Solar Thermal PowerSolar Thermal PowerE i S l Th lE i S l Th lEconomic Solar ThermalEconomic Solar Thermalfor Rural Developmentfor Rural Developmentfor Rural Developmentfor Rural Development

R al Ene g NeedsR al Ene g NeedsRural Energy NeedsRural Energy Needs

Goal:Goal:To provide To provide electricity and electricity and heat source heat source for for refrigeration in refrigeration in rural 3rural 3rdrd world world communities communities

Requirements:Requirements:CheapCheapSimpleSimpleSimpleSimpleDurableDurableHigh power to High power to cost ratiocost ratio

Dish Concent atoDish Concent atoDish ConcentratorDish Concentrator

TriTri--generation systemgeneration systemElectricity:Electricity: produce produce steam to run steam to run through turbinethrough turbinethrough turbinethrough turbineRefrigerationRefrigeration: Hot : Hot water/vapor mixture water/vapor mixture used as heat sink in used as heat sink in

iivapor compression vapor compression refrigeration cyclerefrigeration cycleHot WaterHot Water: : remaining heat remaining heat ggexchanged in hot exchanged in hot water heaterwater heater

DesignDesignDesignDesignDesign Criteria:Design Criteria:Design Criteria:Design Criteria:

Convert 4 kW of Convert 4 kW of thermal energy to thermal energy to

ComponentComponent Losses (%)Losses (%) Energy (kW)Energy (kW)

Total Energy InputTotal Energy Input XX

OpticsOptics 1717

working fluidworking fluid

N d 6 3 kW fN d 6 3 kW f

ReflectivityReflectivity 66

ReceiverReceiver 1515

ParasiticParasitic 4.24.2

ll Need 6.3 kW from Need 6.3 kW from solar radiationsolar radiationSun to working fluidSun to working fluid

Total Energy OutputTotal Energy Output 4.004.00

Sun to working fluid Sun to working fluid efficiency of 64%efficiency of 64%

O tline DesignO tline DesignOutline DesignOutline DesignAverage Direct Average Direct ggBeam Solar Beam Solar Radiation for Radiation for TallahasseeTallahasseeTallahasseeTallahassee

450 W/m450 W/m22

Area of collector Area of collector needs to be 14 mneeds to be 14 m22

Design ComponentsDesign ComponentsDesign ComponentsDesign Components

ReceiverReceiverBoilerBoilerBoilerBoilerDish FrameDish FrameMiMiMirrorMirrorFoundationFoundationTrackingTracking

Recei eRecei eReceiverReceiver

Inte cept FactoInte cept FactoIntercept FactorIntercept Factor

6in aperture IF = .91

4in aperture IF = .765p

The mal LossesThe mal LossesThermal LossesThermal Losses

The mal LossesThe mal LossesThermal LossesThermal Losses

Fused Silica GlassFused Silica GlassFused Silica GlassFused Silica Glass

Thermal LossesThermal Losses

Boiler BasicsBoiler Basics

Boile BasicsBoile BasicsBoiler BasicsBoiler Basics

BoilerBoilerWater in Steam out

Ho M ch Steam?Ho M ch Steam?How Much Steam?How Much Steam?

Saturated Vapor @ 181 °C, 150 psi

Steam Volumetric Flow rate = 16.76 L/min

Water Volumetric Flow rate = .09 L/min

Heat of vaporization is 83% of enthalpy change

Steam is poor working fluid for turbineSteam is poor working fluid for turbine

Recommend Use Organic Rankine cycle

FrameFrame--fiberglass dishfiberglass dishgg

Mirrored SurfacesMirrored SurfacesMirrored SurfacesMirrored Surfaces

Thi Gl MiThi Gl MiThin Glass MirrorThin Glass Mirror

Fo ndationFo ndationFoundationFoundation

Design factors include Design factors include torque from wind torque from wind loadingloading

T kiT kiTrackingTracking

Alte nati e Steam UsesAlte nati e Steam UsesAlternative Steam UsesAlternative Steam Uses

Steam Methane Reformation (SMR)Steam Methane Reformation (SMR)At high temp (700At high temp (700--1100 C) steam reacts with 1100 C) steam reacts with methane to yield CO and Hmethane to yield CO and H22

Accounts for 95% of Hydrogen production Accounts for 95% of Hydrogen production h l d d d d blh l d d d d blMethane is already produced in considerable Methane is already produced in considerable

quantities from the decaying organic wastes quantities from the decaying organic wastes of solid waste landfillsof solid waste landfillsof solid waste landfillsof solid waste landfillsAlternatively it can be obtained via biogas Alternatively it can be obtained via biogas generated by the fermentation of organic generated by the fermentation of organic g y gg y gmatter including manure.matter including manure.

92 sq miles of solar thermal in Nevada 92 sq miles of solar thermal in Nevada could power entire U.S. Day and Nightcould power entire U.S. Day and Night

ll h k h/ /dll h k h/ /dIn Tallahassee 3.5kWh/m^2/dayIn Tallahassee 3.5kWh/m^2/day

Home o kHome o kHomeworkHomework

Vote YES for Green Fee!!Vote YES for Green Fee!!Wed Feb 27Wed Feb 27thth

Vote online at sga.fsu.eduVote online at sga.fsu.edu“Do you support the creation of a 50 cent per credit“Do you support the creation of a 50 cent per credit--hour Renewable Energy "Green Fee" that will be usedhour Renewable Energy "Green Fee" that will be usedhour Renewable Energy "Green Fee" that will be used hour Renewable Energy "Green Fee" that will be used to support renewable and sustainable energy projects to support renewable and sustainable energy projects on campus and invest in energy efficiency project that on campus and invest in energy efficiency project that will enable Florida State University to become a more will enable Florida State University to become a more Green campus?” Green campus?”

Recei eRecei eReceiverReceiver

http://www.me.utexas.edu/~howell/index.html

View FactorView FactorView FactorView Factor

F=.106 F=.172