solids, liquids, and gases states of matter changes of state gas behavior graphing gas behavior...

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

States of Matter

Changes of State

Gas Behavior

Graphing Gas Behavior

Table of Contents


Learning Objectives

Describe the characteristics* of…1. Solids

2. Liquids

3. Gases

*Note that these characteristics include definite shape, definite volume, kinetic energy of the particles that make up each state of matter, and the distance between the particles for each state of matter.


Solids, Liquids, & GasesGoal: Compare and contrast characteristics of solids, liquids, and gases

while reviewing the signs of a chemical change & energy changes.

1. Examine the citric acid with the magnifying glass and the green substance in the film canister.

2. Place no more than HALF a spoonful of citric acid and baking soda in the bag, the place the film canister in the bag too (but make sure it doesn’t spill). Then seal the bag and shake it. Be sure to make several different observations including feeling the bagfeeling the bag. When the change is about finished, then open the bag up. Note that the gas shouldn’t be in your table until you perform the experiment.

3. Create a table like the one on the next slide and complete it in your lab notebook. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ONLY 1 SOLID, 1 LIQUID, AND 1 GAS IN THE TABLE! Then answer the questions below the table.


Solids, Liquids, & Gases Data & Analysis

Substance (Name or Description

such its color or “clear” if it’s

colorless)

Definite Shape(Yes, No, or

No- Takes the shape of the container)

Definite Volume(Yes or No)

Solid, Liquid, or Gas

Review (Changes in Matter): Was there a chemical change? If so, then list the signs you used to tell that a chemical reaction took place?

Review (Changes in Energy): Was there a change in energy? Was the change an endothermic or exothermic change? Explain how you know.


Learning Objectives

Describe the characteristics* of…1. Solids

2. Liquids

3. Gases

*Note that these characteristics include definite shape, definite volume, kinetic energy of the particles that make up each state of matter, and the distance between the particles for each state of matter.

Solids, Liquids, and Gases - States of Matter

Solids

A fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume. KE = low


Solids

Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids. Example- Table Salt

In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern. Particles are arranged randomly, so these solids are more brittle and break unevenly. Example- Glass

- States of Matter


LiquidsBecause its particles are free to move, a liquid has NO definite shape. However, it does have a definite volume. KE = middle Liquids also have several other properties including surface tension (particles pulling inward making the surface particles closer together to form a sort of skin) and viscosity (resistance to flow).

- States of Matter


Gases

As they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the space available. Thus, a gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume. KE = high

- States of Matter


Which of the following could be classified as an amorphous solid?

A. ButterB. GlassC. SaltD. Choices A & B are correct.E. Choices A, B & C are correct.


Why are some substances that are more dense than water able to float on its surface?

A. Due to water’s mass

B. Due to water’s “skin-like” surface

C. Due to water’s viscosity

D. Due to water’s density


If a substance has a high viscosity, then what would you observe if you saw someone pouring the

substance into a container?

A. The substance will pour quickly at first and then slowly.B. The substance has a high surface tension.C. The substance will pour quickly because it cannot resist

the force of gravity.D. The substance will pour slowly because it can resist the

force of gravity.


Which of the following substances has the highest viscosity?

A. Honey

B. Glass

C. Water

D. Motor Oil


Which of the following have a definite shape?

A. Solids

B. Liquids

C. Gases

D. All of the above


Which of the following have a definite volume?

A. Solids

B. Liquids

C. Gases

D. Choices A & B

E. Choices A, B, & C


Which of the following takes the shape of the container?

A. Solids

B. Liquids

C. Gases

D. All of the above


Which of the following have neither definite shape nor a definite volume?

A. Solids

B. Liquids

C. Gases

D. All of the above


Rank solids, liquids, and gases in terms of the kinetic energy of their particles.

1 = Least kinetic energy, 3 = Most kinetic energy

A. 1= Gases, 2= Solids, 3= Liquids

B. 1= Liquids, 2= Solids, 3= Gases

C. 1= Solids, 2= Liquids, 3= Gases

D. 1= Gases, 2= Liquids, 3= Solids


Rank the states of matter in terms of the distance between their particles. 1= Closest together, 3=

Furthest apart

A. 1= Solids, 2= Liquids, 3= Gases

B. 1= Gases, 2= Liquids, 3= Solids

C. 1= Liquids, 2= Gases, 3= Solids

D. 1= Solids, 2= Gases, 3= Liquids


Building VocabularyA definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term.

Key Terms: Examples:

- States of Matter

solid A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume.

crystalline solid Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids.

amorphous solid In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.

liquid A liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own.

fluid A liquid is also called a fluid, meaning “a substance that flows.”

Key Terms: Examples:surface tension

viscosity

gas

Surface tension is the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together.

Another property of liquids is viscosity—a liquid’s resistance to flowing.

Like a liquid, a gas is a fluid. Unlike a liquid, however, a gas can change volume very easily.


Viscosity

Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity.

- States of Matter


End of Section:States of Matter


Noggin Knocker Quiz (7 points-1 pt. per problem)

1a- Solids

1b- Gases

2- Liquids

3- Vibrate back and forth

4- Gases

5- Due to surface tension

6- Maple Syrup


Effect of Temperature on Particle Movement (No lab write-up)

Goal- Determine how temperature affects the movement (and KE) of the particles that make up matter.

Hypothesis (in your head)- Which type of water will cause the particles of water to move faster– hot or cold? Why?

Procedure- Place hot water on one side of the divider of the plexiglass container and cold water on the other side. Immediately drop 2-3 drops of food coloring on each side and observe what happens.

Conclusion- How did temperature affect the movement of the particles of water (as indicated by the food dye)? Explain how you know.


Learning Objectives

Explain what happens to a substance during the changes between…

1. Solid and Liquid

2. Liquid and Gas

3. Solid and Gas


Changes Between Solid and LiquidThe change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting. What is needed for silver or any other solid to melt?

Energy!As the molecules receive more energy, what do they start to do (more of)?

They move more freely.This causes the substance itself to expand, but the particles do NOT

expand. They spread farther apartThey spread farther apart!!!

- Changes of State


Changes Between Solid and Liquid

The change of state from liquid to solid is called freezing.

- Changes of State


Changes Between Liquid and Gas

The change of state from liquid to gas is called vaporization.

Vaporization can occur by boiling (vaporization below the liquid surface and on the liquid surface) or by evaporation (vaporization ONLY on the liquid surface). See Figure 11 on page 51 of your textbook.

The change of state from gas to liquid is called condensation. Example- Water condensing on a mirror from a hot shower.


Learning Objectives

Explain what happens to a substance during the changes between…

1. Solid and Liquid

2. Liquid and Gas

3. Solid and Gas


Changes Between Solid and Gas

The change of state from solid to gas is called sublimation. Examples- Dry ice & Iodine.

Solid Gas


What happens to a solid metal when heated (but not so much that the solid metal would melt)?

A. The metal would not change at all.

B. The metal would expand.

C. The metal would shrink.

D. The metal would break.


What caused the solid metal to expand from the previous question?

A. The cold caused the particles to come closer together.B. The heat caused the particles to come closer together.C. The cold caused the particles to spread slightly further

apart.D. The heat caused the particles to spread slightly further

apart.


Why does the liquid inside a thermometer move up when the temperature increases?

A. The liquid doesn’t move up the thermometer.B. The liquid expands and can only go up the tube because

the particles are starting to move faster and spread further apart.

C. The liquid would shrink an can only go down the tube because the particles are slowing down and getting closer together.

D. The liquid wouldn’t rise up the tube, it would just get warmer.


A change where a solid becomes a liquid is called

A. freezing

B. melting

C. sublimation

D. vaporization

E. constipation


The change from a liquid to a gas is called ______________, while a change from a gas to a

liquid is called ____________.A. Vaporization; condensation

B. Vaporization; freezing

C. Condensation; vaporization

D. Condensation; sublimation


If a substance melts at 20oC and boils at 180oC, then at what temperature would the substance be a gas?

A. 200oC

B. 150oC

C. 20oC

D. 10oC


Some Glade air freshener plug-ins contain a solid substance that gives off sweet smelling vapors.

This is an example ofA. freezing

B. melting

C. vaporization

D. sublimation


Phase Change Diagram for Water ExperimentGoal: Observe and explain temperature changes as ice water is heated to past

boiling.

Hypothesis: Sketch what you believe a temperature-time graph would look like for heating ice water to boiling.

Procedure *Observe the graph when the ice is melting, when the water is boiling, and the water temperature between melting and boiling.*

Results1. Sketch the graph in your lab notebook with the x-axis and y-axis properly labeled.

– There should be 3 parts to the graph: one flat line, one slanted line, and another flat line.

– Label the parts of the graph as boiling, melting, or liquid.

2. Add another slanted line where the solid phase would show up on the graph and label it “solid”, then do the same thing for where the “gas” phase would be on the graph. Think about where these lines should be based upon the pattern you observed during the experiment!


Analysis

Discussion/Conclusions (in complete sentences)

1. What happened to the water particles as the experiment progressed (moved forward)?

2. Using evidence from your experiment, why didn’t the temperature go up when the ice was melting and the water was boiling even though heat was being added? Hint- Determine if melting and boiling are endo- or exothermic changes first, and then use the definition to arrive at your answer.


Temperature and Changes of State

Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water

Interpreting Data:

What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D?

- Changes of State


Temperature and Changes of State

Water molecules in segment E have more thermal energy because they are at a higher temperature.

Inferring:

In which segment, A or E, do the water molecules have more thermal energy? Explain your reasoning.

- Changes of State


Phase Change Review: By examining the data table below, determine at which temperature a solid

melted.A. 75oC

B. 210oC

C. 98oC

D. 134oC

E. 160 oC Time (min.) Temp. (oC)

0 46

5 75

10 75

15 75

20 98

25 134

30 160


A state of matter with a definite shape and volume is a

A. liquid

B. solid

C. gas

D. All of the above


Solids can be either _________ or ________.

A. Amorphous or powders.

B. Crystalline or amorphous.

C. Crystalline or small.

D. Chunks or powders.


In which state of matter are the particles packed tightly together in “fixed” positions?

A. gas

B. liquid

C. solid

D. All of the above


In which state of matter do the particles have the lowest amount of kinetic energy?

A. solid

B. liquid

C. gas

D. All of the above


What state of matter is made up of the particles that are the furthest apart?

A. solids

B. liquids

C. gases

D. All of the above


Particles of a liquid

A. are free to move in a container but remain in close contact with one another.

B. have no viscosity.

C. decrease in volume with increasing temperature.

D. All of the above are true.


The resistance of a liquid to flowing is its

A. Pressure

B. Surface tension

C. Viscosity

D. gravity


Some insects can “walk” on top of a sample of water. This is likely due to water’s

A. Pressure.

B. Surface tension.

C. Volume.

D. Viscosity.


The freezing point of water is the same as its

A. Boiling point.

B. Melting point.

C. Flash point.

D. Sharp point.


Suppose a substance has a melting point of -20oC and a boiling point of 200oC. At what temperature

would the substance be a liquid? A. -30oC

B. 80oC

C. -100oC

D. 212oC


What process occurs when water is heated on a stove?

A. Sublimation

B. Melting

C. Condensation

D. Vaporization


An uncovered pot of soup is simmering on a stove, and there are water droplets on the wall above the

back of the stove. What sequence can you infer has occurred?

A. Condensation then vaporization

B. Melting then boiling

C. Freezing then thawing

D. Vaporization then condensation


Since iodine can go directly from a solid to gas, it undergoes ____________.

A. vaporization

B. freezing

C. sublimation

D. condensation


In cold climates, the amount of snow on the ground may decrease even if the temperature stays below freezing (zero degrees Celsius). The process that

best explains this event isA. Melting.

B. Vaporization.

C. Sublimation.

D. Freezing.


End of Section:Changes of State


Noggin Knockers- 10 points (Hwk. Grade)1. The particles move faster and spread apart. (2 points)

2. Melt the snow so you do NOT lose body heat. (2 points)

3. Heat from your body causes the sweat to evaporate, so you feel cooler. (2 points)

4. Sublimation (1 point)

5. Water vapor condenses to form liquid water. (2 points)

6. Any temperature from -9.9oC to 89.9oC would be correct. (1 point)


Learning Objectives

1. List the types of measurements used when working with gases.


A Change in PressureA punctured basketball deflates as gas particles begin to escape.

What are two other factors that would be useful when discussing the pressure of a gas?

Temperature and Volume

- Gas Behavior


Learning Objective

2. Explain how the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas are related (when the number of gas particles is kept constant).

• Pressure and Volume (constant temperature)

• Pressure and Temperature (constant volume)

• Volume and Temperature (constant pressure)


Gas Law Activities/Demos: Boyle’s LawGoal: Determine the relationship between the pressure and volume of a sample of gas in a closed container at constant temperature.

Predictions/Hypothesis: What will happen to the VOLUME of jet-puffed marshmallows when pressure is increased? VOLUME when the pressure is decreased?

Results: List volume observations of the marshmallows under different pressures (pulling up vs. pushing down on the plunger of the syringe).

Conclusion: State your claim/conclusion (see goal) and provide evidence from the experiment.


Pressure and Volume

As weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure increases. This is Boyle’s Law.

- Gas Behavior


If you reduce the volume of a gas in a cylinder by pushing the piston down, then the pressure inside

would A. Decrease.

B. Increase.

C. Stay the same.


Before the breath in, your chest cavity and lungs expand (get bigger). This allows the air outside to

flow in because the pressure inside your lungs

A. Decreased.

B. increased

C. Stay the same.


Deep sea divers can sometimes risk severe pains or death if they come to the surface too quickly. As they ascend to the surface, the gases dissolved in

their blood will __________.

A. Expand until they are big enough to cause pain.

B. Contract until they are small enough to cause pain.

C. Stay the same volume or size.

D. React with the iron in your blood.


Gas Law Activities/Demos: Pressure & Temperature

Goal: Determine the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a sample of gas in a closed container at constant volume.

Predictions/Hypothesis: Write your hypothesis for the experiment. Be sure that it corresponds to the goal above.

Results: List pressure observations of the apparatus under different temperatures (Hot vs. Cold Water).

Conclusion: State your claim/conclusion (see goal) and provide evidence from the demonstration. Explain what happens to the particles of a gas when heated or cooled.


Pressure and Temperature

When a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more often with each other and with the walls of their container. The pressure of the gas increases.

- Gas Behavior


Why are truck and car tires more likely to pop in the summer?

A. Because it’s warmer, so the pressure inside will decrease and the tire deflates.

B. Because it’s colder, so the pressure inside will increase and build up.

C. Because it’s warmer, so the pressure inside will increase and build up.

D. Because it’s colder, so the pressure inside will increase and build up.


Why do mechanics recommend putting more air (greater pressure) in your tires in the winter?

A. Because the warmer temperatures don’t affect the pressure inside the tire.

B. Because the colder temperatures cause the tires to explode due to more pressure inside them.

C. Because the warmer temperatures cause the tire to deflate slightly due to the lower pressure inside the tire.

D. Because the colder temperatures cause the tire to deflate slightly due to the lower pressure inside the tire.


Gas Law Activities/Demos: Charles’ LawGoal: Determine the relationship between the volume and temperature of a sample of gas in a closed system at constant pressure.

Predictions/Hypothesis: Write your hypothesis for the experiment.

Results: List volume observations of the ivory soap when heated and the balloon when cooled with liquid nitrogen.

Conclusion: State your claim/conclusion (see goal) and provide evidence from the demonstrations. Explain what happens to the distance between the particles as a gas is heated.


Volume and Temperature

Changing the temperature of a gas at constant pressure changes the volume similarly. This is Charles’ Law.

- Gas Behavior


As the temperature of a gas in a closed container increases, the volume of the gas will

A. Decrease.

B. Increase.

C. Stay the same.


What tends to happen to the volume of a car tire in the winter months?

A. It decreases.

B. It increases.

C. It stays the same.

D. Nothing happens.


Gas Law Activities/Demos: Charles’ LawGoal: Determine the relationship between the volume and temperature of a sample of gas in a closed system at constant pressure.

Predictions/Hypothesis: Write your hypothesis for the experiment.

Results: List volume observations of the ivory soap when heated and the balloon when cooled with liquid nitrogen.

Conclusion: State your claim/conclusion (see goal) and provide evidence from the demonstrations. Explain what happens to the distance between the particles as a gas is heated.


Pressure and VolumeGraph the data from the experiment below in your lab notebook table. Note that you may want to start with the bottom data point.

- Graphing Gas Behavior


Pressure and Volume

The graph of Boyle’s law shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature.




The data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table.

In your lab notebook, sketch what you think the volume vs. temperature graph will look like. This is your hypothesis.

Then plot the VOLUME data to the right for EVERY 20oC and create a best-fit line on your graph.

Temperature and volume are…

Directly proportional




The graph of Charles’s law shows that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin (and Celsius) temperature under constant pressure.



Noggin Knockers (Quiz grade- 9 pts.)

1 (2 pts.)- Higher temperature = faster moving gas particles = greater pressure.

2 (2 pts.)- Don’t inflate the balloons as much because as the temp. of a gas increases, so does volume since the balloons would expand (for constant pressure).

3 (3 pts.)- Pressure inside your body/chest cavity increases and the volume of your lungs decreases as air flows out of your mouth.

4 (1 pt.)- Inversely (pressure increases, volume decreases and vice-versa)

5 (1 pt.)- Directly (Volume and temperature increase and decrease together)


Questions Answers

Asking QuestionsBefore you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.

What measurements are useful in studying gases?

Volume, temperature, and pressure

How are the pressure and volume of gases related?

When the pressure of a gas increases at constant temperature, its volume decreases.

How are the pressure and temperature of gases related?

When the temperature of a gas increases at constant volume, its pressure increases.

How are the volume and temperature of gases related?

When the temperature of a gas increases at constant pressure, its volume increases.

- Gas Behavior


End of Section:Gas Behavior


Homework: p. 61- 1 & 2 (all parts)- 2 pts. per ?

1a- The outward force of the gas particles divided by the area of the walls of the container.

1b- Gas particles exert pressure by colliding with the inside of the container. Faster moving particles = more pressure.

1c- More gas particles = more collisions with the inside of the ball = more pressure

2a- Volume decreases, pressure increases and vice-versa

2b- Higher temperature = faster moving gas particles = greater pressure

2c- Don’t inflate the balloons as much because as the temp. of a gas increases, so does volume (for constant pressure)


Learning Objectives

1. Identify the type of relationship shown by the graph for Boyle’s Law.

2. Identify the type of relationship shown by the graph for Charles’ Law.


Pressure and VolumeGraph the data from the experiment below in your lab notebook table. Note that you may want to start with the bottom data point.



Pressure and Volume




Making a Graph

The x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical) form the “backbone” of a graph.



Graphing Boyle’s LawGoal: Graph pressure and volume data for a closed sample of gas at constant temperature & determine the relationship between pressure and volume shown by the graph.

Hypothesis: (1) Sketch what you think the volume vs. pressure graph will look like based upon your prior knowledge. (2) Predict what will happen to the volume of the gas when more books (greater pressure) are added to a sealed syringe. These 2 predictions should match up!

Results/Conclusion: Record your data & construct a graph based upon the steps on pages 66 & 67, but use 2 books for each 1 book you’re supposed to use.

Also, you may need to estimate the volume with 0 books since it may be above the graduations on the syringe.

Exclude Procedure steps 9 & 10 and Analyze & Conclude steps 2, 3, & 4.


Pressure and Volume

Pushing on the top of the piston decreases the volume of the gas. The pressure of the gas increases.



Pressure and Volume




What would the graph look like for a volume vs. pressure graph of a gas at constant temperature in

a sealed container?

A. A straight line going up and to the right.

B. A curved line going downward and to the right.

C. A curved line going upward and to the right.

D. A straight line going down and to the right.


By examining a pressure-volume graph of a gas in a sealed container at a constant temperature, the relationship between pressure and volume is

A. Not related.

B. The same.

C. Inversely proportional.

D. Directly proportional.


Phase Change Review: By examining the data table below, determine at which temperature a liquid

turned into a gas (or boiled). Hint- Think back to your “phase change diagram for water lab” and assume the substance started out as a liquid.

A. 75oC

B. 210oC

C. -10oC

D. 120oC

E. 160 oC

Time (min.) Temp. (oC)

0 23

5 46

10 75

15 120

20 120

25 120

30 160

35 210



As the temperature of the water bath decreases, the gas inside the cylinder is cooled by the water. The volume is then decreased.



How does the graph for Charles’ Law appear? It’s a volume vs. temperature graph.

A. A curved line going up and to the right.

B. A straight line going up and top the right.

C. A curved line going down and to the right.

D. A straight line going down and to the right.


The Charles’ Law graph clearly shows that as temperature increases, volume

A. Increases then decreases.

B. Stays the same.

C. Decreases.

D. Increases.


Practice Problemsp. 65- 1b: Volume increases when temp. goes up.1c: 73-78 mL (See Figure 23)2a: Pressure goes up, volume goes down2b: 45-56 kPa (kilopascals- units of pressure)2c: Line going up and to the right = directly proportionalLine going down and to the right = inversely proportional

p. 69- 1: b (liquid); 2: c (expand to fill all available space); 3: d (condensation)

p. 70- 21: Sublimation occurs (solid directly to a gas)

p. 71- 1: C (Evaporation)


Previewing VisualsBefore you read, preview Figure 23. In a graphic organizer like the one below, write questions that you have about the diagram. As you read, answer your questions.

Graphing Charles’s Law

Q. What is the relationship between temperature and volume?

A. The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature under constant pressure.

Q. What does the dotted line show?

A. The dotted line predicts how the graph would look if the gas could be cooled further.



Links on Gases

Click the SciLinks button for links on gases.



End of Section:Graphing Gas

Behavior


Graphic Organizer

Solid Definite

Not definite Water

Not definite Oxygen

State of Matter Shape VolumeExample (at room temperature)

Liquid

Gas

Definite

Definite

Not definite

Diamond



End of Section:Graphic Organizer

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