solid and hazardous waste. question of the day: o from when you woke up till eco class, make a list...
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Solid and Hazardous WasteSolid and Hazardous Waste
Question of the day:Question of the day:o From when you woke up till Eco class, From when you woke up till Eco class,
make a list of all the things you have make a list of all the things you have thrown away?thrown away?
o Do you think about the packaging of a Do you think about the packaging of a product before you buy it? (How about product before you buy it? (How about those Starbucks/Wawa cups?)those Starbucks/Wawa cups?)
o How often do you reuse objects, recycle How often do you reuse objects, recycle objects?objects?
Question of the day:Question of the day:
o List the top five materials that you think List the top five materials that you think get thrown away into landfills.get thrown away into landfills.
o What is the difference between a What is the difference between a sanitary landfill and an incinerator?sanitary landfill and an incinerator?
Overview of ChapterOverview of Chapter
o Solid WasteSolid Waste• Types of Solid WasteTypes of Solid Waste
o Waste PreventionWaste Prevention• Reducing the Amount of WasteReducing the Amount of Waste• Reusing ProductsReusing Products• Recycling MaterialsRecycling Materials
o Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste• Types of Hazardous WasteTypes of Hazardous Waste• Management of Hazardous WasteManagement of Hazardous Waste
Solid WasteSolid Waste
o US generates more solid waste per capita US generates more solid waste per capita than any other countrythan any other country• 1.98 kg per person per day (let’s just say 1.98 kg per person per day (let’s just say 2 2
kg, kg, books says 2.1kg)books says 2.1kg)
o Types of Solid WasteTypes of Solid Waste• Municipal solid wasteMunicipal solid waste
• Solid material discarded by homes, office buildings, Solid material discarded by homes, office buildings, retail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etcretail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etc
• Relatively small portion of solid waste producedRelatively small portion of solid waste produced• Non-municipal solid wasteNon-municipal solid waste
• Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and miningmining
Zero waste familyZero waste family
o http://nomoredirtylooks.com/tag/zero-waste-family/
Composition of Municipal Solid Composition of Municipal Solid WasteWaste
Disposal of Solid WasteDisposal of Solid Waste
o Three methodsThree methods• Sanitary LandfillsSanitary Landfills• IncinerationIncineration• RecyclingRecycling
Sanitary Sanitary LandfillLandfill
o CompactinCompacting and g and burying burying waste waste under a under a shallow shallow layer of soillayer of soil
o Most Most common common method of method of disposaldisposal
Chester County Solid Waste Chester County Solid Waste AuthorityAuthority
o http://www.chestercountyswa.org/
Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfill
o ProblemsProblems• Methane gas production by microorganismsMethane gas production by microorganisms• Contamination of surface water & ground Contamination of surface water & ground
water by leachatewater by leachate• Not a long-term remedyNot a long-term remedy• Few new facilities being openedFew new facilities being opened• Closing a full landfill is very expensiveClosing a full landfill is very expensive
Q of day:Q of day:
o What company picks up your trash?What company picks up your trash?
o Where does your trash go? Be specific.Where does your trash go? Be specific.
o What are some problems with landfills?What are some problems with landfills?
Sanitary LandfillSanitary Landfillo Special Problem of PlasticSpecial Problem of Plastic
• Much of plastic is from packagingMuch of plastic is from packaging• Chemically stable and do not readily break Chemically stable and do not readily break
down and decomposedown and decomposeo Special Problem of Special Problem of
TiresTires• Cannot be melted and Cannot be melted and
reused for tiresreused for tires• Made from materials Made from materials
that cannot be that cannot be recycledrecycled
• Can be incinerated or Can be incinerated or shreddedshredded
TiresTireso http://tire-conversion.com/index.php/wh
y-we-recycle/general-information
o Household Hazardous Waste DaysHousehold Hazardous Waste Dayso Chester County, PA Chester County, PA
http://www.chestercountyswa.org/pdf/LHSchedule.pdf
o Delaware County, PA Delaware County, PA http://www.co.delaware.pa.us/recycle/hhw.html
IncinerationIncineration
o Volume of solid Volume of solid waste reduced by waste reduced by 90%90%
o Produces heat that Produces heat that can make steam to can make steam to generate electricitygenerate electricity• Produce less carbon Produce less carbon
emissions than fossil emissions than fossil fuel power plants fuel power plants (right)(right)
IncinerationIncinerationo Types of IncineratorsTypes of Incinerators
• Mass burn (below)Mass burn (below)• ModularModular• Refuse-derivedRefuse-derived
IncineratorIncinerator
o Problems Associated with IncinerationProblems Associated with Incineration• Yields air pollutionYields air pollution• Produce large amounts of ashProduce large amounts of ash• Site selection often controversialSite selection often controversial
Chester, PA “Trash to Steam” Chester, PA “Trash to Steam” PlantPlant
o http://www.delcotimes.com/articles/2009/07/06/news/doc4a51b600e9972546641127.txt?viewmode=fullstory
o http://www.covantaenergy.com/en/list-of-facilities/videos.aspx
CompostingComposting
o Includes:Includes:• Food scrapsFood scraps• Sewage sludgeSewage sludge• Agricultural manureAgricultural manure• Yard wasteYard waste
o Reduces yard waste in landfillsReduces yard waste in landfillso Can be sold or distributed to Can be sold or distributed to
communitycommunity
How to yard compost?How to yard compost?
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZqWTYB_XLwE&feature=related
Period 5 Q of day:Period 5 Q of day:
o What are the top 3 things that are What are the top 3 things that are thrown away?thrown away?
o What is the 4What is the 4thth??
o What can we/you do to prevent so What can we/you do to prevent so much of the 4much of the 4thth going to landfills? going to landfills?
Dive!Dive!
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HlFP-PMW6E
o Interesting conceptInteresting concept
Waste PreventionWaste Prevention
o Three GoalsThree Goals• (1) Reduce the amount of waste(1) Reduce the amount of waste• (2) Reuse products (2) Reuse products • (3) Recycle materials(3) Recycle materials
Reducing WasteReducing Waste
o Purchase products with less packagingPurchase products with less packaging
Reducing WasteReducing Waste
o Source reductionSource reduction• Products are designed and manufactured in Products are designed and manufactured in
ways that decrease the volume of solid ways that decrease the volume of solid waste in the waste streamwaste in the waste stream
o Pollution Prevention Act (1990)Pollution Prevention Act (1990)o DematerializationDematerialization
• Progressive decrease in the size and weight Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a product as a result of technological of a product as a result of technological improvementsimprovements
Reusing ProductsReusing Products
o Refilling glass beverage bottlesRefilling glass beverage bottles• Heavier glass that costs moreHeavier glass that costs more
o Japan recycles almost all bottlesJapan recycles almost all bottles• Reused 20 timesReused 20 times
Recycling MaterialsRecycling Materials
o Every ton of recycled Every ton of recycled paper saves:paper saves:• 17 trees17 trees• 7000 gallons of water7000 gallons of water• 4100 kwatt-hrs of energy4100 kwatt-hrs of energy• 3 cubic yards of landfill 3 cubic yards of landfill
spacespace
o RecycleRecycle• Glass bottles, newspapers, Glass bottles, newspapers,
steel cans, plastic bottles, steel cans, plastic bottles, cardboard, office papercardboard, office paper
RecyclingRecycling
o Recycling PaperRecycling Paper• US recycles 50%US recycles 50%• Many developed Many developed
countries are highercountries are higher
o Recycling GlassRecycling Glass• US recycles 25%US recycles 25%• Costs less than new Costs less than new
glassglass• Can be used to make Can be used to make
glassphalt (right)glassphalt (right)
RecyclingRecyclingo Recycling AluminumRecycling Aluminum
• Making new can from recycled one costs far less Making new can from recycled one costs far less than making a brand new onethan making a brand new one
RecyclingRecycling
o Recycling Metals other Recycling Metals other than Aluminumthan Aluminum• Lead, gold, iron, steel, Lead, gold, iron, steel,
silver and zincsilver and zinc• Metallic composition is Metallic composition is
often unknownoften unknown• Makes recycling difficultMakes recycling difficult
o Recycling PlasticRecycling Plastic• Less than 20% is recycledLess than 20% is recycled• Less expensive to make Less expensive to make
from raw materialsfrom raw materials
RecyclingRecycling
o Recycling TiresRecycling Tires• Few products are made from old tiresFew products are made from old tires
• Playground equipmentPlayground equipment• TrashcansTrashcans• Garden hoseGarden hose• CarpetCarpet• Roofing materialsRoofing materials
• 36% of tires are currently recycled to make 36% of tires are currently recycled to make other productsother products
Upcycle Project-. Upcycle Project-. Create! Creativity!Create! Creativity!
o TerracycleTerracycle
o FreecycleFreecycle
o http://www.urbanfarmonline.com/urban-farm-magazine-and-books/urban-farm-exclusives/upcycle.aspx?cm_mmc=Vanity-_-upcycle-_-na-_-van
Recycling research continuedRecycling research continued
o Where can you recycle materials like?Where can you recycle materials like?• Computers Computers
Single Stream recyclingSingle Stream recycling
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_RWqgXcP_k
Cell phone recyclingCell phone recycling
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCU4o_Ce9PM&NR=1&feature=fvwpv=sCU4o_Ce9PM&NR=1&feature=fvwp
o The After Life of Cell PhonesThe After Life of Cell Phoneso http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/13/
magazine/13Cellphone-t.html?magazine/13Cellphone-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0pagewanted=all&_r=0
o Terracycle- video and websiteTerracycle- video and website
Integrated Waste ManagementIntegrated Waste Management
Question of the day 3:Question of the day 3:
o 1. What qualifies as hazardous waste?1. What qualifies as hazardous waste?
o 2. Why do you think it needs separate 2. Why do you think it needs separate disposal?disposal?
o What is Superfund? (just guess)What is Superfund? (just guess)
Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste
o Any discarded chemical Any discarded chemical that threatens human that threatens human health or the environmenthealth or the environment• Reactive, corrosive, Reactive, corrosive,
explosive or toxic chemicalsexplosive or toxic chemicals
o Types of Hazardous WasteTypes of Hazardous Waste• DioxinsDioxins• PCBsPCBs• Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste
Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste
o Chemical accidentsChemical accidents• National Response Center notifiedNational Response Center notified• Typically involves oil, gasoline or Typically involves oil, gasoline or
other petroleum spillother petroleum spillo Current Management PoliciesCurrent Management Policies
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)Act (1976, 1984)
• Comprehensive Environmental Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)Liability Act (1980)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)(1976, 1984)
o The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gives EPA gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-forth a framework for the management of non-hazardous solid wastes. hazardous solid wastes. The 1986 amendments to RCRA The 1986 amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances.substances.
o HSWA - HSWA - the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments - are the 1984 amendments to RCRA Amendments - are the 1984 amendments to RCRA that focused on waste minimization and phasing that focused on waste minimization and phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste as well as out land disposal of hazardous waste as well as corrective action for releasescorrective action for releases. . Some of the other Some of the other mandates of this law include increased enforcement authority for mandates of this law include increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program.a comprehensive underground storage tank program.
Management of Management of Hazardous WasteHazardous Waste
o Cleaning up existing Cleaning up existing hazardous waste: hazardous waste: superfund programsuperfund program• 400,000 waste sites400,000 waste sites• Leaking chemical Leaking chemical
storage tanks and storage tanks and drums (right)drums (right)
• Pesticides dumpsPesticides dumps• Piles of mining Piles of mining
wasteswasteso Must be cleaned upMust be cleaned up
Love CanalLove Canal
o First site of it’s kind. Sparked CERCLA.First site of it’s kind. Sparked CERCLA.
(aka Superfund)(aka Superfund)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKIM9sE0t6I&safety_mode=true&persist_safev=vKIM9sE0t6I&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=activety_mode=1&safe=active
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/2/2c/Hooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_BoHooker_Electrochemical_Quit_Claim_Deed_to_Board_of_Education.pdfard_of_Education.pdf
Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear ReservationReservation
Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste
o Superfund National Priorities ListSuperfund National Priorities List• 2006: 1558 sites on the list2006: 1558 sites on the list• States with the greatest number of sitesStates with the greatest number of sites
• New Jersey (115)New Jersey (115)• California (93)California (93)• Pennsylvania (93)Pennsylvania (93)• New York (86)New York (86)• Michigan (65)Michigan (65)
Superfund: What is it?Superfund: What is it?
o Superfund is the name given to the environmental Superfund is the name given to the environmental program established to address abandoned program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites. It is also the name of the hazardous waste sites. It is also the name of the fund established by the Comprehensive fund established by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA statute, CERCLA overview). This law was enacted statute, CERCLA overview). This law was enacted in the wake of the discovery of toxic waste dumps in the wake of the discovery of toxic waste dumps such as Love Canal and Times Beach in the 1970s. such as Love Canal and Times Beach in the 1970s. It allows the EPA to clean up such sites and to It allows the EPA to clean up such sites and to compel responsible parties to perform cleanups or compel responsible parties to perform cleanups or reimburse the government for EPA-lead cleanups.reimburse the government for EPA-lead cleanups.
Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste
o Biological Treatment of Hazardous Biological Treatment of Hazardous ChemicalsChemicals• BioremediationBioremediation• PhytoremediationPhytoremediation
o Management the Waste we are Management the Waste we are Producing NowProducing Now• (1) source reduction(1) source reduction• (2) conversion to less hazardous materials(2) conversion to less hazardous materials• (3) long-term storage(3) long-term storage
Management of Hazardous Management of Hazardous WasteWaste
o Hazardous Waste LandfillHazardous Waste Landfill
Superfund researchSuperfund research
o With a partner, log on to the EPA’s With a partner, log on to the EPA’s webpage for SUPERFUND.webpage for SUPERFUND.
o I will assign you a county. Pick a I will assign you a county. Pick a SUPERFUND site:SUPERFUND site:• Where is it?Where is it?• What is the contamination? Who are the What is the contamination? Who are the
parties involved (the polluters)?parties involved (the polluters)?• How is it being cleaned up?How is it being cleaned up?• Is it cleaned up or is the site still active?Is it cleaned up or is the site still active?