SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AS SOLUTION TO

URBAN ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN

RAVINDAR KUMAR KHIANI

MUNIR AHMED MEMON

NAWEED-UR-REHMAN

SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AS SOLUTION TO

URBAN ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN

RAVINDAR KUMAR KHIANI, MUNIR A MEMON NAVEED-UR-REHMAN

Naveed Ur Rehman is a Mechanical Engineer

with specialization in Energy Systems.

Currently he is working as an Assistant

Professor in Department of Mechanical

Engineering, NED University of Engineering

and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.

Ravindar Kumar Khiani is an Architect with

specialization in Urban Design. He has 20 years of

professional experience. Currently working as an

Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture

and Planning, NED University of Engineering and

Technology, Karachi, Pakistan.

Munir A Memon is an

Architect and Lecturer in

Department of Architecture

and Planning, NED University of

Engineering and Technology,

Karachi, Pakistan.

The cities are the engines for the economic growth of the country because they

possess the majority of the industries.

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Whereas rural areas are

significant as food suppliers to

cities. BOTH NEED ENERGY.

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• The country’s installed electricity capacity is of 22,000 megawatts (MW), but production stands at 12,000 MW. Currently the electricity demand increased up to 19,000 MW (Zofeen, 2015).

• The general pattern of electric supply in rural Sindh is like for two hours electricity comes and then no electricity for next three hours.

• This electric supply pattern makes people psychologically ill due to stress caused by long hours of load shedding especially in summers.

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Pakistan is facing with big energy

crisis since many years.

Currently Renewable Technologies Provides As

An Appropriate Option For This Crisis.

• This Paper Presents Solar Technology As Solution To Urban Energy Crisis In Pakistan.

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We Are Reimagining The Pakistan’s Cities For The 21st Century As Solar Cities

Discovering Geometric Solar Center Of Pakistan

• Development Of Alternative Solar Technology

Grid For Energy Provision Along With National

Electricity Grid.

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THE ADVANCED SOLAR ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

METHODS WERE FIRST EMPLOYED BY THE CHINESE.

THEN THE GREEKS FOLLOWED THEIR FOOTSTEPS AND

ORIENTED THEIR ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS SOLAR REQUESTS.

THUS ITS HIGH TIME THAT WE EXPLORE THE

POTENTIAL OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES • The comparison of

Solar Potential with

Other Energy

Sources indicates

that the amount of

solar energy in one

year is twice as

obtained from all the

Earth's non-

renewable

resources of coal,

oil, natural gas, and

mined uranium.

Solar technologies evolved in four domains i.e. Solar Heating,

Photovoltaic, Solar Thermal Energy And Solar Architecture.

Electricity Production Via Solar Technologies Either Directly Use

Photovoltaic (PV), Or Indirectly Use Concentrated Solar Power (CSP).

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In The Last Two Decades, Photovoltaics (Pv), Evolved From A Market Of Small

Scale Applications Towards A Mainstream Electricity Source.

Solar Power Is Anticipated To Become The World's Largest Source Of

Electricity By 2050, With Solar Photovoltaic And Concentrated Solar

Power Contributing 16 And 11 Percent To The Global Overall

Consumption, Respectively. https://sites.google.com/site/ee535test/_/rsrc/1323990798091/gerard-cahill/Evolution%20of%20photovoltaic%20electricity%20generation%20by%20end-use%20sector.png

THE CONCEPT OF SOLAR CITY • The concept of solar city emerged within urban planning

researchers who believed urban life as an agent of change towards renewables-based, low-carbon communities.

• Urban deployment of such strategies are often amalgamated under concepts such as the ‘eco-city’, ‘sustainable city’, or ‘solar city’ and have found wide spread local, regional, and national acceptance.

• Likewise, international organizations such as the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) have embraced city energy economy restructuring as a key tool to meet low-carbon development goals. (John, et al. 2015).

CASE STUDY OF MASDAR CITY, ABU DHABI IN UAE Designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners, the

city relies on solar energy and other renewable energy sources.

Constructed 17 kilometers south-east of Abu Dhabi, the city is designed

to be a hub for clean-tech companies.

Planning Design and Development

Initiated in 2006, the project was estimated to cost US$18-22

billion and take approximately eight years to build.

Construction began in 2008 and the first six buildings of city

were completed and occupied in October 2010.

Execution of the Project and Cost Benefit

Phase 1 of the city, the initial 1,000,000 square meters & completed

in 2015. Completion is scheduled to occur between 2020 and 2025.

The city is envisioned to cover 6 square kilometers and home to

45,000 to 50,000 people and 1,500 businesses.

Execution of the Project and Cost Benefit

More than 60,000

workers are expected

to commute to the

city daily.

Masdar is a sustainable

mixed-use development

designed to be very

friendly to pedestrians

and cyclists.

Project Execution

• Masdar is powered by a 22-hectare (54-acre) field of 87,777 solar

panels. There are no light switches or water taps in the city.

• Movement sensors control lighting and water to cut electricity and water

consumption by 51 and 55 percent respectively.

Application & Maintenance of Solar Technology

Masdar is powered with on-site application of Solar Technology i.e. by

installing rooftop solar panels.

Besides photovoltaic, concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are being

explored to test the viability of use in the city.

Application & Maintenance of Solar Technology

Critical Review and Reaction • WWF and Bio-Regional endorsed Masdar City as an official One

Planet Living Community as Zero Carbon, Zero Waste and An

Environmentally Friendly City.

• The Alliance to Save Energy honoured Masdar City with a 2012 EE

Visionary Award.

Critical Review and Reaction • The Urban Sociologists shown there concerns that the city will be

only symbolic for Abu Dhabi Luxury Development for the Wealthy.

• The Urban Planners believe that, Masdar is the culmination of the

gated community concept and representive of growing division of

the world into refined, high-end enclaves and vast formless ghettos.

Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park is a Utility Scale Solar Power Plant in the country over an area of 5,000 acres by Cholistan Development Authority in Bahawalpur.

Once completed by end of 2016 it will generate 1,000 MW electricity.

The first 100 MW project is owned by the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Power Pvt. Ltd. A Profit based company owned by Government of Punjab.

The project is in typical IPP mode with financing from Bank of Punjab.

The contractor for project is Tebian Electric Apparatus (TBEA) Xinjiang Sun Oasis Co. Ltd.

If similar Project done in Balouchistan, it would do good for local economy.

CASE STUDY OF QUAID-E-AZAM SOLAR PARK http://defence.pk/threads/quaid-e-azam-solar-park-clean-

energy-for-cleaner-eco-system.391073/#ixzz3tbzC5ICJ

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CASE STUDY OF QUAID-E-AZAM SOLAR PARK The 100 MW Solar Power Plants consist PV Area /100 MVA Substation.

Currently the transmission line has a capacity of up to 400 MW and the

utility company is in the process of upgrading its capacity to 1,000 MW.

The electrical output is being connected to a 132kv transmission line

that runs through the solar park.

CASE STUDY OF QUAID-E-AZAM SOLAR PARK The project comprises 400,000 solar panels and was built for a cost of

about $131 million.

The only criticism on this project is that, why can’t we learn from such

projects and do it ourselves or do the technology transfer agreements

with raw material & technical manpower available in our local context.

The government invited investors to invest in the remaining 900 MW

with an incentive of new tariff for Solar Power Plants in January 2015.

1st Identify Global Solar Radiations its Reception and Values. • Solar radiation, when incident outside the earth's atmosphere is called

extraterrestrial radiation with average value of 1367 w/m2 (UO, 2002).

• The extraterrestrial radiation determined through latitude. • In other words, on the same (solar) time and orientation of receiving plane, the

magnitude of extraterrestrial radiation will be constant for the sites located at any longitude but the same latitude.

• The solar radiations received by a plane on earth are called terrestrial solar radiations. These radiations are the fraction of extraterrestrial radiation and are diminished due to the air particles, humidity and ground obstacles etc.

• In other words, the solar radiations received on the two neighboring cities at common latitude could be different. Even the two neighboring roofs will be receiving different amount of solar radiations because one roof might be having trees causing local sharp shadows.

• The global radiations is an alternate terms used for terrestrial solar radiations received on horizontal surface (D. T. Reindl et. al, 2002 and Duffie et. al, 2013)

Identification of Cities as Best Suitable Context

for Application of Solar Technology in Pakistan

2nd Discover the Optimum Angle Plane • In general, the plane that is tilted at optimum angle receives 20% more radiations

year-round than are received on horizontal plane. The optimum tilt angles are usually the latitude angle.

3rd Find Appropriate Conditions for Photovoltaic (PV) Panel • A photovoltaic (PV) panel is an electronic device which converts the solar radiations

in to direct electricity. Thus more radiations means more electric power. • Other than the electric circuitry which is used as peripheral to charge a battery or to

power an appliance reduces the system efficiency, temperature has adverse effects on power production.

• As the temperature of PV panel goes higher than 25⁰C, the production power starts dropping down substantially.

• Therefore, the sites having extra-ordinary solar potential may not always be suitable for getting power from PV panels in case, if the temperature of these sites is enormous.

Identification of Cities as Best Suitable Context

for Application of Solar Technology in Pakistan

4th Discovering Geometric Solar Center of Pakistan Table 1: SOLAR RADIATIONS RECEIVED BY SOUTHERN CITIES OF SINDH

[Source: NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy From: https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov (retrieved October 27, 2015)]

Location Latitude Longitude Global Radiations (kWhr/m2/day)

Minimum Maximum Yearly average

Ref-1 Masdar 24.4292° N 54.6183° E 3.78 7.23 5.61

Ref-2 Bahawalpur 29.3956° N 71.6836° E 3.34 6.67 5.13

Sindh-1. Umar Kot 25.3500° N 69.7333° E 3.90 6.56 5.33

Sindh-2. Mithi 24.7400° N 69.8000° E 3.90 6.53 5.22

Sindh-3. Tando Allahyar 25.4500° N 68.7000° E 3.42 6.98 5.27

Sindh-4. Thatta 24.7461° N 67.9243° E 4.11 6.67 5.45

Sindh-5. Badin 24.6667° N 69.0000° E 3.90 6.53 5.22

Table 1 Gives Comparison Of Southern Cities Of Sindh With Masdar And Bahawalpur

Which Indicates That Highest Yearly Average Of Global Radiations Are In Thatta.

5th Simulations for Typical Domestic House in Pakistan

• So simulate, let’s assume a typical domestic house with a

150 W average-daily load and hence it will be consuming 3.6

kWhr in a day.

• For a minimum 5 kWhr/m2/day global radiations, around 3

panels having 15% efficiency and 1.9 m2 (approx. 285

watts) will be required.

• This will be approximately 850 W system.

• The cities as listed in Table 1 receive more than 5

kWhr/m2/day global radiations and hence, results are not

only applicable to them but will be safely good because

additional generation will take care of system losses.

5th Simulations for Typical Domestic House in Pakistan

• Power requirement for a nominal household in Southern Sindh i.e. a small house in Thar (with 2 bulbs and 1 fan) is around 150 watts (Daft Logic, 2014).

• This can be fulfilled by utilizing 3 x 285 watts panels.

• The panel size would be not more than 5’ x 4’, each.

• The weight of each panel is 20 kg and three panels are required.

• The system can be mounted on roofs but a more recommended and safe method is to place it on ground near houses built in the southern cities of Sindh.

• The price of this system would be between 300,000 to 400,000 PKR including PV panels, batteries, wirings and other necessary equipment.

• 30,000 to 50,000 PKR will be recurring on replacing batteries, after every 5 years.

• After this investment, no further electric billing would be charged.

Technical and Monetary Requirements for a

Nominal Household in Southern Cities of Sindh

Proposed Solar

Panels for A Local

House in Thar

These Choorra Houses of Southern Sindh has the

Highest Potential to be Applied with Solar Technology.

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Typical Domestic House in Southern Part of Sindh.

An Independent Grid Must Be Developed At

Individual Households in Southern Sindh.

Conclusions 1. No New Dam is quickly possible in Pakistan to solve energy crisis Wind and

Solar Energy are the major resources.

2. Banks give loan or Community based Solar Plants be made for each urban

and rural settlement.

3. Whatever be the consumption level of energy in each urban center or

rural context at least 50% must be on Solar.

4. In southern cities of Sindh a severe shortage of electricity is quite evident

due to low density of housing and long distances between settlements

which makes installation of traditional energy projects very expensive.

5. The provision of energy to housing should not result in a downfall of

energy with industries so households may be made independent for

energy production.

6. Government of Pakistan should invest in giving loans to home owners in

southern cities of Sindh to install the solar technology in local houses to

reduce burden from the national grid.

Conclusions 7. Similarly in the context of solar technology installations and applications a

very important aspect is location which makes it more substantial and weighty

facet which needs attention from the decision makers.

8. As per findings of analysis presented above concerning global radiations

received the geometric solar center of Pakistan lies in the southern cities of

Sindh which makes them potential appropriate location to apply solar

technologies.

9. Finally, it must be remembered that without sun and its energy no life on earth

may be possible so if the solar technology may be applied energy crisis will be

over and the life would be lot easier for the citizens living in the rural or urban

context of Pakistan.

Recommendations….

References 1. Zofeen T. Ebrahim (March 05, 2015) “Pakistan’s Energy Crisis Could Topple Government, Warns Expert” The Official Website of Daily Dawn Pakistan.

[From: http://www.dawn.com/news/1167563 (Retrieved November 15, 2015)]

2. Anwer Sumra (March 27, 2015) “Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park: Solar energy’s 100MW to arrive in April” The Official Website of The Express Tribune

with the International New York Times Pakistan. [From: http://tribune.com.pk/story/859627/quaid-e-azam-solar-park-solar-energys-100mw-to-

arrive-in-april/ (Retrieved November 15, 2015)]

3. IEA (2014) "2014 Key World Energy Statistics" pp. 6, 24, 28. International Energy Agency France. [From:

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Journal of Energy Policy Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 378–382 Published by ELSEVIER Journal Science Direct [From:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421509007113 (Retrieved July 30, 2015)]

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britain.pdf (Retrieved November 15, 2015)].

7. UO Solar Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (2002) “Solar radiation basics” The official website of University of Oregon [From:

http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SolarRadiationBasics.html (Retrieved November 15, 2015)].

8. Daft Logic (28th October 2014) “Power Consumption of Typical Household Appliances” From: http://www.daftlogic.com/information-appliance-

power-consumption.htm (Retrieved November 15, 2015)].

9. Hermann, Asami Miketa, Nicolas Fichaux (2014) “Estimating the Renewable Energy Potential in Africa: A GIS Based Approach” Working paper

published by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) South Africa.

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Volume 45, Issue 1, pp. 9–17 Printed in Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA.

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