Solar System: ground-based• Inner solar system

• Mars

• Outer solar system– Dynamics of planetary atmospheres

– Structure, dynamics and formation outer solar system

• Many possibilities for synergy– Spacecraft: high-resolution snapshot in time; medium

resolution spectroscopy unhindered by atmosphere

– Ground: long term monitoring of entire planet; high resolution spectroscopy in atmospheric windows

Ewine van Dishoeck, ESO-ESA coordination meeting, Septemer 15 2003, Garching

I. Inner solar system

• Limited ground-based observations possible, but some unique cases, e.g.:

• Sun– Structure and dynamics of chromosphere => heating

processes• ALMA submillimeter continuum monitoring• ALMA submm recombination lines of corona => magnetic field through

Zeeman effect

• Moon, Mercury, Near-Earth Asteroids, Mars– Characterizing the (near-) surface thermal and electrical

properties and texture, including polar ice caps• ALMA (sub)millimeter continuum maps; radar of NEA• Synergy with SMART-1, Bepi-Colombo

Inner solar system (cont’d)

• Venus– Dynamics of middle atmosphere (70-110 km):

direct wind measurements• ALMA CO lines at high spatial and spectral

resolution “snapshots of atmospheric circulation”

– Chemistry of Venus atmosphere• ALMA HCl, H2S, SO2

– Synergy with Venus Express?

II. Mars

• Three dimensional water cycle of Mars– ALMA HDO monitoring

• Dynamics of middle atmosphere (30-70 km): direct wind measurements– ALMA CO lines at high spatial and spectral resolution

“snapshots of atmospheric circulation”

• Chemistry of Mars atmosphere: testing photochemical models– ALMA O3, NO, H2O2

• Synergy with Mars missions, e.g. Mars Express, Beagle 2; Herschel

Water on Mars

HDO : ALMA1.3 mm

H2O 557 GHz:Herschel

III. Outer Solar System:Dynamics of Planetary Atmospheres• How do giant planet atmospheres work? E.g.

– Storms on Jupiter and Saturn– Uranus global change– Titan atmosphere– Cometary impacts/accretion of planetesimals; origin of external

water– Reference for exo-planetary atmospheres studies

• Do minor bodies have atmospheres? If so, composition?– Triton, Pluto, TNO

=> - Direct wind measurements: ALMA, VLT

- Composition: trace species probing key processes, e.g.

H3+ VLT; HCN, HDO, minor species: ALMA

- Synergy with Cassini/Huygens, Herschel

Volcanism on Io

4.8 m ground image

~ OWL resolution at 4.8 m

OWL resolution, Vis

Prometheus

Structure, dynamics and history Solar System

• Kuiper Belt Objects: remnants of the Sun’s circumstellar disk (putting our solar system in context)– Large asteroids => planets (Pluto, Quaoar, Charon, …): how

many? mass? origin?

– Mapping orbital dynamics of KBO’s (Plutinos/captured, Scattered disk, Cubewanos/classical, …): clearing of small bodies in planetary system

– Origin planetary moons: circumplanetary disk or captured?

– Composition surfaces KBO’s: origin? processing? source of H2O and organics on Earth and Mars

VST/VLT: finding KBO’s, near-IR spectroscopy in reflected lightALMA: thermal emission => albedoVLTI/OWL: sizes, masses largest KBO’sJWST: near- and mid-IR spectroscopy (reflected, thermal)

Minor planets in solar system

Size Quaoar resolved from space but alsomeasured from mm Bertoldi et al. 2002

Comets

• Origin solar system: probing the most pristine material

• Formation zone comets: inner vs. outer solar system? Scattered?

• Relation with circumstellar disk material?

- ALMA: composition parent gases, dynamics of coma: mm spectroscopy at high angular (down to 10 km) and velocity (<0.1 km/s) resolution- VLT: composition gases and solids: near-IR, mid-IR spectroscopy; preparatory studies comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

- Rosetta: detailed in-situ study of one comet- JWST: near- and mid-IR spectroscopy of distant comets: silicates, H2O, CO2,

- Herschel: mm spectroscopy of comets: H2O

Cometary spectra

Crovisier 2000

H2O in comets

ALMA: HDO imaging at high spatial resolution (~10 km) => HDO/H2OVLT: HDO 3.7 m fluorescenceHerschel: H2O 557 GHz line monitoring, far-IR linesJWST: H2O near-IR, mid-IR: ortho/para ratio => formation T

ISO-SWS

Crovisier et al.

Organics in comets

IR: CH3OH, C2H6, OH, CH4, …

VLT-CRIRES, VISIR; JWSTMm: many minor speciesALMA, Herschel

Mumma et Al. 2001

Bockelee-Morvanet al. 2000