2s spectroscopy !!!• gravitational questions !!!
ATRAP-I
ATRAP-II
ATRAP-I
BGO
PPAC
e+
outerscintillator2 layer( 6+12 )
scintillatingfibres(3 layer)
16 fold PM for fibres
110 mCi22Na source
PM for BGOp
SCsolenoid5.4 T
outerscintillator
scintillatingfibres
tracking ofchargedparticles
γ- detection
ConfigurationofATRAP-II
BGO crystal
scsolenoid
Penningtrap
Laser
Laser access
trappingof HIoffe trap
for H
50 cm
HV T
1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
EE
T
EC
TE
RE
CB
RL
PC
T
PR
PC
B
PE
C
B1
B2
TB
E
DE
G
BV
2 BV
3
0 5 10 15 [cm] 20
87 V/cm
158 V/cm
Refernz- Potentialmulde
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
Das elektrische Feld (E) ionisiertElektronenbahnen im Antiwasserstoff - Atom
10
1
Hauptquantenzahl n
elek
tris
ches
Fel
d (
E)
[V/c
m] E = (3.21 x 10 V/cm) / n8 4
100
1000
10 000
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2400.1
p
n = 1
n = 200
n = ~ 49
95 V/c
35 V/c
n = 43 n = 55
the electric field (E) ionizesthe antihydrogen atom
elec
trica
lfie
ld(E
) [V
/cm
]
main quantum number n
H production and detection(Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 233401 , 213401)
measured
from simplelinear fit
linear fit plus variousfield-ionization models
n – state distribution
2000
3000
1000
0
15
25
50
anti
hydr
ogen
ato
ms
/ 250
000
ant
ipro
tons
millions of positrons0 1 2 3 4 5
F ~ 360 V/cm
3450 H
5 x 10 e6 +
27 H
5 x 10 e6 +
normalization well F ~ 90 V/cm
F - 3/2
F - 5/2
F - 2
1000
100
10
1
10 100
10- 3
10- 4
10- 5
prestripping field F [V/cm]filled symbols: data from 2003open symbols: data from 2002
num
ber
of a
ntih
ydro
gen
atom
s, N
num
ber
of
antih
ydro
gen
atom
s / a
ntip
roto
n
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
N = a F + c - 2
ρ is less than this value in µm
more deeply bound states
velocity measurement
potential distribution in the trap
V /
Vol
ts
z / cm-140
-120
-40
-20
0 e+
p p
ionizationwell
analysiswell
-60
-80
-100
potential distribution in the trap
V /
Vol
ts
z / cm-140
-120
-40
-20
0 e+
p p
ionizationwell
analysiswell
-60
-80
-100
H
e+
e+p
velocity measurement
potential distribution in the trap
V /
Vol
ts
z / cm-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0 e+
p p
H pe+
ionizationwell
analysiswell
velocity measurement
H arehotter thanexpected
velocity measurementaccepted for publication PRL
∆B ~ 1T
H trapping efficiency
magnetic quadrupol trap (Ioffe trap)
< 5 % (4.2 K , ∆B=1T)
15
0m
,g6
5+
Dy
15
06
5+
Tb
14
36
2+
14
3m
,g6
2+
Eu S
m
157
68
+E
r127
55
+C
s
157
68
+T
m
17
37
5+
16
67
2+
16
67
2+
180
78+
Pt
Re
Hf
Ta
15
26
6+
15
26
6+
Ho
Dy
15
96
9+
15
96
9+
13
65
9+
Tm
Yb
Pr
W
16
47
1+
17
17
4
Lu
16
47
1+
Hf
14
56
3+
12
25
3+
Gd
I
17
57
6+
16
17
0+
13
86
0+16
17
0+
16
87
3+
16
87
3+
Os
Ta
W
Yb
Nd
Lu
14
96
5+
Tb
15
66
8+
15
66
8+
Er
Tm
15
46
7+
15
46
7+
HoEr
16
37
1+
14
76
4+
14
76
4+
14
76
4+
Dy
Tb
Gd
Lu
16
57
2+
16
57
2+
17
27
5+
16
37
1+
17
07
4+
Hf
TaR
e
W
Hf
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Frequency / Hz
Inte
nsity
/a
rb.u
nits
mass known mass unknown
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
Inte
nsity
/arb
.un
its
Frequency / Hz
143 62+gSm
143 62+mSm
754 keV
33800 33900 34000 34100 34200 34300 34400 34500
(1 particle)(1 particle)
m/ m 700000 ~~
Litvinov et al.
