solar resource mapping in south africa mapping sa-1... · 27.03.2009 · solar resource mapping in...
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Solar Resource Mapping in South Africa
Stellenbosch, 27 March 2009
Tom Fluri
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Outline
• The Sun and Solar Radiation
• Datasets for various technologies
• Tools for Solar Resource Mapping
• Maps for South Africa
• Example of a Potential Assessment
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THE SUN
• Distance from earth: 150 x 106 km
• Diameter: 1.39 x 106 km
• Surface temperature: ~5500°C
• Age: around 4.6 billion years
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Effects of the atmosphere on solar radiation
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IRUV
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© Newport
AM: Air Mass index
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Causes of Variability in Solar Radiation
• Day/Night
• Seasons
• Weather
• Local Air Pollution
• Distance Earth-Sun (6.6%)
• Solar activity (1%)
• Sun spots
• Climate Change
• Global Warming
• Global dimming
• El Niño
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• Fixed PV• Solar water heaters
Latitude tilt irradiationLTI
• Horizontal collectors• (Agriculture)
Global horizontal irradiationGHI
• Concentrating Solar Thermal Power• Concentrating PV• Tracking PV
Direct normal irradiationDNI
ApplicationsSchematicCategory
Radiation data for solar energy technologies
Global irradiation = Direct irradiation + Diffuse irradiation
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Ground Measurements
Campbell-Stokes recorder
• Most common device
• Simple
• Only records sunshine hours
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Solar radiation sensors
Global radiation
Pyranometer
• Thermopile
• Accuracy ±3% (daily sums)
• Slow response (>15s)
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Solar radiation sensors
Diffuse radiation
• Either tracker or shadowring required
• Tracker is expensive
• Use of shadowring necessitates correction function
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Solar radiation sensors
Direct radiation
Pyrheliometer
• Best accuracy for direct radiation measurements
• Shorter response time (5s)
• Tracker is expensive
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with solar radiation measurement
without solar radiation measurement
Weather Stations in Different Regions
Southern Africa
USA(South West)
Europe (South West)
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March 270 6 12 18 24
0
200
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600
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1,000
Dir
ect
No
rmal
Rad
iati
on
(W
/m²)
Upington (1995)Global Horizontal RadiationDirect Normal RadiationDiffuse Horizontal Radiation
March 280 6 12 18 24
Global Horizontal RadiationDirect Normal RadiationDiffuse Horizontal Radiation
Example for hourly data
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Ground Measurements
• Most accurate option
• Expensive
• High maintenance
• Time consuming
• Few stations in South Africa
Summary
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Satellite derived data
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DLR
Satellite derived data
Method
• Same images as for weather forecast can be used
• Extensive databases are available
• Data over longer time periods are available (20 years)
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C. Schillings (2004)
Satellite derived dataMethod
Ozone
Air Molecules
Clouds
Aerosoles
Water Vapour
Irradiation on the ground
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Satellite derived data
Example
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Satellite derived data
Summary
• Fairly accurate Break even of accuracy with ground measurement interpolation: 25-50 km
• Relatively cheap and quick
• Spatial and temporal resolution high enough for site evaluation
• Data over longer time periods are available (20 years)
• Only low resolution datasets have been created for SA
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Solar Maps for SABased on Ground Measurements
• A solar radiation data handbook for Southern Africa (1990)
• South African Renewable Energy Resource Database – Annual Solar Radiation – CSIR, ESKOM, DME (1999)
Based on Satellite Data
• SWERA – Solar resource data for Africa (2006)
• NASA: Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (2008)
• PVGIS (2007)
Based on Satellite Data and Ground Measurements
• Meteonorm 6.1 (2009)
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Upington, Northern Cape
0123456789
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13MonthD
irect
no
rmal
sol
ar ir
radi
atio
n, k
Wh/
m2/
d
SWERANASA
Comparison of Data Sets
Carnarvon, Northern Cape
0
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13MonthD
irect
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SWERANASA
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Example Application – Potential Assessment for Concentrating Solar Power in SA
VegetationSolar radiation
Exclusion Criteria:
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Example Application – Potential Assessment for Concentrating Solar Power in SA
Slope Proximity to Transmission
Exclusion Criteria:
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Example Application – Potential Assessment for Concentrating Solar Power in SA
Results:
Detailed map available at www.crses.sun.ac.za
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Recommendation to Developers
Small installations
• Use various datasets
• Track new releases
• Measure solar radiation
Large installations
• Use available datasets to detect priority areas
• Order higher resolution data for promising sites
• Measure on most promising sites
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Conclusions• Several solar resource maps are available for SA
• Accuracy and resolution of publicly available data could be improved
• Satellite derived data present a good option to improve the quality of the available data
• More ground measurements are necessary
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Conclusions• Several solar resource maps are available for SA
• Accuracy and resolution of publicly available data could be improved
• Satellite derived data present a good option to improve the quality of the available data
• More ground measurements are necessary
Tom Fluri