solar powered smart pedestal lighting system

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SRI MADHWA VADIRAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Solar Powered Smart Pedestal Lighting System An innovation to light up the rural India smartly (A project sanctioned by Vision Group on Science and Technology –Govt. of Karnataka) Guide: Asst. Prof. Rajesh Nayak Team Members Pranav Rao 3rd Year Electronics and Communications Engineering S R Dhanush 3rd Year Electronics and Communications Engineering Ajesh 3rd Year Electronics and Communications Engineering

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The report of the project Solar Powered Smart Pedestal Lighting System.

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Page 1: Solar Powered Smart Pedestal Lighting System

SRI MADHWA VADIRAJA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Solar Powered Smart Pedestal Lighting System

An innovation to light up the rural India smartly (A project sanctioned by Vision Group on Science and Technology –Govt. of Karnataka)

Guide: Asst. Prof. Rajesh Nayak

Team Members

Pranav Rao

3rd Year

Electronics and Communications Engineering

S R Dhanush

3rd Year

Electronics and Communications Engineering

Ajesh

3rd Year

Electronics and Communications Engineering

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ABSTRACT

This project aims at harvesting the energy from renewable energy sources like sun and to effectively

use the harvested energy for the benefit of the remote villages (villagers) facing serious power problems.

The main aim of the project is to provide “Smart Street Lighting system” powered with solar energy to

assist villagers during night time.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without

the kind support and help of many individuals especially Prof. Dr. Ravindra who showed us the right path

to proceed and Prof. Dr. Nagaraj Rao who encouraged us venture into this opportunity, and our project

guide Asst. Prof. Rajesh Nayak. We would also like to thank Mr. Vignesh Kalathur whose ideas and skills

have helped us to complete our model.

We are highly indebted to Sri Madhwa Vadiraja Institute of Technology and Management for providing

the necessary infrastructure and facilities and also for their support in completing the project.

We would like to express our gratitude towards member of Selco Solar Power Systems for their kind co-

operation and encouragement which helped us in completion of this project.

Our thanks and appreciations also go to our classmates in developing the project and people who have

willingly helped me out with their abilities.

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Contents 1.Introduction ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.Background .................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.Solar Powered Smart Pedestal Lighting system ......................................................................................... 7

4.Function Description .................................................................................................................................. 8

5.Block Diagram ............................................................................................................................................. 8

Description of the Blocks ........................................................................................................................... 9

Dusk-Dawn Regulators (DDR) ................................................................................................................. 10

Motion Sensors ....................................................................................................................................... 11

Lead-acid batteries .................................................................................................................................. 12

LED Panel ................................................................................................................................................. 14

6.Power Consumption ................................................................................................................................. 15

7.Integration of the units into a System ...................................................................................................... 16

8.Evaluation .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. 18

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................. 19

Expenditure Listings .................................................................................................................................... 20

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1. Introduction The energy consumption in entire world is increasing at the fastest rates due to population growth and

economic development and the availability of energy sources remains woefully constrained. Resource

augmentation and growth in energy supply has not kept pace with increasing demand and, therefore, India

continues to face serious energy shortages.

The project aims at harvesting the energy from renewable energy sources like sun and to effectively use

the harvested energy for the benefit of remote villages (villagers) facing the serious power problems. The

main aim of the project is to provide a “Smart Street Lighting System” powered with solar energy to assist

the villagers during night time. We use the word “smart” because the system not only provide power to

the street lights but also helps in detecting the direction of movement of the pedestrian and helps him by

means of illuminating the path of movement till the near next street light. By integrating the entire street

lights with Smart street light system it is possible to systematically help the pedestrian to reach the

destination in the remote rural areas which are facing serious electric power supply problem. The same

system can also be used for the House lighting purpose as it works on the principle of sensing the thermal

signature of human body to switch the light, there by the system helps in saving the electric power.

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2. Background The key indicators of India’s energy problems include; Over 40 per cent of the households

(particularly rural areas) in India still do not have electricity, about a third of our total primary energy

supply to rural areas still comes from non-commercial sources (biomass, dung) and currently India faces

an enormous demand supply gap of about 15-25% energy shortage. Due to shortage of the energy supply

till today several villages have not facilitated with electricity and even if provided, the supply of the

electricity is limited to few hours in a day and are facing serious problems due to unlimited power cuts.

During the day time we get enormous amount of light energy from sun and the problem for pedestals

are common during the night time. Though most of the streets are equipped with street lights in each and

every village areas but due to the uncontrolled power failures/power cut it is becoming a serious problem

for villagers to commute for irrigational field work during the night time due to unlimited power cuts

which indirectly affect the crop yield of the farmer. Such trends often discourage the villagers taking up

agriculture which is the backbone of our economy. It also poses a serious threat to the villagers from

physical hazards such as thieves, snakebites, etc.

Installation of street lights may seem a pleasant option but absence of electricity reducers their presence

to null. Hence the best option is to install solar powered street lights and moving a step ahead, we

designed this ‘Solar Powered Smart Pedestal Lighting System’.

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3. Solar Powered Smart Pedestal Lighting system

The Smart Solar Street Light consists of motion sensors which detect the presence of pedestrians in its

proximity and the lights turn on which otherwise is ’off’. High power LEDs are used for illumination. The

system would derive the energy from the solar panel installed at the top of the unit whose generated

electricity is stored in Lead- Acid battery.

The ‘Solar powered Smart Street Lighting System’ is an integration of number of such units of the smart

street light which would be installed in the village such that the units could provide continuous light to

pedestrians at night assisting him to reach his destination. The above system has two main advantages-

Reduces the wastage of harvested energy and hence can be deployed in regions with very low

sunlight also

Simple design and hence easier maintenance

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4. Function Description The design basically includes three working modes:-

OFF mode: When there is enough natural light in the surrounding i.e. during the daytime, the

entire system is switched off and the batteries are charging

Active mode: When the natural light drops below a certain level the system automatically turns

on and the motion sensors are powered

ON mode: On the presence of pedestrians, the sensors turn the relays on which in turn switches

on the LED lights. These lights turns off after a fixed period of time

5. Block Diagram

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Description of the Blocks Each of the blocks are described clearly in the following sections:

Solar Panel Solar panels are used to power the whole system. A solar panel (PV panel) is made of the natural

element, silicon, which becomes charged electrically when subjected to sun light. Solar panels are

directed at solar south in the northern hemisphere and solar north in the southern hemisphere (these are

slightly different than magnetic compass north-south directions) at an angle dictated by the geographic

location and latitude of where they are to be installed. Typically, the angle of the solar array is set within a

range of between site-latitude-plus 15 degrees and site-latitude-minus 15 degrees, depending on whether a

slight winter or summer bias is desirable in the system. Many solar arrays are placed at an angle equal to

the site latitude with no bias for seasonal periods.

This electrical charge is consolidated in the PV panel and directed to the output terminals to produce low

voltage (Direct Current) - usually 6 to 24 volts. The most common output is intended for nominal 12

volts, with an effective output usually up to 17 volts. A 12 volt nominal output is the reference voltage,

but the operating voltage can be 17 volts or higher much like your car alternator charges your 12 volt

battery at well over 12 volts. So there's a difference between the reference voltage and the actual operating

voltage.

The intensity of the Sun's radiation changes with the hour of the day, time of the year and weather

conditions. To be able to make calculations in planning a system, the total amount of solar radiation

energy is expressed in hours of full sunlight per m², or Peak Sun Hours. This term, Peak Sun Hours,

represents the average amount of sun available per day throughout the year.

Fig. Two Solar Panel Connected in Series

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The output of a solar panel is usually stated in watts, and the wattage is determined by multiplying the

rated voltage by the rated amperage. The formula for wattage is VOLTS times AMPS equals WATTS. So

for a 12 volt 60 watt solar panel measuring about 20 X 44 inches has a rated voltage of 17.1 and a rated

3.5 amperage.

V x A = W

17.1 volts times 3.5 amps equals 60 watts

Two solar panels 45 watts each would be connected in series combination. In an average the solar panel

would be receiving direct sunlight for period of 7 hours per day. So by simple calculation we can find that

on an average day we can store approximately 0.63 kWh of power per day.

Dusk-Dawn Regulators (DDR)

It charges the battery during the day time and turns on the load at dusk. It turns off the load at dawn. It not

only charges the battery from solar panel in the optimum way using the fullest power without much loss

but maintains the SOC of the battery under charge. Input losses are practically negligible due to high

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efficiency charging in shunt mode. Similarly battery loss in load circuit is less than 3% making it better

than 97% efficient. Its pulse-width-modulation (PWM) keeps the battery in excellent SOC to have

prolonged life of battery.

FEATURES:

Automatic dusk to dawn operation.

Suitable to drive CFL or LED lights.

Day time consumption < 1mA.

True indication of battery charging.

Battery low indication.

Over load protection and indication. Reset switch provided.

Motion Sensors

A standard PIR sensor is used as the movement detector. The 4 sensors interfaces to the PICAXE (IC1)

on input 1, input 2 input3, input4. These pins are pulled low via isolation diodes D2, D3, D4, D5 and the

normally open (NO) output of the sensor whenever movement is detected. It can also be pulled low by

transistor Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4which acts as a simple inverters for sensors with normally closed (NC) outputs

(Fig 3).

So that the lights aren’t needlessly switched on during the day, a light-dependent resistor (LDR) is used

as an ambient light sensor. Together with a 100kΩ resistor, the LDR forms a simple voltage divider,

which converts its changing resistance to a changing voltage at the micro’s analog input (pin 7). As light

falling on the sensor decreases, its resistance increases, resulting in less voltage at the analog input. Below

a preprogrammed threshold voltage, it is assumed to be night-time.

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The observed range of the PIR sensors is 6-7 metres.

Lead-acid batteries Lead-acid batteries are the most common in PV systems because their initial cost is lower and because

they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world. There are many different sizes and designs of

lead-acid batteries, but the most important designation is that they are deep cycle batteries. Lead-acid

batteries are available in both wet-cell (requires maintenance) and sealed no-maintenance versions. AGM

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and Gel-cell deep-cycle batteries are also popular because they are maintenance free and they last a lot

longer. The Deep Cycle batteries used are designed to be discharged and then re-charged hundreds or

thousands of times.

The battery should have sufficient amp hour capacity to supply needed power during the longest expected

period "no sun" or extremely cloudy conditions. A lead-acid battery should be sized at least 20% larger

than this amount.

We used a 60Ah battery for the design. The wattage of the LED panel is roughly 30 Watts (considering all

the subunits and the sensor units).

On a good sunny day, 0.63 kWh of power can be stored which could last for up to 4 days with little

sunlight.

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LED Panel

LED panel is built in consists of sub-units within it, each inclined at 30 degrees towards the path it is

illuminating. Assuming the unit is fixed in a junction of four roads, we have designed the panel as shown

in the above figure. 3 W LEDs are used in the design.

LED bulbs in general are brighter than incandescent lamps and CFLs of the same wattage. A 3-watt LED

bulb may produce anywhere between 240 to 320 lumens of illumination. Lumens is a measure of light.

‘Lumens per watt’ is the measure to identify how much light is produced for the energy or wattage drawn.

Accordingly, the minimum efficiency of a 3 Watt LED bulb will be 80 lumens/watt. A 20 Watt halogen

bulb on the other hand may produce 350 lumens of energy on average, with an efficiency of 17 lumens

per watt used.

3 Watt rated LED bulbs consume very low power, usually less than 4 watts. A single 3 Watt LED bulb

can be equivalent to a 30 Watt fluorescent lamp. It is possible to choose between white light LED bulbs,

warm light LED bulbs and colored light. White light bulbs can last more than 50,000 hours. On the other

hand colored LEDs can last twice as long at more than 100,000 hours.

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6. Power Consumption Two solar panels 45 watts each would be connected in series combination. In an average the solar panel would be receiving direct sunlight for period of 7 hours per day. Hence using the equation

Power = (power in wattage) × (hours)/1000

So by simple calculation we can find that on an average day we can store approximately 0.63 kWh of power per day.

A set of ten LEDs will be used which will require 0.36 kWh of power for twelve hours .This value is

compatible with the designed solar power unit, leaving enough power for the microcontroller unit and

required backup.

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7. Integration of the units into a System So we have seen the working and specifications in the previous section for one unit of a Smart Solar

Street Light. Let us abbreviate it as SLU (Street Lighting Unit). Number of SLUs are installed around the

village along the street with an average distance of 12 meters between each unit. Thus a pedestrian is

always within the range of the SLU which illuminates his path.

The path of a person walking at night is continuously illuminated by one or the SLU. He gets a feeling

that the light is following him!

SLU

SLU

SLU

SLU

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8. Evaluation Implementing and analyzing the prototype we built, we found that the design could be largely efficient

in street lighting in not only villages but also any other place as well. Also for the specifications, two

Street Lighting units could be powered. Hence we found the system really energy efficient. The following

listing shows the advantages of the system:-

Reduced battery capacity and solar panel wattage

Reduced cost

Low maintenance cost

Simple operation

Suitable for regions with limited sunlight also

One shortcoming of our design is we underestimated the amount of power required to power the system.

Since the lights would be turned on an average of 3 hours per night (which we calculated for 10 hours per

night in the initial stages), the specifications of the solar panel and the lead-acid storage battery is much

high compared to the actual requirement which cost us more.

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Conclusions

The successful implementation of the project would help the remote areas which are facing severe

Power supply problems. The lighting system uses LED’s and hence the power consumed will be much less

compared with the conventional lighting systems. Further if similar lighting systems are implemented for

normal street lighting by the government, we would be saving a great amount of electricity which otherwise is just wasted…

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Bibliography

[1] www.main.org/polycosmos/glxywest/vimanas.htm - Indian Flying Machines

[2] www.electronicsforyou.comI.

[3] http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/08/solar-farming-potential-india/- Solar Farming

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell

[5] http://www.planetarypower.com.au/solar_panels.htm

[6] Element14 – to look up devices, ICs

[7] Physics of Solar Cells- A Text for Undergraduates, J Nelson

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Expenditure Listings

Particulars Cost

Customised Solar system 18025

Electronic Components 7338.91 1874.09

Stationaries 814

Travelling 600

Others 572.09

Fund Received 40000 0

Expenditure 27350

Balance Amount 12650