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TRANSCRIPT
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SOLAR HEATED HOUSES I~ CAXADA
. ) GARO O. K....."VORKOV
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate
Studies and Research in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of ~ster
of Architbcture
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School cif Architecture f ,
HcGill University
Hontréal, Québec
Canada
, • Garo O. Kevorkov
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1978 1
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Harch 1977
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AHSTRAGT
The changes in energy supply and demand shap~ new patterns of
energy consumPtio~. The search of new energt\ sources brings
a new attention to the renewables. The abunJance of solar
energy aIl over the wor1d globe proved again to be a reliable ,
source and the space heating with solar energy become"s'1 a
commercial reality. The Canadian experience in solar energy
application for residential heating needs is reviewed.
There is a brief analysis of the princip les 'ru1ing the solat" heating
systems and their applicability in ,Canadian conditions. The
availability of solar energy at the' Canadian latitudes on a
surface perpendicular to the sun's rays i8 a suffic1ent ground
to develop a reliable heating system based, on solar energy.
The most appropriate tilt of the solar collector gets considerable
importance in the solar col1ecting process in Canada.
The right choice of storage medium and its quantity is the sècond 1 ~
mast important component of the solar heating system and its
significance .increases in Canadian winte, conditions of ,low rad'iatton
inputs during consecutive ;loudy days •
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tomp~rison of some~solar systems i5 made apd therr advantages
disadvantages for a Canadian application are pointed out.
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the,s~cond part of the thesis an analysis'of fifteen Canad1an \
houses 15 made. , i~
The question of the adaptabilit~f
the archit'ecture to the constraints of the new system involved i8
disc ssed ~nd the r~sponse of the architectural conceptual design to
the
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to the need of cGnserving the energy into the house •
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ABSTRAIT
Les changements dans le domaine des ressources énergétiques
ainsi que la demande d'énergie ont amené la création de
nouveaux modes de consommation d'énergie. Cette quête de
nouvelles sources d'énergie attire l'attention sur les sources
renouvelables. L '"abondance d'énergie solaire partout sur la
surface du globe s'est avérée d'un grand secours et le réchauf-1
fement de l'espace grâce à la chaleur du soleil devient
maintenant une réalité commerciale. On s'tntéresse désormais
al' application de l'énergie solaire au secteur tésidentiel au
Canada.
Voici. une br~ve étude trai tant des principes des· systemes de
chauffage solaire et de leur application dans les cOIl..ditions
prévalant au Canada. Les rayons du soleil disponib1~ aux ,
lat! tudes du Canada sur une surface perpendiculaire sont \
\ suffisants pour qu'on puisse songer à développer un syst~me
de chauffage basé sur l'énergie solaire. L'angle le plus Q
approprié du collecteur solaire revêt une grand importance
pour ce qui es t du processus d'emmagasinage de l' é~ergie
solaire au Canada.
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Le choix approprié d'un moyen d'entreto age ain~i que sa quantité
cons ti tuent le déuxième point d' impor t nce du sys tème de chauffage 1 •
à l'énergie solaire. Son importance 1 accroît durant les conditions
hivernales au Canada alors que les radiations sont faibles et les , jouts nuageux souvent répétés.
Différents systèmes. solaires sont étudiés ici et mis en comparaison
selon leurs avantages et leur inconvénients en vue"'d'une application
au Canada.
Dans un deuxième temps, (Jette thèse étudie 15 maisons chauffées au
systeme solaire au Can'ada. On y étudie la question d'adaptation de
l'architecture aux contingeft:.es imposées par ces syste;tes de.
chauffage et les réponses aux systèmes et au besoin de conservation
de l'-énergie amassée proposées par le design archi tectural y sont
évall4ées.
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CONTENTS
Part one Page
Solar Heating for Canadian Houses
1. Energy supply for resldential needs. Sources and c<lnsuming pat terns •••••••••••••••••••••••• 1
~ 2. Solar Enet'gy. lts nature and ,availability in Canada •••••••••• 9
3. Design with sun conserving enèr~y •••••••• " ••••••••••••• 17 1
4. Passive and active use of solar energy ••••••••••••••••• , ••.•• 24
5. System conrpaTisons....... • • . . . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . • • • . . • •• 54
Part two
Solar Heated Houses in Canada
1. Canada and Solar heating for Canadian houses ••••• ~ ••••••••••• 57
Hof fJD8.n House ............................ :'o. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. •• 63
Lorriman House ••••••••.••••• . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Gananoque House ••••• ~ •••••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ...,.~
Provident House ~ ••••••• " ••• •• , • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 76
Pepper House ••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• ( ••••
J • " ~ Côte Nord Bouse ••••••••••••••• : ••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ • 4' .,. .
81
87
Poin te Bleue House •••• , ••••• . . . . . , .......................... . 94~' 1
Mistassini House •••••••••••• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -..... . 98
Waswanipl Hause, ..• . ~ .......... ' ........................ , ..•••• •• 102 \~.. -
Lamy Havee ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ",106
Gail Krause , ,
House ........... ;. ••••••••• \ ............ 'j' ........... •• 109
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/ 1. Canada and ,Solar heating for C~nadian houses (suilte)
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1 Na rt h House •••••••••• .. .............. ... 112
N. Ki f t \!ouse ••••••••••.••..••.••• .............................. ~ . .. .............. ... 115
Sicotte House •••.••• ............................................................ .. .. 11 ............ ... 118
Ives House ................. .. ........................................ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ .............. .. • ••• 122
t. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 125
3. A List of ,Companies Supplying Solar Heating Equipment and , ...... Design Se:rvices ....................................................................................... 133
4. Bibliography and References •• .. ........................................ .. • ••• 138
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PART ONE
SOLAR HEATING FOR CANAD~~ HOUSES
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1. ENERGY SUPPLY FOR RES rDENTIAL NEEDS
SOURCES Al.'ID CONSUHING PATTERNS
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To protect himself against the cruelty of the cold winter weather or
the unbearab1e heat of humid summer days our contemporary.has CO shelter
himse1f in his home where numerous energy consuJlling devices care to crea te
the optimum conditions for hia weIl being. People, even in the early
years of human development, always- knew how to benefit of nature and ta
make it work for them. Their structures were adopted ta climate and
their greatest friend, even in hot tropical,conditions. has been the sun.
Now again in the la st thirty years people remembered the sun. the very
source of a1l forms of energy. FossU fuels are concentrated solaI
energy which was accumlated millions of yea;,rs ago but compared ta their
.prime source they have the great disadvantage of being depletable. The
supplies of aIl fossil fuels are limited and thei,r sources will dry in
\ the very near future. The figure appl1ed shows how the different energy . sources in Canada are exp10ited for the period 1900 to 1972.13 On the
other hand, the environmental impact of the existing energy sources i8
a serious burden for the deve~oped societies. The skies are hidden
under heavy smog, the rivers and shores are poluted and nature'a amazing
" , abiUty to recover is dangeroùsly threaten,ed. The nuclear energy is
observed as the probable substitutidn for the finite traditional anergy ,
sources: petroleum, natural gas, coal and wood. But'as the Canadlan
autho~ Dr. Fred H. Knelman states in his recently pUblished bo04 -
"Nuclear Energy" _24
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nuclear energy i8 costlier. dangerous, less .,
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efficient and less dependable th an any of the alternative energy
systems. ' In the forward of the book the nuclear ene'rgy and the
nuclear power are called an unforgiving techno1ogy: " ••• it a110w5
no room for error. Perfection must be achieved if accidents that'
affect the general public are ta be prevented". 24 According to
the author "the amount of energy we need to live a good nutri tious Il
life i5 far less per capita than we are pre5ently consuming. '.Je
use excessive energy a1ready. If we change the world to a conserver
society we might be happier and h~althier".
Dr. Knelman, a professor in science and human affairs at Concordia
University, compares the energy consumption of Sweden and Canada.
~ Both countries hav.e cold climares and in 1974 both Canadars and
Stveden 1 S gross national product grew by 3.7% but Sweden reduced its ~,
~ . total ptimary energy supply by 7% wh11e Canada'increased by 4.3%.
Sweden has -about two-thirds of the pet cap na energy', consumpt ion of
Canada and higher per capita GNP.
"There is ample evidence with high credibi1ity", claims the author,
"that we could ~ave an amount of energy by the year 2000 throùgh'"
conservation and'efficiency which do not seriously change economic
and social goals, eq4ivalsnt to the amount we ~r~ now insisti~g we
DUlst obta1n fram nuclear power in that time period. ,,24 -
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"The nuclear option for future energy supply has tW<1 immediate
limitations: it pr(>vldes electricit~' but the internaI cOlJlbustion
1 engine of the car uses fuel rather than electricity. Secondly, it
Is not ta last long because world' s reserves of uranium are limited.
By the year 2000 the demand will far exceed supply and uranium will
be in the same condition as oil is today." (Till now an excess of.
$100 million has been spent on nuc1ear research, compared with
$400,000 on solar energy.) ,
So instead of to nuc1ear energy, attention should be drawn to
renewab1es as sun, wind tide, water and biomass energy. Solar energy
according to Dr. Knelman 15' tpe "u1timate fo,rgiving technplogy
because it la essentia11y rene~ab* or non-depleting and is
e,nvironmentally benign in many of its forms. We must start living <II
off our energy income rather than our energy capital". $newable
energy ls an inexhaustible resource. It ls available everywhere
and it is free. A great deal of energy supply for residential nee4s
can be covered by sources of renewable energy. The residential energy
demand in Canad, according to National Energy Board, Ottawa is as
follows :12
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Type of Energy
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
E1ectricity for
space-hea ting
t-lood
Other (including
4.
RESIDENTIAL END.GY DE~lt..XD IN ûL'iADA
(Trillions of Btu '5) lJoules)
Actual Estimated
1966 1975 . 1990
37 P'lo~5) 15 (Isez's)--1
440 (4btt2Po ) 460r4e'j3o~]+75 (50\ 11.5 )
211 (2.2.2.605) 330C3'te150)570 (60135 0 )
.. all-electric
5 (5115) 24 {2..5~20)65 t bSS75)
63 (66465) 41 (4$Zs5)1a-{18QCJ91 1 \;
11 (1\ boo) 16 (~-e-.eo2 2-6 (z'1t 3o) ~C) 1
~ 767 (~cflIB5) 886 ~ 1,151+ ~2n47Q) '",
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This is estimated to be a stcady 25 to 30 per cent of the total energy
consumption in Canada. The renewab1e eoergy la not listed in the table.
One can assume that among the sources shown, part of the item "0t hers'l
can be considered preserved for renewable energy; actually it ia
difficult to be predicted. rhere are sorne more favourable news in recent
developments concerning the future energy pol~tics. ?At the end of the .. ~ , >
second week of February 1977, Energy Minister of Canada announced the ~
creation of a branch for renewable energy resource and the establi~hment , ~
of a national advisoty conmdttee on c6nservation and r~nJwable energy. '" ,
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"Conventional sources of energy will deminate our energy picture for
so~e time, but renewable energy forms will play an increasing role
in our energy supplies of the fu'ture". A total of $4.4 million in
increased expenditures for renewable energy - including solar, wind, ,
biomass and heat pumps - are part of 1977-78 $10 million increase in
federai energy research and deve10pment spending. This 1a in a
atriking contrast with the statement made in 1970
'''However, given the heurs of sunshine above the
49th para11el dur1ng the months of greatest need
the possib11ity that solar energy will make a
significant contribution to Canada's energy needs,
at least within the next two or three generarions,
~---a .-seems remote in' the extreme. "10
=-k --------a- statement made when-t1ie~for new energy sources were remote,
-------~ ------- -~ when the av-ailab1e energy_ ~as abundant and cheap alidâomesnc lleeds
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were met entirely by home produced oil and gas. In 1974, the attitude
was l{lready changed. The goverm:nent decis10n Wé;lS to develop ~c1entific
and technical capabilities in order to achieve self-reliance in energy.
And aithough b~ing in the last place with respect to priority the tàsk .1 \.0'" 1
of developing the renewable \;iources of energy was assigned te The
National Research Council of Canada. One of the five individual programs ~
-~h!.ch constitute the ;ask for renewable energy 18 initiated to the -\
"use of solar heating in the buildings" •
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The stress 1s on heating because as the analysis of energy consumpt1on
of a household shows space heating is,fhe main consumer of energy
1 space hea ting
2 water heating
3 cooking
4 refr1geration
5 air conditioning
6 television
7 clothes drying
8 food freezing
9 other
57.5
14.9
5.5
6.0
3.7
3.0
1.7
1.9
5.8
100.0%
items 1, 2, 3, 4 are consuming almost 80 per cent of th~ energy demanded r
for residentla1 needs and space heating ls the highest. Increased solar
energy use for this purpose cou1d signif1cant1y conserve fOisil fuels
actually used for space heating in residential buildings and cou1d reduc~ ,~
Canadian dependance on foreign petroleum supp~iers. The actual picture
differs greatly from the proposed possibilities: during the past two
decades in excess of 3,35~,OOO dwellings have been built in Canada. Less
than twenty of these-have uti1ized solar energy systems (CMHC-1976).
The long cold wi~ter in 1917 w~en p~wer shutdowns have occurred is to
re~nd us that oil and gas supply now about 70% of the Canadian economy
and 62% by 1990. Canada's energy supp1y IS not self-sufflcient'anymore.
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Without further discoveries of large quantities of oil and natural
gas Canada is in for a massive drain on its balance of payments.
The solution should be foand in many directions: solar energy spaee ':~
heating, and a real conse~~tion poliey. After aIl, Canada bas
doubled energy use sinee 1961 and the per eapita demand is eight
times the world's average. Canada is the mast prolific energy user
per head of population in the world with the s~le exception of the
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U.S. The consuming pattern should be reshaped. There are'great many
hidden resourees to help resolving the problem. Our task 18 ta show
how solar energy can eontribute for making tbe first steps toward a
conserving society. The energy We need for beating i~ different
from the one for cooking or for lighting. A precise confinement will
help us to determine the kind of energy we need
Ene,rgy 13 Required 'f
Purpose (task) RIGH GRADE MEDIUM GRADE LOW tRADE
Ligbting Electricity
Maehinery Liquid fuel
Transport .
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Cooking , , Heat at al)out ~
~~ Industrial proeesses 148°C < (300°F)
Air conditioning . Heat below ,
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Heating buildings ,. "
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Domestic hot watar' < <
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\ The most imporrant conclusion of the, table ls: for different tasks
we need diffkrent ,type; (grade) of energy. ~~ere the quantity of .'
residential's\pPlY ls greate~t the low g~a~e energ~ can derive from
the sun. The differeri~rades of energy may have different sources \ \
of supply. For'.space heating, for example, there is no need of \
high grade elect~citY produced from nuclear power statiqns. This 1
i5 equally valid f~r water heating and air contitioning - t~e biggest
consumers of energy'for residential needs. Another problem of
considerable importance is ta know our 'energy needs and ta live with
that amount. If this has ta contribute to the ·forming of a conserving
society, the real amount of énergy for residential needs 5hould be
knoWn and we have to live within that budget. The task can be to
relieve the national economy from the amount of energy for residential
needs and ta replace it with renewable energy resources. The 'change
will come gradually over an"extended transitional period, but the
advantages are of a great value for the national etonomy and for the
environment we live in.
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2. SOLAR-ENERGY. !TS NATURE MID AVAlLABILITY IN CANADA
Colossal amount of solar energy 'reacnes earth's surface. lts (417~J )
ab~ndance can be compared to nothing else: 3.96 1019 Btu more
than 7000 t1mes the energy consumed.in Canada in 1977. But this '. /"" 'l-8sj 1~(l..1 <.nl2.
energy fs di1uted (sorne 430 Btu/hr/f2) in contrast ta the traditional
concentrated fossil fuels. ~/'
The solar enetfy source is intermittend.
There 18 no solar ene~gy during the nights and when the skies are
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covered with clouds. In addition ta these features the initial costs
of the solar energy meeting people's needs ~re relative1y high. For
the se reasons the application of solar energy was delayed. But now
there is plenty of proof that the future of solar energy is bright.
The technology ta harness sun's energy for heating ia quite .developed
and a long term cast comparison 15 in favour of solar energy which 18
not a subject to be depleted.
The solar energy reaphing earth's surface crosses the atmosphere and
as a result we have direct and diffuse solar radiations. The Urst 1
1s coll1mated (can cast shadow) and the latter is dispersed. Dispersion
ls caused by the atmosphere, the topography, the water surfaces
available and the air palution. The ratio of :direct and diffuse solar *1:1
radiat;on is of great impottance and the solar technology has certain
means to make use of bath kinds of solar energy. For Canadian conditions, ,
the amount ~f solar energy got down ta use, should rely on the'available
quantities of bath direct and diffuse solar radiations •
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The question is how much is the quantity of solar radiation. Can tt
meet the resitlential heating needs, or the needs of other branthes
like commerce' and sorne manufacturing? 50 far, our problem is to find '-'.,
out how much heating a hou se in Canada can get fram the sun during ,t
which Beason during what part of the day and the dependance on the
solar heating in terms of a whole year. The positive answer of the .. question would be equa11y va1id for aIl solar activities sinee one
of the solar characteristics ls the following: solar energy is
evenly dispersed aIl over the wor1d and its quantity depends mainly
on the 10t's latitude, and the local climate.
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The majority of the Canadiàn,population lives in a stretch between
.' .. '" the 43rd and 60tp paralIell.~Jt the greatest densities are around
the metropoli~an'areas of Toronto and Montréal (between 43° and 46~) ~ .. ''f ,
i.e. be10w the SOON, where the average solar radiation on a horizontal
surface is between 8841nd,1252 Btu/sq.f./day. To'compare with some
data from other places:13 Li
the average radiation in USA - 1500 Btu/aq.L/day \'7021 J0u-Ief>/crr// .hiy
the average radiation in UK - 810 Btu/sq.f./day 920 J0u.,leslcrn% /Jv;.y
the average radiation in Sahara - 2211 Btu/sq.f./day 2.'5\0- JovJeS/Crt?·/d..u..y
The last figure is the highest average radiation measured in thè world.
But this ia not enough. The stat1stics of average measurements are not
the most convincing sources sinee one sunny day of July in Resolute Bay -2,411 JOu.If!>/ <-n'l' IrJ.o..'(
in Artic measures 2137 Btu/sq.f./day whi1e in ~ecember radiation at
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Resolute Bay 1s.zero. This i8 not the chse with. Canad!an conditions.
The solar radiation per hour 18 measured at 50 stat;f.ons dispersed
aIl over Canada. There are 4 stations where information for total
and diffused solar radiation can be obtained as weIl. ,The measurements'
seen on the charts show that the worst months are DecembeT and January.
when the 801ar energy inputsvare the lowest for the'year since the
skies are overcast and, outdoor temperatures are~below tbe.freezing
point. But we. still have wintet before December and after Januaty
and at least four more months of need to heat the ho~se9. The data
for these months Is of great valù~ and va of the solar radi~on
can get enough heat \0 warm our houses. How much of the total heat
supply? Economically enough. the answer 19 between 50-80-90%.
Of cour~e 100% space heating cao be achieved as weIl. but it i8 ,
economically unsound. The Q4estion will be discussed later. becaus.~ \
tt concerna the heat storage volume. Another proBlem also dètailed
- later i~ the text fs the tilt of the solar collector and 1ts impact
-on the amount of the 801~r input. Because of the enormous i~!ueoce
00 the amount of solar energy collected, when the solar rays implnge ,- ..
a plain perpendlcular to their direction it must be discussed here
too. The solar radiation dàta . suppl1ed by numerous stations dlàpez:sed
aIl over thè count"ry ls measured on horizontal surface. But ~he - '
actual amount of solar energy dif~rs ~onsiderabiy of those measured
to the extent that the latitude of ce~tain·areas 15 not any more tpat
lIJlPor,tant as somebody cao imagine it ~s. The quantity of -the solar , . ,
energy measured on a surface perpendicular to the solàr ray's Q
direction is much more than the one measured on horizontal plan ••
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so~ COLLECTOR PERPENDICULAR TO SUN
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RADIATION RECEIVED ON A NORMAL SURFACE=- ANDA HORIZ.ONTAL SURFACE IN LATE OCTOI3ER. t>\T MAOt50N WI5CONSIN LATITUDE 4"b° N
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Although aIl data supplied by Canadian Atmospheric Environment
Sèrvice is refer~erl to horizontal surfaces it can be converted.
The real solar input is important for precise calculations of the
total heating system. A comparison of the solar radiation measured
in Tampa, Florida and \Jinnipeg, Manitoba, in December, shows little . \
difference, but the length of insolation period i5 an important
factor. 32 Because the day in Winnipeg during December i5 much
shorter. This is still very important afthough sorne observations
claim that the greatest amount of solar rad~tion 15 collected for
6 hours around the solar noon - from 9 &~ to 3PM. The outdoor
temperatures du ring December would be of immense importance too, when
compared to those of.Tam~ and Winnipeg.
An adv·antage of local importance for Canada is that during .the coldeat
December and January days there is an abundant solar radiation. After
the coldest nights, days are shiny and full of solar energy, which
multiplies, because of the snow "albedo". The reflected solar radiation
from the snow ta die vertical or almost vertical solar collector· can
increase considerably its (more than, 407.) efficiency. Unless seasonal ec;4;
storage 15 provided. the solar heatlng system should be boostYOy a
back-up 8uxiliary heating, which will supply heat when it is cloudy
and the storage capa city i8 exbausted. If the h~usè is designed to
conserve energy the demand for auxiliary heating may become :very low.
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To determine the real need of heating -energy for residential
consurnption very useful is the method of calculating the ,degree-
days. Heating degree-days are becoming incr~asingly important ,
to those concerned with the design of heating system. The knowledge ,
of how much solar energy could be supplied, 'complemented with the
helating degree-days for certain location, is a basic method in the
design of the heating system. Sorne of the information of very recent' $
experiences la given in Celsius but still a lot of -the tables are 1
in Farenheit. l am using bath and l hope it won't be disturbing,
since the convertability is easJlydone.
For any one day when the mean temperature is less than 6SoF (lBOC)
thet'e are as many heating degree-days as there are farenheit (or
celsius) degrees difference in temperature bet~een the mean temperature (leoG) -
for the day and 650 F. Daily and monthly values of heating degree-days
are iasued by many of the local offices of the Neteorolog1cal Service
of Canada. The degree-day method of determining heat1ng requirements ,.. r -
is solely dependent on outdoor te~eratures and neglects such variables
as wind, solar radiation, cloud, etc. If during the month a mean daily
temperature exceeds 65°,! it :l:,s no longer possible to comput~ a monthly
value. Examination of monthly degree-day values shovs considerable
variation'fro~ months to month and is a perfect indicato~ for the '1 -7
amount of heating energy we need fO: determining when- and how muey can we rely on the solar energy. 1 For exâmple a compa dson of the
,
monthly average h~ating degree-day data for Nontrêal, collected in a
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1--: METEOROWGlCAL DIVISION - DEPAR'lMEl'iT OF TRAl'iSroRT - CAIIA.htI 16 OCT 56
e Monthly, Seasona1 and Annua1 De8l.'ee-Day Totale BelO11 65° Fahrenheit 1
1
. Montreal j p, Q • 'fotal Total
Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar. Apr. May June July Aug, Sept- ' Annual M!lY
'1946-47 138 457 868 1357 1513 1447 1129 819 435 131 7 20 8163 8321 1947-48 239 340 933 1496 1682 1543 1201 663 355 106 7 16 8452 8581 1948-49 132 549 698 1194 1363 1249 1189 616 309 57 0 10 ,7299 7366 1949-50 224 421 1024 1220 1348 1488 1363 779 306 61 6 43 8173 8283
'J, 1950-51 284 504 814 1340 1495 1327 1081 624 278 64 13 ~ 57 7747 7881 ~'.1951-52 210 501 1003 1380 1505 1266 1123 594 367 34 6 .20 7949 8009 " 1952-53 164 619 8D 1215 1376 1195 1053 645 245 49 5 45 7322 7421
1953-54 209 492, 726 1119 1742 1180 1163 685 350 81 25 53 7666 7825 1954-55 248 472 834 1333 1630 1348 1230 619 191 31 0 17 .7905 7953 1955-56 200 491 900 1561 1416 1314 1309 757 464 95 30 51 8412 8588
Mean 205 485 861 1321 1507 1336 1184 680 330 71 10 33 7909 8023
Quebec 1 P. Q.
,; 1946-47 181 477 975 1472 1606 1397 1150 978 547 117 17 29 8785 8948 1947-48 288 397 948 1531 1705 1607 13013 792 390 164 , 20 33 8966 9183 1948-49 180 574 777 1274 1460 1336 1215 660 3117 71 10 33 7823 7937 1949-50 248 456 1083 1330 1497 1501 1370 795 339 116 14 74 8619 8823 1950-51 339 570 843 1333 1562 1322 ll78 726 3136 116 28 77 8259 8480
'- 1951-52 249 564 1065 1451 1603 1293 1147 717 412 55 3 30 8501 8589 1952-53 201 694 933 1308 1'457 1271 1206 675 ~~ 101 26 72 Ba'(8 8277
, 1953-54 236 583 798 *1274 1786 1187 1280 834 169 92 101 8446 8808 ~
1954-55 336 589 924 1398 1680 1417 1358 786 312 92 8 38 8860 8998 '
t~ 1955-56 329 598 993 1660 1383 1387 1379 839 '92 185 84- 116 9160 9545 "
, Mean 259 550 934 1403 1574 1372 1259 780 419 119 30 60 8550 8r59 ""t, * Airpart frcun 1lecember 1 1953 !l ~ St. Fe11clen, P. Q. , f ;
6a 10596 1946-47 298 620 1182 1767 1941 1557 1333 1197 IJ 701 ~JrI ug lW32 <, C1947.-48 446 518 1143 1832 2018 1911 1593 918 433 282 63 126 10862 11333 ~J ' 1948-49 298 732 891 14'1-8 1894 1756 ~432 843 546 149 72 10'") 9840 10161
1949-50 34', 586 1239 1504 1B57 1714 1544 924 1122 242 97 198 10134 10671 1950-51 422 688 1014 1569 1916 1593 1327 732 422 239 93 151 9683 10166 195~-52 332 645 1100 1730 2012 1560 1259 852 493 152 34 113 10071 10370 1952-53 354 800 1077 1407 1906 1484 1383 825 474 176 92 148 9710 10126 1953-54 326 6511 1951~-55 19))-56
Mean 352 655 1105 1608 1935 16511 1410 899 506 213 74 136 10124 10)47
Fort W1111/llD 1 Ont,
1946-47 424 676 1146 1671 1711 1554 1333 993 651 31j8 85 98 10159 10690 { 1947-48 410 490 12nl) 1634 1981 1726 1442 853 536 248 99 99 10277 10123
i 1948-49 291 .654 1002 1541 1705. 1669 1401 135 552 186 83 108 9550 9927 , ,. 1949-50 440 642 i~ 1575 201'1' 1)74 1581 1107 614, 310 lia 270 1O{41 11505 ?' ; 1950-51 ' 378 651 1773 1891 1562 14;1 870 403 279 88 234 ~O251 10852
• ' 1951-52 453 775 1320 1736 1844 11/09 1401 726 502 206 104 148 10166 10624 1'· 1952-53 355 862. 1089 1327 1702 1484 1256 870 ::»6 241 8) 73 9501 9900,
\,;1I;j 1953 -54 419 645 1001 1536 2005 1263 1408 948 705 191 98 Hr 9930, 10356 ~." , 421 };88 680 1/54 1)4 4'{ 9/54 9994
îf:~:~ 732 971 1520 1799 1')77 3?
360 673 1189 1737 ,1657 1:-J68 1441 948 6:')7 171 119 184 10230 10704
, ~,Mean 396 680 1133 1603 1837 1~)/0 1429 871~ 'J63 233 98 111{) 10051~ ",~" ' ~ ~;,
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MEl'EOROIDGlCAL DIVISTON- - DEPAJID.IENT OF TRANSroR'P - CANADA 16 OCT 56 '1, .~,. 1
''fi t 10 Year AVo>J"llgua of Degr-OO-IÀ1Y'l 1,010\{ (JJ~, for Sulucted MûtoorologlcIll,StllLlona ln Canada ~, ' ~ 1 or. -
1 l'.,r!o<! 1946-41 to 19';,)-',6
\ ~:r, v. , ' 'l'ota1 Total • ft. STATIONS Sept. Oct. Nov. lÀJc. JWI. Feb. Mur. AIJr MIly June July Aug. Sept- Annual l .c, ~
~I' May t
~ ,', Gander, Nf1d. 348 68:.> 895 12011 1324 124~) 1230 93:) 690 3J9 14I 18h 8556 9240 ~ Torbal, Nf1d. 365 6')2 Ba 1°92 1212 11311 U61 916 (14 1'32 198 208 8067 8905
i Charlottotown, P.E.l. 238 :;23 BIO 11(5 1334 12')0 1196 lm )49 2')() l" 76 7908 8281 1lA11fax, N.S . 186 437 (f)O 1026 1146 1076 1037 7112 )07 241) ')4 ':/{ 6847 7206
~";/ Sydney, N .S. 245 )25 '(62 WH 1197 11'(0 u60 863 613 JOI, 7') 90 7612 8081 ,1 ,- Yarmouth, N. S . 243 444 682 979 1108 1055 1015 718 )00 2(6 10') 109 6744 7234 Vow
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,~ '," Chntlvun, N.B. 280 591 913 1347 1493 1342 1237 820 ';09 209 38 82 B532 8861 • ~, Frederl'Ct.on, N. B. 255 559 885 1322 1456 1305 u83 7119 438 172 37 72 8152 8433 '1\
~>, Moncton, N. B, 274 561 858 1260 1399 1276 1202 812 518 220 47 90 8160 8517 .: Saint John, N. B. 260 499 792 1176 1315 1198 1121 757 509 247 85 ~8 'r621 8057 ," .-~'~- Bagotvl11e, P. Q. * 374 712 1063 1)98 1881 1502 1408 859 539 174 98 144 9936 10352 :- MeS'llltic, p, Q. 343 612 rr73 1435 1566 1407 1317 835 489 194 78 135 8997 9404
Montreal, P. Q. 205 485 861 1321 l:'lO7 1336 1184 680 330 '71 10 33 7909 8023 Quebec, P. Q. 259 550 93h 1403 1574 1372 1259 700 1<19 119 30 60 8550 8759
" St,'Fel1cien, P. Q.* 3~2 655 110::; 1608 1935 1654 1410 899 106 213 74 136 10124 10547
Fort 'oI1111am, Ont. 396 680 113] 160') 1837 1540 1429 874 563 233 98 140 10057 10528 Ba.m11ton, ~ 139 3'(" 754 1088 1195 1085 1022 606 314 Jé . 'r 13 6575 6654 Kapuakas WB, b t. 443 704 1190 1'(112 2020 1671 1578 949 607 128 182 10904 11442 Kenorll, Ont. 373 695 12ho 1792 2020 1639 1502 882 491 163 67 95 10634 10959 London, Ont.' 188 432 843 1181 1270 1l~8 10B7 640 34') 82 17 29 7144 7272
North }la y , Ont. 337 "599 1038 1512 1698 1444 1365 826 475 149 74 112 9294 9629
1 OttaWIl, Ont. 2111 :'14 911 1383 1571 1364 1229 698 348 83 19 48 8259 8409 Porqu1s Junctlon, Ont.* 43) 706 1177 1694 1985 1649 1551 9'n 582 227 123 180 10756 11286 Sudbury, Ont. * 295 ')69 982 1453 1696 1422 1340 785 426 117 43 86 8968 9214 Toronto, Ont. 145 3tlS 742 1083 1199 1064 1018 604 310 58 7 12 6553 6630
V t W1ndoor, Ont. 120 337 765 1098 1:171. 1066 975 553 267 48 - 5 12 6352 6417 Churchill, Man. 619 1079 1578 2221 2598 2287 2159 1')49 1140 671 " 364 375 15290 16700 Tho Pao, Man. 430 817 1369 2003 2287 1854 1722 1039 ~)83 244 86 146 12104 12580 W1nnll,.,g, Man. 325 662 1230 1789 2071 1706 1551 831 1128 12'( q2 64 10593 10826 North ~tt1eford,Sask. 398 777 1299 18118 2113 1119 1008 89') 427 194 86 1110 11084 11504
Realna, SaBk. 385 758 1290 1795 2064 1700 1606 376 433 18<; 72 101 10907 11269 Saskatoon, Saek. 387 756 1300 1847 2142 17~'O 1624 881 4?3 HI6 ,70 112 11110 ll468 SVlft Current, Sask. 369 701 1186 1;98 1B91 1531 '1486 • 54( 4~)'( 232 90 ·122 10066 10510 Ca1aarl, lita. 4::?o 756 1127 1475 1'(40 138') 1374 b66 494 299 142 216 9641 10298 Edmonton, Alta. 426 7;(6 1229 1646 1923 1)~4 1429 8h7 IIn3 217 113 185 10233 10748
Grande Prairie, Alta. 447 813 1310 1792 2ofl';J 1616 1516 947 11')1 2~)2 165 248 11001 11666 Medicine Rat, Alta. 299 61~ 104'.1 1116tl l'r6'{ 13')6 1328 704 344 160 44 70 8~m 92h6 Creocent Valley, B.e. 340 68? 91:>{ ll';JSI 13'/( 10[2 994 653 380 2j'( 10:; 139 7644 8125 Fort Nelson, B. C. 494 96/1 1599 2~26 '23',0 1&34 1')44 IOn3 4)') 2lY( 123 243 12539 13112 Lunloopa, B. C. 175 569 89'1 1:'01 14 lf3 108( 902 ')1 { :':3~ 9(\ 24 37 7020 7179
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Fentlcton, B. C. 214 ~>1\ lI?!" lo61 12114 'H( 865 )38 :!(IJ 122 34 45 6562 6763 Prince George, B. C. 46, 7~1~' 1140 11,e6 1(94 l1J,4 121~ 832 4tJ2 29 f1 207 288 9550 10335 Prince Rupert, B. C. 31'2 :,64 '{28 ·90'1 1"'1n e ,1 8M3 Cg] :-0:i 3132 287 256 6467 7392 Vancouver, B. c. 219 482 6'(1 fJ22 9119 ,60 '(311 ~l~l 333 193 82 96 )489 ·5860 Victoria,-B. C. 244 448' 613 'l'A 860 'Inn 691\ )16 370 271\ 206 205 5195 5880
ll&vaon, Y. T. 622 1119 11329 21140' ~686 2~6? 1'19'( 1"99 572 11b 142 321 1~489 15268
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ten year period shows that the coldest months ~re ,(in F.) (IN C) ( 116) C 81q) <72,4) (640) 4 (1321), January (1507), February (1336) and Harch (1184).5 (46\) , ( 3(,0') , ..
December
November (861) and April (680), although noted as months with
considerable low heat demand are still heated months and the comparison
data justifiably shows the ratio between coilected degree~days for
months of September-May and the total annual. Por Montréal accordingly ( 4376 -44ôQ)
7909-8023. The most frequently used method to determine the efficiency
of solar heating energy is the juxtaposition of data for demand (degree-
days) and "supply" (sunshine hours).
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Estimated Solar Radiation Intensities
at Selected Canadian Gities, 'Bright
Sunshine Hours and Heating Degree-Days27
Average annuai solar
radiation intensity
Bright
Sunshine
measured on the horizon ta!. Hours
l"ATT IHOURS SQU.~ }ŒTERS
'Dartmouth, N.S. 3470 1876 -
Mdntréal, Québec 3520 1811
: T,or~nto,Ontario 3610 2047
Winnipeg, Manitoba 3850 2136
Churchill, Manitoba 3230 ' ' 1646
Lethbridge, Alberta 4030 2200 * Vancouver, B.C. 3070 1784
- Data for Halifax
* Data for Calgary, Alberta
Heating
Factor
Degree-days
below 18.4oC
4200 -
4520
3890
5910
9380
. 5280 tf
?990
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The shown' measurement of solar radiation in Canada is supplied by
the Federal Department of the Environment. Fifty stations dispersed
aIl over Canada measure the hourly solar radiation data and four
stations give the data for 'total and diffused solar radlati'on.
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DESIGN IVITH SUN CONSERVING ENERGY
A house should comply with the c1imate it is designed for. A Canadian
hou se has ta be open to accept the sun and at the sarne t:ime ta keep ,
the sun inl. To know the right way of doing 50, one has to know the·'
behavior of the sun inside the house, -or more precisely the behavior \ , J
of the heat. hTe hav~ to keep heat enclosed into our homes. To do
it succesafully we ShrUld know th.e heat and the laws ruling, its
behavior. First of a1,l, the heat flows and it flows always from filgn
tempe rature areas to those of 10w temperature. The speed of th1s
flow 18 higher when bigger the temperature difference. In cold daY$
the 108s of temperature in a heated house ls bigger than in mild days.
For Çanadian winter this makes a prime task for the delsgner ta consetve f ." the haat in the house - to decrease 'the losses and make living cheaper and f
IIIOre comfortab1e. There W81re many ways of atta10ing that task. No one
alone ia enough ta respond to the need of conservat~on of energy. The
compl~x of al! measures will bring the right solutik. First of a11 in
~ question is the house envelope and the openings in t'Vs envelope. l
\ will not go in tèchnical details which a' mechanial eng'd.,neer would search
j in order to prove the right solution butt I will use his conclusions
which combined with ilD:proved architecture design will bring things to
work.
Gà The heat flow 'can be expres~~~through thr,ee basic methods: conduction,
convection and radiation. The first method, conduction, has a significant
importance concerning the mater1als used to build a house. The
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conductivity of materials determine. the heat 105s infiltrated tbrough
them. A good combination of materials with good resistance will give
the Convection is the heat flow from one place to
another warm tô cold) through the movement of fluids-liquids or
. gases: they cool the heated object and pass the heat to neighbouring
materials. This is applied in salar collectors for space heating and
domest ic hot water. \.fuen the natural movement of lighter wter or air
toward the surface or upper part of the container lB used we have an
event called thermosyphorting, widely used for water heater systems -, the cheapest way of getting domestic hot water. The third basic
method of. flowing heat is radiation-flow of heat energy through an
open space by electromagnetic waves. These flows can, be controlled to
give our house the ~sired comfort during cold winter and hot summer
days. The firat measure toward that comfort 18 insulating the bouse
envelope creating proper walls, floors and ceilings. In other words,
it will mean ta know the compound U-value of walls, ceilings and noors,
where U is the rate of hea t 1055 in Btu per hour through a square foot
of surface with lOF temperature difference between the inside and
outside air. The opposite of I.U" i8 "R" value of qlaterials where R
i5 the resistance to heat flow R = l 2, Without elltering details which C
should be prior:1tles C;;f mechanical engineers, practical amount of R for, (ISem J
roofs can be achieved with 6 inches fiberglass batt insulation. this will ( 't CI'YI )
equU R-19. For walls the 3:5 inches of fiberglass batt will give
R value 11; thi5 15 considered sufficient for Canadian conditions.
Bigger resistance '~~erlfor the ceiling 15 due to the specifies of
heat flow: we. know already thaj: greater temperat;ure differences between
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19.
interior and exterior air produce faster heat transfer through the
skin of the building. The temperature of the air. next to the
ceiling i5 always higher than eltwhere in the roo:n: hot air being
ligh ter is at the top laye rs of room 1 s air, hence) the temperature
differences between the il,lterior and ambient air are greater.
Trying to stop air'flow from the house, we should consider special
treatrnents to windows as weIl. While latar on the desire to have
the house designed with sun we should consider a special task for
windows, now our concern is to Çggest windows that will reduce the 1
heat flow. Double glazed and combined ~ith storm windows, they will , \
fit approximately and will reduce the eSQape of warm (or cool) air. '\
The storm window reduces almost half of the heat conduction. The
third, very important cause for warm air leakages to exterior is ,
due to air infiltration through cracks door jambs, chimneys and other
openi~gs. A careful check, resulting in additional caulking and
weather stripping will stop the infiltration and will improve in great
extent the insulation of the house. So this ia how we will be able to
keep the heat in our home and will reduce the bill for space heating.
We can design the house to be open for the sun, in other words we can
invite the sun when we neeà its help and can prevent it from reaching
us when we don' t want It to. Here ls the field where an architect
can g~ve his greatest contribution for c~nserving energy: ta design '" .
with suni in ~anada sun is basically a friend and we should design
in such a way as to ben~fit from the friendliness of the sun. Knowing
how to keep the heat flaw in the house we should design the same
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house adjuBted to receiv~ heat from the sun, or ta make sure that
the house is designe,d for solar heat gain.
The precise orientation of a house and its shape are of basic
importance in our aim for so1ar heat gain. But as Victor O~gyay
'" in his "DESIGN taTR CLINATE" underlines, there ia no general
solution viable for aIl sites and locations. 36 For Canadian ,
conditions where the largest concentrations of population live
between the 43rd and 46th parallels (estimated about 19 million
rr of a11 23 million) th-e south orientation of houses is the mast
advantageous because in w1n~er the south exposed wall ~eceives '"--
tvice as much solar radiation as in summer. East and west walls'
amount of insolation i5 two and a half times bigger in summer than
in winter. In the se terms to benefit from sun in winter means to
choose a shape of building e10ngated along the east-west direction -
with a large south wali to collect the winter sun radiation. The . \ location of the building in the site will be influenced by other
factors as weIl: the shape of lot, the prevailing winds. th~ selected
solar energy system,and so on. To help to protect the house from
winds which are mainly north and north west orien~ated, we can bury
these .sides for diminishing the heat lo~s during the winter and ve
still have means to catch the fav~urable winds in summer to induce a1r
flow effects for natural ventilation and cboling. The solar house of
Grèg Allen,
ahliCation
Gananoque, Ontario ls a very successful attempt in "'"-
of a design with sun and takes advantages of lts site
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21.
location. This will be discussed later.
Having the advantages of the south wall during ~he \linter, we still "
can protect the ho~se from overheating during the summer through
deciduous trees for sun shading effects. ln our efforts to create tl
an optimum c:onditioned house we can use coniferous trees at the
nprth and west side. Ta reduce the build up of temperature ,,"'-- ,. d1jl"{erences hetween the :i,.nterior and ambient air we can use grassed , -areâs around the house as weIL.
~ having the building favourably located and protected ~n the site,
we should think about aIL the improveme,nts which functional and
structural design can contribute ta both the solar heat gain; and the
solar heat preservation. If the solar collectors are loca~ed on the
roof and we have the wouth wall free, we can open the wall toward the
winter solar radiation. This should be done cautiOusly because although
the solar radiation on the south wall i8 bigger du ring the winter than
in summer the winter days are rather shorter and insolation can occur '$, ,.,. -
on4y- for 8 to 10 hours (on July 21 direct sunshine 8 hours, on January 21 '':l_
, direct sunshine 10 hours). This meaos that we still have to eonsider
14 to 16 hours of cbil11ng night temperatures. To benefit from the sun
and to protect the house from the cold, the openings should be of
considerable·.size, the glazing should be carefully chosen and in the
end the additional expenses for shutters to insulate the window openings
from low temperatures should he accepted. ~he specifie glass properties
(clear glass. heat-absorbing glass and,heat-reflecting glass) used in
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22.
combinat ions we need, will perm! t to achieve the desired effec t;
to treat the house as a solar collector. to adlDit the s~lat
radiation and as in a greenhouse to benefit from collected Solar
energy. To make the store-up in the house more efficient, we
should search to increase the thermal mass. If solid walls are
used. the insulz.tion should be placed at the exterior surface of
the wall, enabling it to act as a heat storage. The passivè solar ~
heat collection can ,be increased by placing water containers in
front of glazed areas, by using brick wall partitions. and crushed
rock beds under the ground floor concrete slab. The Canadian
tradition of building solid ~tone h~uses with considerable thermal
mase has lost the ties with Hs contemporary; the latter rel!6$
on excessive heat most often generously spilled to exterlor. To
conserve the considerable amount of passively collected solar heat,
we shall once again think of stopplng the heat flov from the house
- .q to the ambient air. The windows can. be shattered or treated as
beadwalls, or covered ~ith special Hds. It ls advisable that for
sullllller protection the sallIE! windows be shaded by overhangs, awings,
... -decidu~us tre~s- or trellis' with climbing plants. The entrance to the
\
house should be 011 wind protected side to avoid the air infiltration
(additional effect can be a'chîeved by weather stripping). The heat
10ss enhanced by wind ls much greater. lt is proportional tosthe ,
wind speed, therefore to i>rotec~ the hou~e against winds U of: pr~ \ -
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Sorne itnprovements toward consenting. energy in a house Can be achieved
hy sensitive design. That means te organize the functioning process
of a hq.use in su ch a way as to contribute for diminishing the heat
1055 and conserving the energy already gained by solar heat or ether 1)-
~ energy sources. The kitchen, laundry rooms, garages and store rooms
/
can he gathered on the north side te se~e as buffer zone for reducing
v the heat losses. The same goal caQ be achieved by wind break porches
in front of the main entrance. The corridors, when needed, can be
located against outside surfaces. Their temperature being lower than
in the rest of the house, improves the heat flow factor/1esser
difference hetween the interior and exterior ambient temperatures.
Direct comnrunication bet~07eem kitchen and living areas is favourable
because the excess heat i8 allowed to transfer towa~d the perimeter
1
walls where the heat 1055 i5 more sensitive. The heated space can ~ .
~ have reduced volume, when the ceiling height is the minimum allowed.
This ~Itroves the illumination effectiveness as we!l~ Doubled attic 1 .,
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space LB an improvement toward heat losses through the"ceiling and
~kn he used as piping or storage area. ,1 :;t
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4. PASS1VE AND ACTIVE USE OF SOLAR E}lERGY
. There 1s a small but enough difference between the means of conserving
energy discussed in the previous chapter and the theory of passive ",
collection of sun evolved in following pages. This difference is
enough to separate 'them into two different fields, although both
directions lead towards conserving energy and contribute passively
for collection of sun. Sorne authors treat them as if they were the
same thing. To me, to make a house pro pert y adopted to cons~rve
energy means to design aIl its, functional and structural components
to meet thase. requ~re .. nts; a11 the materials us:d to build ~e housé should meet certain standards guaranteeing confinement of
haat flow into the building container. The total design, site
arrangements, orientation, chaice of materials serve in a complexity
to assure the better performance of the hou se and indeed 1t is a U J
pll8sive way of achieving the goal. It serves to welcome and to retai~
the solar heat. The passive collecting of the solar energy 18 a resul.t
of something else. One has to create a certain device which will \ j
serve to harness the solar radiation, will transfer it into heat, wi~l
store a given amount of 1t for the night or for a couple of cloudy dfays. l'
Rere ;i.s the difference: to conserve the solar energy and to collect
the solar energy.
1 , F
é~~lecti~g the solar energy can be achieved pass.1.vely and actively~ ôr
by '~ome ~ut~ors it i.5 called directly and indire~ely. It 1s Pa&s1rte 1 1
when the solar heat i.s. collected and distributed by benefiting th •
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" natu~l physical or chemical properties of materials used. And solar
energy ,~s used actively or sa called indirectly whe!1 the fluid <'
circulation hence collecting the heat, heat stora~e, and heat
distribution are supported mechanically. The scope of indirect ''1'
solar energy system is larger and its application is wider.
The methods of passive collecting solar energy are simple. They
do~' t need the help of complex ~evices and with small human assistance"
thei r performance Is rell able and safe. The principle i5 based on
storing the heat in concrete rock and water and IOOst frequently
stOl'age is simultaneously the collector itself. The heated air is
dispersed to the rooms by convection called natural convection or .
gravit y convection (phenomenon of thermosyphoning): we can have heat
transfer through heat radiation as wall.
The basic princlple 1.s that of the green house. The àir trapped
between heat ab~orber and the glass cover increases its temperature
and follows the :arrangements desi"g-ne..d by man to he"a't the space. These , ' /
arrangements ma~e use of certain physical properties of the heated air:
warmed alr expaljlds and becomés lighter; raises to the upper part of , 1 ,
the enclosure brtween, the glass ànd the 'absorber surface; here it 18 l' ,
transferre4 dirrtlY té the spaèe behind the solar collector, or
permit ted by to .reach other destinations. The heat absorber
transferring
be the
1
solar radiation into haat i5 painted black and can t
insulated plate (case i), venetian blinds (case 2).
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26.
concrete wall (case 3), or water containers Çcase 4). In the latter
two cases the concrete wall and water containers absorb part of the
heat and serve as heat storage. This storage de.f'énding on clirnatic
and geographic conditions can provide heat for the space be~ind for about
3-4 days.
How does the system work? In case number one, the absorber plate
heats up the air, the warmed air rises and through apertures at the
top part of t~e absorber plate 18 delivered in~he room be~ind. The cold air through opeqings at the bottom replaces the escaped hot
air, warms in its tum and the so-called thermosyphoning i9 in process.
Shutters in front of the glazing will keep the heat du ring the night
or on cloudy days. The preservation of the heat can he achieyed by so
called beadwall system as weIl: the space between double gladng is
filled by stYlai oam beads blown when the insulation 16 demanded.
In case two the absorber platé and partially the function of t.he shutters
or. the beadwall ,are ,replaced by ''venetian blinds". They are. constructed ,
as 1IIOuvable loUWl:'s made of rigid insulation wltich on the one side ls covered
l ' by black absorbing plate and on the other, the cover is a reflectiug
surface. According to the needs they ca~ admit the sun directly in the.
s pace, they can act as absorbing plate when closed and supply warm air '
1
through the regulated dampers or exposing the reflec.tive surface towards
1
the 'sun rays, cau o\:\ct as preventive shutters. Openings to the exterior, 1,\
1
can evacuate the heat when>o heat demand exists in summe~.2
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In both cases, one and two, a small vent can direct the warmed air ..
into a rock storage, ~hus increa~ing ~he carrythrou~h period for
consequent cloudy days.
In case three the storage is available immediately behind the abso~ber 'Ii
plate. The storage ls a concrete wall and the absorber plate is the
surface of that same wall painted ~lack. Uneven coarse surface increases
the warming process. The surface can be expanded by additional hea,t
absorbing corrugated mate rial, .but this should be further discussed when
the air fluid fIat plate collector Is commented upon. The case three
is very weIl known as TROABE wall after the name of tts invent~r.
~
Felix Trombe has developed series of experiments in Pyrénées, Southern
Franc~, successfully proving the viability of his system. Here i8 the
description of how the Trombe's system works:
"During the day., a thermocirculation of air ls set up,
and the south wall absch;bs h~at. At night, some heat
from t~e wall la re-radiate{ externally, keeping
circulation of air going into the small hours, and some
.heat radiates int_ernally, heating the house directly.
The cooling cycle warks like this: the eaves overhaog
i5 ealculated to shade part of the wall from high-angle
'" sun. The -remaining area ~eceive8 enough heat to\$et up
thermal air tIiovement, -an~ air is drawn ftom low level
in the rooms, and vented at high level to the atmosphere.
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"Replacement air is ,
it can be cooled at the point of entry
air-conditioner of high-technology or,
still, low-technology (porous pot with
water) type, and a cooling cross-draught is set up.
(The diagram shows an exaggeratedly large area of
collector below floor ~e~el. This sink, to prevent
reverse circulation, can be quite small, about
30 cm deep. )53
-In case number four the concrete wall as collector-storage 18 replaced
hy watel, stored in w~ter tank, pai~d black. Water is better storage
medium than concrete, 'because its heat capacity 15 more than twice
bigger than that of concrete. The disadvantages of a water wall are:
difficulties of manipulating it in vertical position, the corosion
effect and relatively high temperature of thermosyphoning's start. The
experiment took place in Odeillo, where the experi~nt of TROMBE wall 1
wa~ repeated w1th water wall.
1
The heated water raised' to a storage 1
tank on the top of the room dif fuses h~at throug~i the ceiling. Cold 1 /
'watet being heavier passes through the water wall heats up and the ' 1-
i cycle repeats as long as radiant.energy 16 ava1~able. This p~tnciple
1 • . l ' with a slight modification i8 widely applied f1r getting domestic
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A special intere5t deserves BAER hou se in CORRAL ES , N'et., 1'1exico. 2
The water to be heated ls stored in used oil barrels which are on
stack directly in the living spa ce behinà the glazed wall. The
blackened heads absorb the radiant heat and ~arm the interior
space. During the night shutters in front of glasses overlap and
prevent tthe heat from escaping. They are covered with ~luminum
foil and during the shiny·days reflect additional 80lar radiation
on the passive collecting ~al1. Sun i5 abundantly admitted in the
house and free standing metaI drums colIect the radiation from
skylids and other openings in the roof.
Another system of passive heat collecting 1s the method of roof ponds.
where water in trougtis or plastic oags collects heat during the r
/ Wi~ days and warms the space below during the nights and consecutive
CltudY days. The effect i8 even greater durlrlg the summer. The excess
he~ from the rooms below the pond 15 colIected by the water in the
plas6fc bags and radiated ta the night sky; this lowers the temperature
of Îhe roof pond and cool temperatures comfort the house. This system
~ rather a~vantageous for the low latitudes but cannot be considered / ,
adequate for Canadian condition. The serious fault is in the , . horizontal pond which, according to experimental èalculations will
receiv~ more than twice less solar radiation during the cold winCer
days than the vertical south wall.
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By and large, ,the methods of passive' collecting solar radiation
can contribute considerably for creating an energy conserving house.
The only disadvantage, of remarkable importance for Canadian
solar housing, 15 t;he short terro heat storage. It 'ts calculated
almost on day-nightbasis. The prototype house of Côte Nord,
La Hacaza, Québec, applies a system very similar to one of those \
described above but the warm alr is drawn by fan from the vertical
air collector ta a huge rock filled bin and stored for further
use. This s';tem can hardly be cons~, passive siJtËë-~.i~ wo _",/
.\ / driven mechanically. ,.~/ .;V
The active solar energy system is called also indirect, because of
the long heat path from the solar collector to, the consumer. This \
path stretches through pipes, ducts, valves, pumps, fans, heat
exchangers and different control devices. The first ipstance where
the sun meets the man manufactured aparatus is the solar collector.
Here the radiant energy ls transferred ta heat. Subsequently a heat
transfer medium carries it to the heat storage where the heat i8
preserved for further use. And from storage medium the valuable
solar heat ia transferred to th~ space to be heated. These ari the
two main loops for transport~ng the heat:, collec~or-!E~r~~~»~~ 1
storage-consumer. The direct transfer of heat from the collector to
the heated space i5 possible vhen the system chosen ls calculated
for such a transfer as well.
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Before proceeding with a relatively detailed description of the
solar collector here are a few words.for the greenhouse eff~ct, and 1
the principle on which its function i5 base~. Here the solar
energy ls transferred to heat and heat i5 trapped to serve buman
needs. So the solar radiant energy can be transferred into heat. This
15 a result of certain specifie properties of the solar energy,
which consists of light and infrared rays'. The difference lies in
the length of their~ves. When solar energy i5 abSorbed by some
mat~~, tt tran~fers into heat. The absorbed energy and the
equiva~ent heat are of the same amount. This energy behavior is
based on·, the basic energy law, that energy cannot be destroyecl nor
created, but stmply converted from one form to another. The second·,
very important law, as weIl, is that energy will naturally disperse
in the shrroùndings. This means, that from a high degree it changes
into energy of low degree. This pr~cess iS'of important value. The 1
heat cau be tranferred through conduction when the energy-passes from
one material to another directly .i'."hen th.e ~heaLof- a---1baterial is . ' cooled hy fluids (liquids or gases) we have convection, for example ~ . ~
the air heated by the prime source brings the heat to the cooler
place.
1
The knowledge of this heat behavior 15 absolutely necessary to
understand the basic principle~_of collecting solar energy, for -.
residential neèds - ta heat space or ta heat Qom@stic water., The
propertles of solar energy çombined with the amazirig qualities of . :
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the glass, produce the so-called GREEliHOUSE EFFECT, the hasis of
aIl solar collectors operation. The transmitted through éhe glass ,
shor~~ave radiation, part o( the total radiation incident on the
glass surfa,ce, is transferred into long wave and reradj,ated. And / -
! now the same glass is already opaque, opaque for the long wave
1
radiation ~hich is heat and this heat once trapped can serve for the
good of mankind. ~his is the amazing greenhouse phenomenon.
,-This pheno~non is the base of the most salar technologies for
convert!ng radiation energy in heat. Glass in certain cases can be
replaced by other transparent materials as plastics for example,
but their feasibility ls not quite successful. Thus we can start
with solar collector. Il
We'know two general types. The one 1s based
on the greenhouse effect where the collimated'solar raya and the
diffused solar radiation are trapped and transferred by the absorber
ta heat and put into use according to the needa. This la the flat
Plat~olle~tor. The other type solar collector consists of one
or ~reflecting surfaces meant to concentrate the direct solar
radiation onto a small absorber area, sa to increase the solar
input for getting higher temperatures. This ia the concentrating
collector.
The fIat plate collector is one that receives the greatest attent~on
ri~ active solar heating systems ând with respect to the fl~id ~ lIle may cla!isify two general types: 1.iquid flat-plat.e collector andi
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air flat-plate collector: Hence the liquid mostly in use in
33.
now a day pract_tee 18 water, the collec tor ls frenquently referred
as \later type fIat plate collector. Slnce the solar collector 15 Jt
the key compone nt in solar heatlng system ft deserves special attention.
The fundamental principles at work in this collector,as already noted,
are based on greenhouse effect. Successful efforts are made on their
optimization. The coll~ctor consists of:
glazing or translucent plastics
- ai r gap spa>eing
- absorber plate which transfers radiant energy into heat
tubing ta carry the heat out of the collector
insulation to prevent the heat escape
- box that contains eve~ing together.
Maximum temperatures that can be achieved by this typé of collector
are between 650 (l500 F) and 930 (2000F) depending on the particular
design. The efficiency of this collector may range from 15 per cent:
ta 60 per cent. This 18 the ratio of the incident radiant energy to
the usable heat produced. The radiation inpinging the collector,
" a the ambient: temperature and the liquid temperature in givén Ume will
result fo~ i~~ta~t~neous~ffic1encles; more preferable is the data '-,
'for daily o,r longet' term average efficiencies.
~he glass caver of fIat plate cdllector ls of a great importance. It ------~ /" .'
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admits the short wave solar radiation through the-aIr gap to the absorber' •
and retains the warm air inside. It also prevents the heat ~foœ
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EXP~ODED Se:CT\ON l'HROlJG\i A
T'YPIÇAL FLAT PlATe COL~ECTOR.
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escaping. From 85 ~9S per cent of ~olar radi:ation ia transmittèd
"' 0 through the glass when it is in a position of 90 ~owatd the incident
solar rays. ,To aèhieve this performance, glass should comply with . lo.~ tm)
certain requirements: 1/8 of an inch thickness and clarity. The
latter depends on the iron content which should be minimized. The· ~"
glass qualities canJ be rivaled by none of its subst~tutes: plexiglass, ,
fiberglass-reinforced polyester or their plastic films. Nevertheless ~
"preference in many cases iO~s for non glass cove~ plates. This is
~
caused by s,?me of glass disadvantages like: weight, fragile structure
and so on. The tempered glass may compensa te for some of the
disadvantages but is v~ry expensive. O~ ~e other hand plastics are
lighter, seronger and cheaper. Their transmittance is still
questionablé but some improvements inhanèe their perfortnaftC'é and t.hey
become competitive. , AlI plastic deteriorate under the heat impact. " .
The number of cover plates ~ffécts the solar piate performance. The ,..
~cond plate contributes to the conservation of heat inside. When . . • 6:'"
the incidence ~s 900 l~sses are highly.decreased. The se~ond plate
wot:.d be of pirticular importance for 'CAnadian conditions. lt would
resui t in h±gher temperatur~es and, hence J, 'smaller size of the.
heating ~ystem, and' lesser cost. ,..
"
'l'he optimum air gap spacing has been recently considered to be {O,6- \.'2.tYtl) .
..
'~inches (5 cm), but even~a ~ toi of an inch can aiso be a good option. .. --
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Another component of particular i~portance i5 the absorber plate,
where heat is co.11ected and transmitted to the transfer medium. L
The efficiency of the absorber depends,on':-Ùs heat producing capacîty ï
and on the extend of the produced heat tran~fetred t~ the medium.
The beat producing capacity depends on the right choice of the
mater!al for the plate and on the black coating. The heat transfer
to the liquid depends on the thermal bonds between"the plate and l
'the tubing. The best material for plates and tubes is copper.-1
lt is the mast expensive as'well. Aluminum has the advantage of low
cost but is extrem~tY susceptible to corrosion by water or water anti
fre~~e solutions. Galvanized or stainles5 steel is the other alternative. q
• There is a relation between the thickness of the plate and the spacing of
.....,. the water carrying tubes: 'Tubes 6 inches apart and in good thermal
~ (o,o5cm) contact'with a blaékened cooper sheet 0.02 inch thick give guarantee for
a very good performance. In addition to what i5 sa id above\ the
optimum size of tubés will allow a water flow not faster than four
, feet per second. This is' advisable because of economic advantages for . ' (I.Olo\.5crn)
the tubing and pump priees. Tubes of.3/a to 51? inch in diameter and ( 1.0 To '2..~ cm )
headers of 3/4 to l inch are considered reasonably sized.
t· The black 'coating of the absorber plate 15 oÏ great importance for the
·proper final performance. lt incIeases the absorptance of the plate . ' (~eO c)
and decreases' the emittance. For.temperatures below 100°F a black ."
, paint la good epough to p,rovide the neces,sary qualities. Selectbe
surfaces;with high absorptance and low emittance are expensive but
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36.
very effective when operating at hig~ temperatures. Their
application may suffiee to eliminate the second cover plate of
the collector. Recently, black chrome has become recognized as a
selective surface with very good AI [- propel'ties, and it 19 reported
to he highly selective. Blaek cooper oxide on copper (used in
Australia) and black nickel (used in Israel) can also he added to the
list of commercial selective surfaces. The main property of
selective surfaces is the ability to keep the heat flow in the
/ collector. It was recent1y admitted that the most important task for
" a prope.rly working salaI' collector is ta reduce the free convective
heat 10ss. In this sense, the same effect, as if a selective surface
is used, can be achieved if a thinlayer of indium o'dde is p1ace4
on the inside surface of the glass cover plate. lt will make thë
glass reflective ta the heat ~aves and still transparent to the
solar radiation.
rfhe insulation at the pack of ,the absorber plate is to keep the heat
losses. When the solar collector is located on the roof, a 6-: inch (\Scm)
fiberglass, i9 adequate. For wall mounted collector in' front of heated (tot.1Yl) \.
space' a 4 inch of the same material will be sufficlent. The heat 108s . toward the rooms is acceptable dur1.ng the l'J'inter. The fiberglass or
mineral waal have advantages of being thermoresistant: Whellever
possible it is advisable to split absorber plate and fnsulation. by , l2.c.m) <
an air gap of lit least 3/4 inch and to cover the insulation by a
reflective foi!. This improves the absorber's efficienc:y as it
reflects' the hest back to the plate and lowers the température in
the insulation itself.
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37.
Air-type fIat plate collector differs from water-type by the
absorber plate. As t~w of water is replaced by the flow
of air the absorber should meet the new conditions. lt doesn't
have to he a metal; aIl &ypes of material tha~ can ahsorb heat:
pieces of glass, scrap of meta$' plastie,
materials. The basic requirement is that \
mesh of cotton or other
the surface be uneven,
perforated, corrugated, and black colored. The mate rials other
. than metal cannot have selective surface. lt is difficult ta apply
, ' . . '
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it ta them. The total surface qf absorber plate should be increased ." ,
via fins, waves and corrugâtions in order ta make the heat transfer 1
easier. The velocity of the air is of a basic importance. lt has •
to be determined bye a mechanJcal' engineer, in arder that an optiDllm
heat exch~Bge be obtained when the cold air 1s mQYed through the
absorber plate 1n a turbulent flow. When the plate 1s perforated ,
a second, one can be placed behind it - in front of the insulation.
Tlie second absorber plate should be painted black as well. Thus the· 1 . ,
total absorbi'ng surface is considerably increased, hence the collected \ < ,
p. temperature 18 greater. The patterns of the air flow through the
~olar cOl1e~tr are: ____ -~\ k~ ·t1,le abso~ber pta~e ~~ thë ~bsorb~
-- simulta eously the two movements already described~
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Ta get a higher operating temperature in the solar collector (thls A.( .
can be be.neficial for a cold country like Canada) there are attempts
to replace the flat-plate collectors by other more advanced types.
A legitimate goal ia a collector with a daily efficiency of 504
when the inlet fluid temperature is lOOoe ab ove ambient. "
An attempt to increase the collector's efficiency by suppressing
the convective heat los ses 15 made by placing a honeycomb between
the cover plate and the absorber plate. The honeyco~b mate rial
is transparent and partly opaque to reflect the long wave radiation.
i This diniinishes the role of the selective paint which oan be
1
omitted. The size of cells can be'about 1 cm. The èxperiments with
the hoheycomb collector are continuing.
Evacuated collectors (tubular panels). There are tubular becauae the 1
fom heips to diminish the impact of atmospheric pressure on ,the
evacuated space. The slze ia about 4-6 inches in diameter (10-15 cm). 4,
The e~âcuated spa ce la free of convective and conductive heat losies. ,
The copper tublng carrying the heat transfer liquid (water) 19 iD
the middle of the tube and i5 p~inted black. Half of the outer tube 1
Is black as wall with selective surface. Th~ coefficient of hut
108s 1s very low and the effic1ency 18 high. The tubular collector can
he con~idered as a concentrating panel if the back part of the cylinder·
i8 coated with a reflectins surface. ThIs surface concentrateslthe r
salar radiation into the black painted inner tube placeq on the focus.
, "
39.
Concentrating collectors. Their advantage Iconsists of an increased
amount of heat concentrated in a small area. The solar radiation
i5 collected in one spot. This 15 achieved wi,th curved surfaces
which focus a great amount of solar energy in relatively small
areas. Since the heat los ses are, proportiona! to the absorber' s
area, a significant reduction of the losses 15 achieved, hance a 1
greater efficiency. lt ia of a considerable significance for
Canada that the conc~ntrating collectors cannot use the diffuse
radiation. This is substantial when the .skies are overcast. -------_.-_.- --_!
The idea of concentratlng th~ solar radiation ~ developed a ~umber of different solar collectors with undisputable qua!ities: the V-groove
collectors, the compound parabolic concentrator, Fresnel collectors
(based on lens and diurnal tracking system).
An interesting attempt to improve the known technology of the parabolic l
type solar concentraging coll~ctor i5 made by University of Calgary,
Alberta. ,The Canadian conditions, when wind cau be a very disturbi~g
factor, are taken into ëonsideration and a reduçed drag paraboloid
type solar concentratlng collector ls created: "a louvered solar
mirror can be deslgned to have significantly less wind drag than the
conventional saUd kind". 50
1
•
t , 1
.0
'J1J_
40. \ >
The feasibility of aIl these new experiment~ and th~ir q~alities ia
now ta be estimated.
Optimum collector orientation (tilt and aspect) in Canada.
Ta gain most of thé insolation during a sunny day a solar collector
should follow - track - the sun across the sky because the radiation
input on a surface perpendicular to solar rays is much greater
than'on horizontal surface. From there, the importance of the quantity
solar radiation measured not on a horizontal surface, but on a surface
normal ta solar radiations direction. The flat-plate collector doesn't 1 ~
track the Sun. lt must have the best tilt to get the best part of daily
solar insulation. In order to have it, the right tilt ànd orientation J ,
must be carefully chosen. The experiments made by John Hay, associate
professor, Depattment of r~ography, The University of British Columbia
prove that the available solar radiation ia considerably larger than
the incident upon a horizontal surface especially in winter mnths.18
Here lies the importance of choosing the right tilt and orientation'
of the salar flat-plate collector, despite the fact that the routine
radiation observation network operated by the Canadian Atmoaphere l , ,
Environment Service'measures data for a horizontal surface. 1
There are means, the horizontally measured radiation data to be
transferred into data giving the rea1 amount of solar radiation on
a tilt surface normal to the sunls rays. The experiment ~hown by
John E. Hay proves that the greAtest sensitivity to the slope angle
is noticed in summer'and winter montha. lt ia apprapriate to optimize for
...
c
o
41.
,
the winter conditions since the biggest demand for space peating
is during the winte!. The solar collector can be cOllsidered for
the summer optimum only whe~ il seasonal storage of solat' energy is
available and the heat coÙected in summer will be used in winter.
The experiment shows that a deviation of 100 to ISo in the tilt
1 of the collector du ring the coldest months of December and January
results onh in smal!, reductions in solar energy input.
In practice, it means that an optimum angle of 75° from the horizontal
can go up to 900 or down to 6()O vithout serious damage on the amount
of the solar energy input. This viII accommodate the architectural
conception vith fIat p1ate "collectors on the roof, on the wall, or
a combination of both. When, in relatively high latitudes of C~nada,
needed collector surface 15 bigger in area from the south slope of
the roof, it can be extended also on the sou th wall. lB
Experiments continue with a check of the optimum aspect of the
collector. The final conclusion ls based again on the December
measurements and they reveal that there is no harm ot! the amount
of energy collected if the, aspect va~:i.es between' -45 eSE) ap.d
+45, (SW). "Por example c5stal locations with a tendency for dissipation
J of early morning cloud show a relative advantage towards slopes with
1 a westerly aspect while in inland locat~ons, where there ls a tendeney
toward aftemoon deve10pment of convective cloud, a slope w:i.th a
small easterly component in its aspect. has a comparative advantage.
'r
1
/
42.
Despite these subtle differences, concludes the author, opti1l111m
aspect is normally very close to due south but with a:n opportunity
for small deviations without significant penalty. ,,18 '-
The expèriment expandes with a cflmparison between fixed and tracking
solar collectors. The analysis shows that the amount of solar , . energy collected by the tracking collector du ring the mnter months
is slightly bigger than those of the fixed col1ector~ and this < 1
additional energy "could certainly, not justify the great construction
associated with moving tens o~ square metres ~ .
The problem next discussed is the "albedo". The author claims
that the solar radiation on a n09- horizontal surface consi.sts of
direct, sky diffuse and a1so of radiation relfected from. adjacent
surfaces I(albedo). And this radiation can become the one of great
interest. The total amount of radiation collected by the steeply
titled sola~, collector during the short winter days can be considerably
increased by a~ artificially high surface albedo; this can become
ant method for suppl:e~nting the solar radiation on a
al urface, i.e. to increase the 90lar energy impinging
the solar effic1ency.18
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43.
The table enclW3ed shows the optiDJUm Ùlt of the solar collector
for Canadian latitudes from 4SoN to 600X as a result of precise
• calculation of the ~olar declination for every mon th of the year. 27
\
\
OPTIHUN TILT FOR \~OUT FACING
Collectors for Canada a a Function of Time and Latitude
(oased on optimùm tilt l titude + solar declination ,
• _r-.,. OPTIHUN TILT !' S,OI.AR COLLECTOR FOR_
\ Date Latitude Latitude Latitude
21 Jan"
21 Feb
21 March
21 April
21 May
21 June
2~ July
Zl August
21 Sept.
21 Oct
21 Nov
21 Dec
4S0N ;;bON 550 N
650 700
560 610 660
500 55°
, '" '
Latitude 600N
710
600
,
WALl~ ...
f\EFI..ECTORS ( i
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<> ALTERNA'l,"'VE L.Ol<AT,ONS· FO~ SOLA~ FlAT ,~IATE COLLECTORS '"
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As a rule it can be noted that the maximum tilt rèquired is on !
January and the collector angle .in this case ls the latitude - 200
(45 - 20, 50 - 20~ 55 - 20, 60 - ,20); yet tha minimum tilt is on
June and the angle is equal to'l~tude minus 230 (45 - 2~, 50 - 23~ •
55 - 23, 60 ~ 23). The maximum ditference in the sola~ collector 'il ~~
tilt between January 2l.~nd June 21 is 430• In dértain-Ca~es when
a retrofit for an existing house is to be, built, and-when the solar
collector is detached from the house a'seasonal' adjustment of the
-'~ tilt,can be provided. Otherwise the optimum 'should comply with
'"
.. .
~~ter conditions. Several possible locations for the solar -------~
collector 'are given on t figure.
size of a collee r one should kno~: ~h~efficiency /
To determine the
of ~he collector for any ~en month; the ~verage insolation for
that same month; the portion of the heat load for the buildi~ to'be
carried by the'solar system; and then th~ amount of the solar heat
to ,be ~uPP'~ied by each square foot pf the collector will be.~~~ • _ ~
The precise~lculations are difficult to be ~rried out bec~u a"the, - .
, ~ .. , heat supply for space heating Is a result of the total heatrn$I~8tem
and there are plenty of side effects to be known, to he considere~;
A simpl1fied ~thod for cdculating the required',solar sIze is ba~ed
n •4 o •
.:. t.he building thermal load '
- the Iclimate (solar r~dlation and ~mbient temp~rature)
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- the fraction of total building heat to be obtained
from the sola~lleating system
the design of the solar heating system.
J
\'Th~ cooc1usion .fter numerous experi .... ,s is ,bat the only reliable
\aS1s for predioting the yearly performance of a solar system Is an 1
1'fur by hour co~ter simulation analysis of the entire system."
il 1
~ccordlng to the author of the simplif~ed calculation method, \
thè proposed solution is made easy for the designer to estimate the "
system, performance based on only,monthly data of horizontal solar
radiation and heating degree d ys.
The slmplifled method can b used on1y where monthly data are
available ,\
1. Therma~ load of the building should be calculated
- total heat required b~ the building per day for
l' 0 each 1 F difference between the inside and the
'~,
{
outside temperature. For a small single s~ory, well-
insulated building the load should usually be in the
range 1 of '8 to 12 Btul degree day for each square foot l '
of building.
'. 2. Le value, couesponding to the fraction of salar heating , .
desired.
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Then: Colleètor area -Required
Building Thermal Load Le
46.
Le - Load-collector ratio. To be taken by maps where the ratio
ls given for 25~" 50% and 75% solar heating fractions in Btul
degree day-f to2. 4
HEAT STORAGE
Heat storage is ne'eded to supply solar collec:ted heat for space heating ,"
when sun doesn' t shine: du ring the nights and during the cloudy days.
Holo.' much heat ",hou Id he preserved deoends on what portion of the total
building heat load i8 ta be supplied by the solar heating system anéi /
how many consecutive cloudy days are expected. The amount of energy
êonserved for suniess days determines the Sfize of the storage. the
size of the storage medium • ~his approach sets tw~ kinds of storages:
. short-term sto"hCe
loitg-term (seasonal) storage.
The short-term storage' supplies solar heat fo~ severai consecutive
d'ays (maldmum up to 8 days)- and wben the solar heat source ia
exhausted the auxiliary beating will be necessary. The practic:e so
far shows that it i8 economically sound designing the solar system ,
to ca.rry ~from 60 ta 90% of th~ heating load. During the prolonged '. t l .
periods of c10udy weather an, ~uxi(l.1ary psOur~e 1,J.s1ng c:onventioQal
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• fuel" is to be applied. Of course, when the fixcd percentage is
to be d~fined the c1imate conditions are the Qost crucial factors. -t-'
For Canadfan c-onditions a 10ng-term seasonal stora~e of heat appears
"to be ~st' conven~nt::. The decision depe~ds on the Ç.ost, To build
, ,a storage of 10ng-~erm capacity is eXpensive. Its capacity of
'. ~col1e~ted energy.in summer for the heat needs in'winter~ is rarely
~' , . used 100 pel' cenc. The 10ng-term stotage has a definite ~dvantage'
. . when a large numbe~ of apartniènts ~re to use the solar heating system. 1 4 .. f
1 .. '/
The enormous body of &torage medium is justified and o
• ~ '. - 1
in local terms
• , it ~ou.ld have prontlsin& application since- 5tatistics
.- ... (
Canada show a· \
"
preva:l.ling number of apartme~ts t.o be bui1t in coming years,
esp~cia1ly in Québec and Ontario. For a single detached bouse 1t is
quite possible to design a solar heating system to carry 100%' of the
load. But it wou1d cosi._ too mut!h beC;îu~e it will be overdesigned •
• ~n co~ditions of Canadian'winter the heat storâge facilities shou1d
be gigantic to· bandle a carry tbrough of 10 to 14 days of sunless 1
winter.
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'" , i 'l APAR'rMENT RATIO \< "
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'" 1966 1975' J 1980 1985 1990
:
" 1
Nfld 9.28 12.65 14:~9 15.78 17.15 1 , .
1
P.E.1. 12.00 13.66 14.~2 15.38 16.11 J
18.66 N.S. 16.75 18.01 19.30 19.91 \
• N.B. 20.42 21..48 22.Q4 22, s;] ,23.08 -
51.26 Que 51.76 53.99 54.64 55.24 . T,
Ont 24.14 29.17 ' 31.54 ,'33.65 35.51 i
Man 18.53 20.77 21.92 23·9° 24.03
Sask 13.08 14.73 15.61 16.44 17.25
Alta 19.03 23.61 25.80 27.77 29.54 .. B.C.
1 20.99 27.30 :; 30.19 32~ 71 . 34.91
Y & N.W.,!. 11.11 16.34 18.61 20.51 22.11 •
Canada ' 1 f" 29.27 33.06 34.91 3&'.59 38.12
SOurce-: -1966 DBC Census
FO'reC~rtt: NEB Staff Estima.te o "
~\~ , 0
The L1~e of materia1 in which"the precious he~ cd~lected.~rom ,the
,sun is, to be., store~ depends o~ 'the nuniber of Btu re~ui~ed tl r~ise the temperature ~n one"pound ~f this material lO~. The f~lowing
tab1~ shows 0 some ol Ate properties oi the material'S that can,
be used' as storage medium •
'. ...
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(J PROPERTIES OF l)EAT ST ORAGE :-tATERIALS 2
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1
Speci.fic Heat capacity
Naterial ReaC Density Btu/ft3/oF . Btu/1b/oF 1 lb/ft3 No voids 30% voids
Water 1.0 62 62 43
Scrap i1:'on 0.12 490 59' 41
Scrap aluminum -0.23.- 170 39 27
Con6rete 0.23 140 32 22 ~
Stône 0.21 170 36 25
Brick 0.20 140 28 20
~
" o . Water and, rocks are most commonly used storage medium because of low
cost and availability ..
l\ ~ Canadian survey on the persistency of low radiati.on inputs ,(i.e.
, . . 19 consecut:t:ve days ,of tiow ::adiation inputs) by John E. Hay, treata
the ?uestion with consider~b1e concern for 'the app1ic~tioD..-of.~solar--·~-----··
enérgy i~ Canada. The question is ,closely related to the heat stôrage
'. ca~acity and the amount of energy conserved 6for t}le days 'of low o
~adiation input. The short and long te~fitorages are tli~ specif~c
,_ / --1
problems discussed. For the Canadian Solâr energy conditions, ~ -- -------
1 hi.gh latitudes, st'orage arrangeme?-.ts are 0; fundamental importf~.
1 • . . o '(}
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... --.-"'1'""1'-,-.... " .. -.-.""''''' .... ----.. , ~----.... -
50.
The radiation data on which the experiment is based are given by
Ca~adian Atmospheric Environment Service and constitute the data \
for radiation incident on ~ horizontal surface in Edmonton,
Fredericton, M(;ntréal and Ottawa, collected for periods with;i.n
two years. The collected radiation 15 for periods of one to ten
days and 1s exptessed in terms ot' a mean daily value. The study
/
\ i8 of a general relevance of storage need in a Canadian solar '\
energy heating system. lt says "it is apparent that at all Canadian .'
locations)surveyed on a monthly main basis J there i8 a winter-Ume
defici~ of solar energy and a summer Ume surplus ..... " an~ the"
question is whether or not the summer surplus can be use~ to offset
the winter deficit".l9 The final conclusion of the studYI bà'sed on
J analysis done,says thât the storage is equally necessary far short-
1
term (day -ta day) and long term (sea~on ta season) systems. In the
second case the tilt of the solar collector may be recognized to be 1>
optimized for mid-summer situations."
The essence of the stdrage problem is the right storage medium to be
chosen. Water has on~ of the oost competitive characteristics either , /
, ~or short 'term or for long term storage: high heat capacity, plentiful
and cheap. TheO dîsadvantages 'are thè high cast of the water container 1
and the corrpsion. Tl}e traditiona! wate'r container - galvanized steel
tanks - ia '[lO~ r~placed with sufficient success by concrete, lined with
entire plastic sheet fpr water tightness, by fiber glass tânks, or other . .. ---------
.'
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. ,THOMASoN SOLAR 'HOUSE 1 ,
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c} 51.
aIl plastic containers. The latter have sufficient proof against
corrosion as weIl. In the whole system the t~o main loops meet
in the tank. The one is taldng the cocHer water from the bot tom
of the tank to the solar collector and returns the heater water
at the top. '. The second loop is taking the hot water from the top
of the tank to the heated space and returns the used and already 1 >
colled water to the bottom part. The alternate solution for the
second loop is s hest exchanger, a copper co il or finned tube,.
located again at the top of the storage containe~ to carry heat to, o
the house. The considerable improvement having the advantage of
being cheap and-Simple is the Dr. Harry Thomason's invention where
the metal storage tank i5 placed in the Middle of a tock bine The , 1 ..,.
jsecond loop is wo~king irrespectively of the first one: the heat
of the tank i$ conducted te the cheap rocks, i.e. the hest exchanger
is eliminated. The heated by the rocks air is distributed to the
house. T,~e most app170priate location of the water st'orage container
18 the; base~nt of the house. The designer oi the systellt should
comply not only with mechanieal require~nts but also with the
architectural concept of the house. ' The oost proper location 19 the
basement. Unless the built area 15 chelp enough, the storage tank
can be incorporated in the main floor. The tank in the attic needs
extra expenses for insulation and support: the heat lost infiltrates •
directly to outdoor ~ir, while from the tank in the basement the
heat can leak toward the hou se or toward the surrounding earth, where
the heat i9 still counted as not completely lost.
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When air type solar system i5 applied. rock storage is the best to •
, store the collected heat~ The size of the rock from which the bulky ,
storage mas~ is consisted i5 of importance because of the voids, the
velo city of the air flown through and the total surface area exchanging "
the heat. The needed volume of rock bin 18 twice or three times bigger
than that of the water for storing the same amount of heat. The place
of the rock storage is in the basement or even wtthin the space to be
heated when more than one vertical container is applied. The he~t .----- - - -" . ,
exchange can be achieved by graviry convection or the space can be heated
by the air forcibly taken out of the container and blown into the space. \ \,
The flow o,~ this air should be in a direction opposite ta the incoming
air from the collector. The gre~test advantage of the rock storage ia a
a substantial cost saving. The typical 15 ta 20 ton container doesn't
cast more th an $300, and the pebbles about $100. There i9 no more
economical form of heat storage for space heating use:
A few words about euthetic salts and waxes as storage med~um. They
are called also latent heat storage medium. Latent because the heat
ia absorbed by material which melts and after solidifies again when
~ heat ia releaaed. These materials are the only alternatives ta the
tock storage in air type system. One of the euthetic salts, most
available 1s the GLAUBERS SALT. lts main advantage in comparison
w~th water and rock 1a the much sma+ler atorage volume ta store the
same amount of heat, and hence the possibility ta be easily placed
everywhere. 1
The cost ia cheap and the salt 1s available. This 18
•
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o
53:
not valid for all types of euthet~c salts. The maifi disadvantage
of the Gla~bers salt 1s the limit of heat that cau be stored.
The solidification anq melting processes or cycles do not repeat /
as easily as at' the beginning after a ce~ta1n time in use.
)'Paraffin waxes,store the heat on the same base as the euthetic
salts, they mel~_~~aa:U}Lllnd~-sol±-drly when the heat 19 released. ~ ... --- ----;, .. _, ~
They. are c.heap. The disadvantages are: Urst and most important
combustibi11ty; second - paraffin wax shrinks when solidifies and
this prevents the easy transfer of the heat from container to the
milieu.
, t.,_
III
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•
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54.
SYSTEM CO~PARISONS
/ A compar1son of the two basic tyhes of ~o.lar heating systems, sinee lI" l'
ue ~pôw already th~ir main elements, is Inevitable. The primary "'~' )J, .
t .;~~jideration may be the cost of the heat sUPP,lied for use. . But,
nevertheles~, the cost 18 still not the final criteria, because the
systems in their day by day pro~ress had.-iL...1ot to attain. The ~.------
\ costs will change considerably whefi the components of the system enter
the mass production. ' This is why the final judgement should be based
on the quality of performance,'materials used and their availability,
the simplicity of the system and cast. The water type system off ers
more versatile applications: space heating, wa~ing domestic water.
'beating swimming pool, cooling space: Water is better heat transfer
medium than air. One can get far more h,eat from an exehanger where
the solar heated water warms the liquid than from an air ta water \
heat exçhanger. A liquid heat exchanger i5 far smaller than an air
1
to water unit and correspondingly less expensive. While "the specifie
heat of air ia ~.24 and lts density is about 0.075 pound per cubic foot,
the water,has a specifie heat of 1.0 and a density of 62.5 pounds per
cubic foot. For the same temperature rise, a eubic foot of water can
store about 3500 tintes more heat than a cubic foot o'f air. It takes
260 pounds or about 3500 ~bic feet of air "',." '-
, 2 Ç>f heat as a cubic foot c;>f water" •
, 1
ta transport tbe sa~ amount
-.. r
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1
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55.
As a re"sult of these differences between air and water, pipes tarrying
water transfer medium are smaller than ducts carrying air. AlI in
aIl water system offer~ the advantage of compact size within the
building space. 1..
The water storage tank re~uires only one third the floor space of the
pebble bed storage unit and still has th~ same eapacity. The air ~' 1 '-..;,
handling equipment occuples more than twice~he space of liquid handling
equipment and pipes. Repair and maintenance are higher on the water
system. The co#rosion is a very, serious burden for the efficiency
of the system and antifreeze concentratio~ of the collector fluid must
be checked at least twice a year. Trapped solids in the water have .
to be filtered. Liquid leakages to be repaired. Water sbould be ,
evacuated wh en low temperatures occur, in spite of antifreeze. \
On the other band ~ir-type system offers the advantage of simplicity.
Corrosion is not a problem. Leakage ean oecur but it ia not hazardous
to t~e building or occupants as water can ,be. The boiling and
fréezing problems in liquid systems are non exfStent in the air system.
\The repair problems are easy for handling. The lite of collector, heàt
storage and dûcti~g ia in fact indefinite. System installation and
mai~tenance are lesa costly. A specifie advantage i5 tne short ~hermal j
lag .. the time it takes ,to eollect enough heat so that the storage unit .'
climbs beyond its downpoin,t temperature (after a period during which
• the system has colleeted no solar heat). In addition to the qualit1es
" , i
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,56.
of the air system, the features of the rock bin storage should be
attributed. There if a gain in ~erms of heat in rock bin storage.
This gain i5 due to the temperature stratification. Useful heat can '
be taken from the stone bi~ when up to 907. 'of the rocks are calder
than the downpoint becaus~ the top layer of rocks will still deliver 1
useful heat when air ia blownthrough the bin.
'\" A cos t comparison is diff ieult beeause we are short of informa tian on Gl
total installed costs: equipment costs and· installation labor costs. , ,
In the United States bath types of collectiors for liquid and air
fluid ~re being commercially priced st levels of $8 to $15 per square
foot ($80 ta $15'0 per square meter) with an average of $10 ,ta $11. 29
The priees are for factory built collectora and can't be applied for
Canadian conditions where the collectors are still cu~tom-built.
There i5 ho cast advantages ta contribute for final decisions and
the criteria shou1d be other bhan cast. There i5 s' slight advantage
. " , for air type solar heating system which appears more suitable for
Canada', particularly for residential buildings; air system is more
durable and easier ta maintain. The on1y condition i8 the system ~ , .
" .. ta be we1~ designed and'engineered and suitably incorporated into • , 1
. the final architectural conceptual design of the house of Canadian
future.
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1 "
1/ RI~SIST"NCF.S OF CO,'\.\10N HUILDING M/\lIIUALS
/l\Jleyal 1 "id,Ill'\\ 1(., •• hlC:
( (im'he~) (fI) ,''l',hrIHlu)
J"Jw()ud ~Idl~ 1 0 li, (1)
Sof", lIod ~.d ang "1. (1 125" Gyp~u",b().Ird 0,5 ' lHS Wood shlnl!ll's J.lrred 1) Ri
Wood ~evd ~ldlOg IJpped (181
8ricJ... common 40 0110
Concrele (sand and !!r.t\'d) 8.0 Il III! Concrete bl.\cJ.. ~ (f.lled CIIre!» RO 1 93 1
C\.Yr~um fibcr concrete . 80 4 1!Il
ManerolJ Woul (bau) 3.5 IiI Q " ,\hnC/al WUlll (bau) 6.0 III 8
Ftberglass board - 10 4 35 Corkboard 1 () 3.85 bpanded roi} urethane 1 () 5 IlH Expandl'd poJyst\'rl'ne 1 0 4 li Molded polystyrenl' bCdds 1.0 , 385 Loose fill Insulatlon:
,
Cellulose flb~r 10 i
3.70 . Minerai wool LO 1
400 "
S,l\\'dust 1.0 2,22 1'"
Flat glass 0.125 1 () 89
0
J nsu I~t lOg gJa~s (lA" SPdC<:) - 1.54 V~rttcal air spacc " 0,75 (j,B7
Vertical air spacc 4,0 1 01
M'lIK('~ AMIRAl ./lllI/cI"'",A tif f"'ti/Qm,·ttill/J. 1970
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1 PART '!'WO (
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SOLAR HEATED HOUSES IN CANADA
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CANADA AND SOLAF,. HEAT.!NG FOR Cru~ADlkl HorSES ,
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Nore than tt!,.ety y_éars ago F .C. Haoper fram the Depart'ment of
~7 •
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NeCh~ni~,a-Y fi~;'~nee(~ing at the University of Toronto spoke in support
/" \' of )~{nar energYting the source of space hèatip-g for Canadian houses.
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A~ hi~ a1<~icle Il e Possibility of Complete Sol\~ir Heating of Canadi:an , 1
'Buildings.,55, h ' insists that immediate attentidn be given to the -
f r, f . development otjàlternative energy sources and as result a Ih~s ideas
t~e first can",~;L sola~ h~~se ~:'born, although on paper on1y. In
1974" h~s fo11~ort Vas ap~lied in a gqvenlmental decision to
establ sh', al in'ter-departmenta~ p~ogr,~m II to develop the -scientH1c
and te hn1al,'capabilit~ to '~";'ieve, s.~f-reliimce in energy'~. The
tsaks 'n:this prog~am J.f ,rrange~ in orde~ of prio~ity snd number
five ilj'~li~;. prio;~ty arrang~t was init:ated I,I~O develop x;enewable
SOU~/~ of. energy". T~e resP,onsibilhy ~as ,en~if:1~dl to :the ,~~t1onal
. ' .
t Res~rc~ Counci~ à~d/the renewable energy task did rec$ive about 10% , .. /' . ~
ail the incr~ental funding made available' fat" 1976-77. 1 1 ~
" ~ccor~~~' tQ ,the"ap'o;tc!pated qU.~~;1tative ""contribution to thé na~iona1 ! A,:, '. ,1 . energy ~upply, the rene~ble energy task comprises five individual 1
progr~~:' '~or '~~dr~~\S-c~and. tid~l enftgy» osolai energy" b1omas~,. ene~~y, " ., ,~ {:;) .
wind ,enet;gy and geothermal "energy. l'he a~mS of solar energy programs
" • 0 . ' '" '
. 1. Tc d;monstratè fea~i~ility ~f sola~~ting in Canada
. ··tlt;<maly-tt!cal ~tudies ~nd physi~al de~n~tradon , ." e ,t,_
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2. To develop a data base for rational detlgn ~f solar
hea ting sys tems;
• 3. Tb stimulate the interest of the public and the ,
, manufacturing industry. with wide~scale demonstl'ation II '10 " '" ' projects and funding for research and developmen_~. of . __ .' -- ~ "
\
solar hardware; ,
1 !
4. ~o support long term research~n th~rmal and photovoltàic M ....
sol~r 'power systems.
The feas~bility studies we~ndertaken by University pf Wàterloo ~~~,
were to be completed in 19 • Under the fbst ailll of' the pr~gram , " ) "
• ~s the initiation'of six,so~ démonstration projects:
"
, . \
1. Gananoque l:lous~, 'in ,a rural area near Kingston:~ "Ont~rio. " ' "
lts 'solar heating system feât:u~es wa,ter-heating call~cto~s, (> ,\ .... /'"", "r~
'. \ -,;and a short terfn latent storage unit.
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~~ , 2. Mississauga House in a'housing development near Toronto.
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Solar ,heating'SYSjfm: water-heati~g'~olle~tor~ and ~I
short-terro heat stbrage/unit (w~ter and wat~r-sourc~heat , 1
pump) • , , '. l, J"
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3. Provident House, also in a housing development near
O! Toronto. Solar heating 'system: water-heating collectors .. and a ~easonal heat storage unit.
4. Housing for Québec lndian tommunities. Four pr~totype houses
with solar heating systems, wind power systems and composting l '1 -
tollets. Solar systems were: air-heating ~ith forced
circula,f,ion, ai~ heating with natural çirculation {bath , concrete wall type TRO~mE) the third is passive solar wall .....
~ ~ . (type BAER) and the forth i5 passive solar wall as weIl
~
but storage meqium-water is in bottles located into the space
'. between the two stories.
5. ARK of Prince Edward Island, an experiment in autQnomous ~ \ r
living·and )iologically-balanced rearing of fish and plants.
Heating syst~m:' water-heating collectors and a sunny seasonal
heat storage unit.
,6. Hanitob~ Leg:4;lature Building. Water heating-,ct)1lectors to 1
j'beat tlle dome of the Assembly Building •
• 1
TO insure a base for reliable information about solàr radiation l.n
Canada ~n compliance of aim 2 and 3 of the program, an increase in
the, number of the stations measuring solar data i5 predicted. Areas . ~- ..
where~ata was not collected will be covered by the new stations and \
reliable methods' ~or 'translatin~ horizontal radiation data to
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rapiation falling on sloped surfaced will be developed.
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To the number of houses listed ahove we' should add the--:iatest " /'
60.
developmen'i: of the program of funding the design and construction / -- ~
of solar heated houses. The National Resea rc h-C~u~~-i.1--~?~~nada has announced a number of houses where ôn1y the solar space
1
heating components will be funded hy the Council. This is valid " , ~
for new or recent~Y/constructed single family dwellings.' It is
stipulated that minimum 30 per cent,o~ the space beating of-these
, "':.' houses shou~d be carried by solar heating system applied. The
heated 'f'locr area may vary between 93 and 186 M2• Al! houses
funded by this program should he built in agreement ~fth the
Nat~cnal Building Code and the Residenti~l Standards Canada - 1975. ,
J . ......,/
1 Under this agreement the house insulation values should b~ increased.
The ,houses are listed in the following table. 27, il
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, PROGRAN ON SOLAR HEA'l'ING OF BUILDING SPœ1S0ru;D BY
THE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF C&~ADA in 1976
,61.
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Contractor Location of House
l~o!Tking fluid in solar çollector
1. Calladian British Consu1tan'ts Ltd. Halifax, N. S.
2. A. Penny Halifax, N. S.
3. ADI Limited Fredericton, N.B.
4 •. G.G. Murray Saint John, N. B.
,
Cha rIo tte,town ~ater
P.E.!. \
Halifax a~r N.S.
Fredericton N.B.
Saint John N.B.
1
air
water
,,~U~ 5,. Fenco Consultants Ltd. '\
~ Toronto, Ont. 1
,~---1totlEfeal. air
1 \ 6. The Proctor and Redfera Group
1 Toronto, Ont.
l. Direct Energy Assac • ~ Québec, Québec
8\ CJM Ives \ Hudson, Québec , '
9. u-West Development Corp. Ltd. .lgary, Alta
10.
Il.
12.
13.
, R. • Hardy & As soc. CallgarY1, .Al:'ta
~
J • R.~Barden Regi ~ ,a, Sask.
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W.L. W~rd~op & Assac. WinniP~f' Han.
Delmarc~\ NanagemEmt Ltft.. Langley, 'B.C.
14'. D. B. Thomson . Brentwood Bay, B.C.
Québec
Thunder Bay Ont.
Ayer' s Cliff ~ébec
1 Hudson QUébec
Calgary Alta
Calgary Alta
lfuite City Sask.
t~innipeg . Man.
Aldergrove B.C.
Yictoria B.e.
wàter
air
water • wat.r
air
air
air
air
watèr
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Note: only the storage systems an~ solar collectors components of these , .
'hou ses have been funded under this program. . , " 1·
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ln addition to p-rojects ,receiving federal assistance a number of
other prôjects a~in progresSe The Province o,f Ontario is funding "
th~ con~truction of a 30-unit senior citizen home to be heated by
sOfar energy.: Tne solar system will feature water-he~ting collectors
(110 M2); solar reflectors; and a seasonal neat storage unit (900 ~
of water).
c'~ere "are number of house~ wnere the pri~~~est in solar energy (
stimulated the application of solar space heating.
" . The complaint that solar energy 1s not re~eiving adequatè government
l'
attention, has lost its basis because as it was mentioned already, the 1
creation of a Br;;tnch of Renelo1able energy and the estaplished budget 1 1
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are important steps toward a b~tter fut~re. ,a. , ' 1
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1 HOFFAM.N 2. LORRIMAN '3 GANANOQUE ~. PROVI DENT 5. PEPPE::R
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b CÔ1E NORD 7 POINTE ijL~UE : 8 MI~TA'5SIN 1
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o fV\A.P OF EXIStlNG SOLAR HEATED HOUSES IN,~ O\N.A..DA •
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Hoffman House
Surrey. British Columbia
490 N, 1971
Heated floor at::ea: '130 M2
Collecter, 'type: wa,ter
area: 43 M2
tilt: 580
Sterag'e, type: watet
volume: 3025 l 1
Auxiliary heating: e1ectric . resistance heaters
Percent heating: 40%
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t Hoffman House \ \
Surrey, Britisho~1umbia
1. 'Site and cliniatioSical data{
The house 1s locatéâ in a rêsidential suburban area, in Surrey . //
1 ~ear vo~: B~itish Columbia. Latitude 490o N. A single famUy 1 ~",v ... y ..... \
~ one storey house 130 M2 plus basement 120 M2• The basemertt 1s
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partia1ly heated. " The soler system is retrof~ed; the house is built • - 1
in 1968, sOlir he~t~ng sys5em i~ 1971.~offman Hous~ named a'fter
the. owner and deSigner-engineer! is ~onsidered to be the oldest house
. in Canada to Iluse solar energy Jar Space heating. • 1 1
3. Solar heat n s stem 1 The,system i5 active, transf~r medium 15 water di5t~ibuted by electrlcal
/ \: circulating c ntrifugal pum~: The collector i5 covered by two sheets
of glass spac cm. The outer layer is double strength glass to
- 1
resis t violati n. The other plate 1s of a single strength glass; it
the Ointe ~
.. Js at ior and,~ pr6tected from the outer layer. An air'gap of . , . !
2 cm separates the cover plates from the absorber plate. The latter
is 'made of 0.1 5 mm th,in copper sheet;' it absorbes the heae and transfers
it Jo t;.he ,water contained 1n the 'copper tubing attached to the copper 1
absorber. plate. Both the absorber plate and the soldered te it copper
tubing are pain ed with non-selective fIat black paint. To prev~t
the collectted h at from escape, the back of the absorber plate ls .. insulated~w~iut~h~.p-~~t· ~iass insulation. During the ~ights and
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'( " summer days when no haat is cO,llected the water in the collectora
is drained.· In hot summer , ,
dried col1ector ia ,130°C.
days ~he maxl~um temperature ,
The collec~or area is 43 t-{2,
li in the
colle~tor
ia located on the roof of the house, faces south'and is tilted 580
v "from the horizontal~ . , 1
The s torage m~dium ia wa ter s·tored in two tanks: 1300 litres and \~:; <:>
1700 11 tres • The t,:n~s are 10cated in àn insuladl~ :{)o'm in the
basement of the Horfman's'house. The room itself'serves partially
as a heat storage and the tanks ,~s,.-heat~ exchaCi"gers;-'nea:lr
circula tes around the tanks heats ~p and ls released through the door ,
toward the space to be heatedj when no need of heat; the "d/oor 18
('
closed and ~he co11ected heat is stored and confined among the lnsu1ated
• llTalls and flobrs •. , The system is very silIlp1e\ a~d effective. Through
two additiona~'heat exchangers. ittto the storage tanks. hot domestic
water is obtain~d and the water ln the swimming pool is warmed.
/
4. IAuxiliary heating
" Electric, baseboard heaters.
5. Cost Q
$-2000 (labour included).
- Design: C. Hoffman r .'
, Engineer: \ C. Hofflll8ll \
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It9rritùàn House
Mississauga, Ontario
Heated floor area:
~ollector, type:
area:'
tilt: 1
Storage~ j::ype:
volume: 1 .
Auxiliary hea'ting: "
1 L
-'
125 MF 1 1 'waterj i
64 M~
600 /
watei , 1
2270~ 1
"le7lkiC J:;eSl.st4nce heaters
'" 1 '''Percent soUr he~ed: 60%
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GROUN D HOUSf. • . FLOOR.
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o lORRIMAN I-\OUS E' ~E:c.oND \=LOOR,
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Lorriman House JI
Mississauga, Ontario
!. Site and climatologiea! data
67.
The house is built in a new section of a subd~vision development
called Meadowvale in the northwest corner of the city of Mississauga.
The, location of the house is on the lot 1\0. 70, at the end of a cul
de sac called Quetta Mews; the number is 2940. The elevation above
sea level 1s 190 M, and the latitude 44oN.
The house is located in a lot at the south side of the stre~t, so that
the first appearance doesn't differ it from the neighbouring houses.
The large solar collector is located on the south side of the building
at t~e back of the house. The lot is fIat and the south orientation
is free of physical obstructions shading the solar collector •. The
realisa tion of the house is part of the Meadowvale Solar Experiment
in Mississauga, Ontario.
2. Architecturally design and energy conservation measures
The house is one of the few examples where the whole design concept
is developed in accordance with the conserving energy methods. The
so~th is occupied by the solar collector, but it is raised above the
ground floor level. Thus the livi~g and dining rooms with a small \1
greenhous'è have south exposure. Th,is contributes greatly to the
col!ecting of additiona! solar heat during the sunny win ter daY8. The
heat 18 confined into the housé and the 10ss of heat 19 controlled ,.
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68.
in a perfect way. The main entrance from the north side of
the house is protected by the projected portion of the garage
and by the balcony slab above. The small vestibule at the entrance
serves as an air lock against the winter ~raughts. The extra windows \
of the dining area to the' east and of the kitchen to the north are t
small and functional. ALI windows are double glazed. The south
exposed windows of the living room and the dining room are protected
tagainst the excess sun during the summer bY'cedar sun sereens. The
projections of the vertical side walls following the 600 slope of the
solar collector form a kind of patio in front of the living area.
Thus the window~'are recessed and a reliable protection against the
winds is achieved.
The prineiples of sensitive design are skillfully àpplied as weIl.
The loca~ion of the garage, the staircase, the entrance vestibule
1 and kitehen on the north portion-of the plan serves as a buffer zone
against the heat losses. In addition, to complete the fine design
qualities, the exterior wall has a big thermal mass value and serves , aS a heat storagej for the same purpose the mass of the f~replace
in the Middle of the living area collect~ and stores the solar heat
which ~enetrates through the glazed walls of the solarium.
The main point of crit1cism for ~he day living zone can be rel~ted
to the size of the living room which oecupies almost the same ~rea
as the master bedroom. From ~ poi,nt of view the conception of ..
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having smaIl sized house is correct. lt serves the purpose of
reducing the initial capital costs and simplifies the heating
system. And it defends the idea that ••• tltoo l:l.uch space. always
kept at a comfortable tefuperature, is not fully used in most
30 residences today". The I1pproach i9 correct, some additional
square meters to the living room would not change the general
concept weich is perfectIy right.
ç9.
The second floor contains three bedrooms, two bathrooms, laundry
and closets. The only diversion from the generai energy conserving
measures i8 the relatively large window and door in the north wall
of the master bedroom. l respect' the ·need ô~ aesthetic purposes '.
which are the only reason for this exception.
3. Solar heating system
The héated floor,area of the house 19 125 M2. The heating system is 1
active (indirect). The transfer\ medium i8 water. 33 sunworks
solar pa~els (each 2.2 M by 0.9 M) collect the heat. The solar cpllector
has one glass caver plate. The absorber and the tubing carrying the
heated wat~r are of copper; pairited with a se~ective black coating. , ,
No antifreeze or inhibitor la used; when freezing temperatures, , the water ~s ~drained f~om the pipes before freeze.up can occur. The
total su:rface of the collector panels ia 64 1012; the orientation 1s
south wi th . a tUt of 6'00 •
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The storage medium 18 22700 1 water contained in two 'steel reinforced
poured toncrete tanks - located in the basement. Each has equal " 1
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volume 11359 1. The thermo insulation is 7.5 cm - rigid type. The
temperature of the wa.ter in the 'two tanks is different. The one ~
collects the heat from the collè~tors and the other supplies cooler
water for haating in tha solar collectors. This is the normal \ .~
circulation, but collecto~ output water can be sent ta, either tank , ,
or bath, in series, according the need. For 'house heating the water
is circulated betweeri the tanks to a heat exchanger located in the fi
duct work of the house. The heat distribution Is forced - a blower
extracts the heat [tom the exchanger and blows it into the rooms.
When the temperature in the \,tanks is lower than soDe a heat pump \(
extracts the heat and delivers it into the duct work where condenser
~il of the heat pump is located. It is predicted 60% of the total
need fot heat ta be carried by the solar system.
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Solar energy for dames tic hot water ls supplied only in case when
therecis.excess heat delivered by the solar collectors.
4. The auxiliary heating" 1
Electric resistance heaters' in ducts 'ta' heat the air before to be
supplied eb rooms. Central firep~ace between living and d1ning
"'. ' areaa at the ground floor.
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5. Materia1s and construction
Footings, foundat1on walls and basement sbb are poured concrete.
The foundat1on wal1s are insulated at the exterior surface -
with 7.5 cm. of rigid insulation. The 10 cm basement slab la
poured on 10 cm granul~r fille
The north, east and west exterior waHs consist of 20 cm concrete
block, 7.5 cm rig1d insulation, air gap and 10 cm brick facing.
Interior partition wa11s, floors and ceilings are wood construction.
The attic 15 heavily insu1ated - 20 cm batt insulation.
The roofing i9 cedar shingles on plywood sheeting. tl
6. Costs
Estimated $130000/$60000 provided by Federal government. ,r=-
Archi tee ts,: Lee, Elken, S~cksted, Toronto, Ontario
I
~ pauken, Fair
Engineers: Mechaniea! Consultants Western Ltd. ,
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Owner: Mississauga Solar Demohstration Project Ltd.
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Gananoque House , Gananoque, Ontario "-
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1. Site and climatological data
The house 18 built on the shore of St. Lawrence river near to
Gananoqu~ Ontario, on a south facing limestone cliff. Latitude 44°N.
2. Architectural design and energy conserving measures ,
B. HcCal~um in his study of "Environmentally appropriate
technology" says that this house is the "firet environmentally
32 appropria te house;'. The building i9 backed by the cliff and its
ground floor is half the siZe of the upper floor, where the main ,
entrance of the house is located. The ground floor measures 18.50 M
by 5.00 M and contains living room, massive fireplace, bathroom
sauna and guest room. The south wall iS'all glazed, but when the
sun is ta be kept out there arè shutters from inside which can bar "
the sun from entering. The'passive effect of the solar collecting
through the south windows is of considerable importance for the
cold winter days and the designer had found storage for this heat;
the one is the cliff itself which ls contained into the room and
the other storage ls the mass of the fireplace. For summer shading
when ·the light will be desired and the heat should be avoided
decid~ou9 trees have been planted. These trees ~ill provide shade
to the south-facing windows in the summer and will /reduce 'ovérheatin~ problems. In the w~nter the sun will be freely admitted into the
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"" room since the leaves were fallen ~nd the low'sun rays would
be allowed to reach deeply into the space. This heat kept
1
by the ,rocks and fireplace will heat during the nig,ht. Additional
" and equally important features of the house that contribute to
heat conservation are ,the low profile qf the bu~ldlng from the
north and the roof covered with sod: the first measure contributes \
for diminish,lng the wind factor, hence diminlshing the heat losses; \
the second improves the insulation value of the roof ma terial.
Earth berms caver portions of east, north and west walls.
3. Solar heating system
The system is active. The solar
ridge of the roof facing south.
couJctor i$ on the east west 1
The sI ope ls 750 from the horizontal; •
,the roof portion in front of the collec tor i8 covered wi th aluminum
sheet (baked white enamel coating on aluminum sheet) ta p~ovide a
reflective surface for additional solar radiation on the collector
surface.
The trans;er medium"1~ water. Double gladng is used; the ~uter
sheet is kalwall Premium Sun-Lite (fiberglass and polyester); ,
,the inner sheet is 3 mm g~ass; the spacing between 13 mm. The
absorber plate Is a steel sheet with black chrome coating. The
water mixed with ethylene - glycol flow~ into copper tubes cools
the plate and carries the heat to the'storage.
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The storage medium is wax with melting point about 50DC. lvax 15
inside aï MYLAR bags sp~ced by polyethylene channels in which
water ftows; everything i8 contained in two metai tanks, located
directIy behind the collectora on the roof of the house.
4. The auxiliary heating
Approximately 20% of the heating requirement ls provided by the
large south Îàcing windows. The balance of the heat cames from .J
a wood burning cook stove and a fireplace. that gives the excess
heat ta a heat exchanger in the chimney (a coil of copp~~ piping).
. '5. Materiels and construction
The materials used are stone, wood, including vertical cedar logs,
mortar, tar and shingles for the roof. Caoof-insulation 15 cm).
6. Cost
The solar heating system cost $5000.
Arc~itect-engineer
and designer: Greg Allen
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Provident 1I0use
King City, Ontario
0 44 N, 1976
,
/ ." 2 , f Heated floor a"'rea: 205 M ,
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l Collector, type: 'water
area: 67 ~i
tilt: 52°30'
Storage. type: water
volume: 264qOO 1
, 1 Auxiliary heating: none
1 ! 100% /. Percent solar heated:
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1. FLAT PLATE SOlAR COLLECTOR.
2. HOT WATE R. STORAGe: TANI<' •
3.HEAT !;XCHANGER •
,CPROVIDENT HOU5E· A TOTALL'i SOLAR H~TED" HOUSE 0
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77.
Provident House
Kln~ Cit..}', Ontario
1. Site and climatologieal àata
The house is loeated northwest of King 'City, near Aurora Road and
Highway 400, about 35 km north of Toronto, Ont~rio and about 2 km
south of Holland Mareh on latitude 44°!-l. The site ls on high ground.
A predominant view is tm.,ard the southwest away from highway 400
which lies to the east. The prevailin~ winter'winds come from the .. west and winter storms come from the northwest.
2. Architectural design and energy conservation measures
"The house is designed 50 'that its use will require no change in
what is ealled contemporary Canadian way of life." 21 The house-
\ owner is given the alternative to have solar heating system or
swi!1Ulling pool, because the âesi~n team had the idea that the solar o
heating system cao be incorporated 'in a house for middle-to-high
income group. So the alternatives are reereational pleasure or no
heating bills. Since the inhabitants would belong to a high income
group l don't see why not the both al'ternatives at the same time.
The house 15 a precise answer to the predetermined approach. The
building volume eontains two halfs, the one being the h~~ Itself
~d' the other is the conserva tory an,d the garage. From eneI\8Y
conserving point of view the h'ousé is featured perfeetly, although the
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78.
large amount of energy Is needed to heat the relatively large spaces.
rrhe cntrance ta the house is through the cohservatory which 15 kept
in considerably lower temperatures. And still an ~ir lock - a smaii
eotrance vestibule - is on the way to the house. A central distribution
area, lighted by a north facing skylight 15 the key point where aIl
the communication lines to the other house components meet: kitchen
di~ing, living and family room on the first floor and aIl bedrooms on
the second. The north wall is blank, covered by bermsj the windows ,
. are located at the south and weat orientation. They supply a small
but helpful portion of solar enerRY. The kitchen windows are to the
• east - to the conservatory. The windows are double glazed and have
good infiltration characteristics, they are provided wi~h storm windows.
The conse rva tory , or the large glazed area of the house which extends
through the'floors and i5 located between the garage and the true hou se
15 a useful although an expensive addition. Its purpose 15 ta handle
the expected visitors ta Provident Hou5e. A reason not serious enough ta
jtfstify its creation. Of course, as the designer. notes, it can be a
useful expenditure to the house Uself. It,can serve for "cookouts, 1
table te~nis ~nd large scale hobbtes". It ,can also be u,sed as a practical
place 'ta grow vegetable and flower starts for the garden. Ta prevent the
summer overheating ~ la~ge redwood shade wi,!Ll be rolled down th us
protecting the glazed area from overheat. • A natl,lral convective aJ.r 1
1IIOvement ,from the opened sUdin!?; doors up to the \Ipper vents Ilolill cool
the space du ring the hot summer days. During still days a large ceiling •
fan will operate. The energy consuming devices would be fed by the wi~d
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79.
generato):" of the house located at the \oOest north .sid~ of the lot. , ,
The local p,ene'rated electric power can serve as an excuse for the
hiQ;h consumption of enerp,y in a house pretending to be a prototype i
~ energy conservation. For example, hou se is kept 'at a positive
pressure in th~ winter, ;resistance cable ln __ thé earth below the l , -,
conservatoty- for heating, the large fan in conserva tory for cooling and :J
50 on.
3. Solar heating system
The only bouse in Canada designed for seasonal heating. The heat i5
cQllected during the summer for use in ~.1int'er." The system ls active.
Solar collectors are locat~d on the roof at 4n angle of 52°30'. The
collector is with one glass caver plate. The absorber and the pipes
containing the transfer medium are of stee~coated with a selective
black costing. The transfer medium is softened and treated water. v _
When not in use water 15 drained out of the pipes. The collector area
ls 67 H2 for space heating and 7.5 H2 for domestic hot water. The
aspect ia south. • 1
The storage medium 18 water contained ~n a poured concrete tank; the
dimensions of the tank are 8.5 M by 8.5 M x 4 H deep. The th~rmo
insulatlon ls placed at the outside - 15 cm foamed plastic. The hydro \
tnsulation is at the interior-- a wa~erproof plastic coat. The top cover
of the tank is of plywood water proofed on the inside and thermo-insulated.
0v the outside. There arè no 'partitions in the tank; temper~ture
stratificati'on i8 natural and the highest temperature when the heating
season starts is around 75°C. " The end of the season the temperature 15
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40°C_ Thus full-winter carrythrou.h is aChieved.!
/ Rooms are heated by forc~d air blo~ through the rails of a heat
exchanp,er warmed by the heat from the tank.
4. The auxiliary heating F
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1
The total need of space and water heating comes from the solar
energy système There is no back-up system.
5 •. Materia!s and construction
The foundations are of poured concrete. The foundation walls of /
concrete blo~ks. The rest'is based on the wood frame structure system.
The walls of the hquse are sheeted with eKpanded polystyrene and
\ filled with.15 Cm friction fit batt insulation. The roof has 30 cm
of insulation,on the north side.
6. Cost
, The -buildlng co'sts ôf the house are assisted by Canadian Ministry of
U~ban Affaira ($90000) and the Ontario Hinistty of Energy ($50000). '.
1 •
Architect:
Englneer:
a QSL.
John Hix
F.C. Uooper !.
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() Pep.per House
Cranten, Onta~o
Heated floor area:
Collector, type:, detached trickle water
area :
tilt:
Storage, type: water
volume: 13700 1
Auxiliary heatin~: oil furnace~ i v . \
Percent solar heating: 55%
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Pepper House
r.ranton, Ontario
1. Site and climato1ogical data ' /
The hou se is bui1t in 1969 - a th~edroom ~~eve1 design
vith a living areB of 204 M2• T~ location 11 Grant~rth of
London, Ontario, at the latitude of 430 N. Thé area of\locatlon ia 1
rural. The solar system 15 buil 1tlis a retrofit system;
the solat: collector panels are de ached frcpr'\he house and are
located in ~he yard. ' The position chosJn to be free of shadows \
cast by neigh~ouring buildings or tree~.
\ \ \
performance of the solar system u5ed is based ,The prediction Of\ the ~ ~
on long term.avera~es \
of meteorological and radiation data. The
conclusions of' the è'+imato10gical data analysts' are made on steps: \ 1/
1. The average amount,of availab1e solar energy which can be
collected eBch mont~ of a year. 1
2. The needed average building heat f~r each month of a year~-, ,
3. The comparison between supply'and need (1 and 2). If the
collected solar energy is less than the building heat,load
for the month the qUant\ity of auxiliary fuel required 15
calculated.
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83.
HONTHLY HEATING REOUlREMENTS ~~D AVAlLABLE SOLAR ENER(;Y
Heatin,~ Availah1e Degree Heat Solur Heat Percentage Days belaw Laad Energy Deficit Carried by
Honth 180e '5 (HJ) (1)U) G'U) Solar Heating
Jan 740 21,800 7,010 14,600 32.2%
Feb 662 19,500 8,520 11,000 43.7i.
March 579 17,000 11,500 5,500 67.67-
April 341 10,000 11,500 ------ 100%
Hay 181 5,320 13,40°1 ------ 100%
14,1'00 June 47 1,390 ------ 100%
July 12 344 14,800 ------ 1007-
August 21 620 14,.000 ------ 100r.
Sept 96 2,830 12,000 ------ 100% r
Oct 250 7,360 9,800 ------ 100r.
Nov 443 13,000 5,460 7,540 42.0%
Dec 665 19 1500 5,580 14.000 28.6% 118.764 52,840
The average avai1able solar energy which can he used.for the space
heating fa equal to:
Total he'at local - Heat deficit \
Total heat load
or in QUr case:
118764 - 52840 KJ x 100% = 55.5% 118764
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w~ich expressed with other words means that from the total need of 1 1
heating for the Peppe-r House 55.5% can be supplied by the solar , \
Bnergy system - the equlva1ent of 3140 litres of oil. At the pres€nt
cost (1976) of fuel oil this 15 a benefit of $292.00 per fear. /
3. Solar heatln~ system
The operative mode ls active, the transfer medium ls circulat!!d by
electric pump. The solar collector i8 detached - trickle-water system ' ..
Single ;las5 cover plat~ for the top of the collector. The corrugated
meta! abosrber plate i5 painted green. The author claims excellent
performance, better than the black paint. The back of the absorber
in insulated with 10 cm fiberglass. The collector i8 made up of
twelve parallel sections with separate water flow control valve for
each of the sections. When a panel Qf glass breaks, the affected
pahel 'can be prepared without influencin~ ~he remaining sections~
The feed pipe and the drain pipe are insulated with 6.4 cm of fiberglass
1 and rapped wlth polyethylene film.
'-~
The collector is detached from the house and supporte4 by concrete
columns and steel beams. The connection with the house i~ a 33 M
of insulated pipe. The tilt 19 58° ta optimize the winter ~ollection
of sun (November through February).
"" "!\', The thermal storage fôr the system consis6s of four stael tanks. Th~ir
capacity is diffara.t 2270, 2730, 3180 and \000 ~itra.. As tha tank.
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are filled above the capacity markin~s, the total volume ls about
13700 litres. The numberJof the tanks in the circuit can be
controlled by series of valves and depeoJs on the weather conditions'
and ,the house tequirements. SeRregatinp, the storage tanks into two or
more sets allows operating flexibility which is v~ry advantageousj
the advantage is obvious when the temperature of the water in the
different tanks is different: the hot water can be pumped to the
rooms and cooler water ta the collectors. The transfer and storage
medium is water - rainwater. No. rust and corrosion inhibitors
are added.
The 'storage tanks are located in a,basement room which i5 the container
of the heat. Instead of insulating each tank separ.ltely, the owner
(designer) decides to i~sulate the basement room which is 4.3 M by 5.2 M
and it is lined with 9 cm of rockwood on aIl sides. The heated air in
the room is distributed to the interior' of the house, or with other words the
cool room air is blolm around the heated tanks and delivered back to the
heated space for use.
4. Auxiliary heating 1
When the need of heat can't be covered by the solar heating' system,
an oil furnace stimulated by a thermostat starts to heat air for the
domestic space haating ~ystém.
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5. Cost ..
The cast of, the solar heat.ing syatem i5 low ($1500) becàuse the
owner-desip.ner-builder used, recyc1cd rnaterials and the labour
was provided by him, his'family'and friends.
Designer:
Nechanical enginee r:
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Carl" Pepper
Carl Pepper.
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Côte Nord Indian House .'
Nanitou Community Co'llege
La :laèaza, Québec
4603~ Heated floor area:
Oollector, type:
area:
tilt:
Storage, type:
volume:
Auxiliary heating:
Percent heating:
air
rock
electric resistance heaters \.
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1 • SOLAR COL1.5C'TOR.
·2..CONiINUOUS t)AMPe:RS AT COlo!... BAse ~.DUCT TO ~N "T. FI1.TEFt. S. FAN
b. Access t1ATCH TO OUCT 7 ROCKS ON c.oNCRl:TE BLOCI<$ 8. ~RT SE;ft.M 9. Pt:AT MoSS INSULATION la . Re:TURN AIR. DUCTS .,
Q'wnna,di<H'nOV 0, *tt' det'*, g. If M'ft m 'unern'h A41lfr:ltr&8fM',....;;aanJ". zitMW!ù i&h"""" ~"cl'!'iVtWtf'lli'li<"».T>IIU::r ... ,al. .... _ J.. t-'~ ,,p( ~ ... '" ....
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Côte Nord Inrlian nouse
Nanitou Community College
La Hacaza, Québec
1. Site and climatol~gical data
The house is located in a small Indian communit~ 170 km NORD of
Hontréal. The community is called llanitou College after an indigenous
vocational sehool for Indian, Inuit and ~:etis. The latitude 460 30'
north, and the ground 1s rnountainous (Laurentides). the winters are
severe - 5548 heating degree days (in Co), and the heating period ls • long - almost nine months. The mean monthly solar radiation data
during the heating period (September thro~gh may) is the average of
direct diffuse and reflected solar energy on a vertical surface.
1 The diffuse radiation 1s 47 per cent of the total, and the ~eflected
ra;Yiation i6 a significant contribution ta the total energy' available
for transfer 'into usable heat. The albedo as a result of the reflected (
\... solar energy from the snow on the collector surface has variable value.
The reflectivity depends on the snow. ~ê-new fallen'snow has high
qualities for reflection but the amount of the solar gain on the vertical . surface from the reflected radiation decreases with aging snow. There 15'
no precise data on the compound solar energy available, and this ~n be ... . a serious task to monitor during the exploiting p~r!Od of the house. ,
The number of the cloudy days in succession has to be determined to allow
an improved method for sizing the system and the storage.
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The lot of the huuse, its size and shape seemingly do not create
any difïieulties to loeate and orientaFe the building for the .
best irisola tion. The 1 protee tion againat the prevailing winds is
partially secured by earth berms.
, 2. Architectu,ral desi,gn and energy conserving measures
The architectural design conception of the house depends entirely
on çhe south wail oecupati~n for solar colleeting. The house
is oriented to east and we$t. The nord is avoided exeept for th~
one 'of the bedrooms. This situation leads normally to the
aehiev~d solution: a linear composition of rooms along the east-
west line. The zoning of the day and night uses into the two.,halfs Il 1
of the south and north portions of the house ia artificial: bath
the south and the northR,ârts are actually bared. The reai 'portions
cquld be orientated more logica1ly to the east and the west. The long
corridor running east west althougb not shown is there. This is the o
~irculation area serving to give accesss to a11 the component units
of the house. The P9sition of the'two entranees exactly opposite ta
each other at the two ends of ~he corridor is bound ta create some
egergy los ses because of draught. The porches intended to proteet
agalnst heat flow can be more effective if n,ot in the same ,axis 11ne.
The advantage of the chos~n conception lies in the symmetry which serves 1 -'"'
better the need of heat supplying system. The house '~ insulated above
today' s common standards and this is onJy to the point .of wbat is 1
considered to be a reasonable eèonomic value. The ~h~sen heigh~ of the
coilector wall a se quaI of the needed collecting surface dictates the
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90.
roof line a~ weIl. The attained shape will allow accumulation of
snow over the bedroom part which eventually would decrease the heat
lasses. The speculation can be a tasY... for nonitoring during the
experimental supervision of the house when already in use. The lack ) ,/
of ~nce data doesn't allow specifications. lt will be a
number of years before obtaining the conclusions. And this is entirely
valid for the total Cartadian experience in solar heating systems (for
aIl hou ses in the review as weIl).
3. Solar Heating Sytem
The system applied is·active: the air circulation is mechanical. When
the heat is supplied directly to the space behind the col~ector the
system is passive: the heat i5 distributed through natu~al convection.
The solar collector i5 vertical and consist of two glass caver plates.
The inner glass sheet i5 tempered. The spacing between this sheet and
the absorber plate 16 10 cm. The absorber plate is a ~tal sheet
black painted. To'increase the -heat exchange area, the heated surfa~e
of the absorber plate ia expanded through,the metal screen located in ,
the air spacing. The screen is 557. open and contributes ta the
increase of the system efficiency (th~oret~cally almost 100%). There
is a heat resisti~g insulation on the back of the absorber platé.
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The haat storage 18 rock placed into a storage bin in the basement
under the bedroom half of the building. The rocks in the bin are 5 to
10 cm. in diameter. They are laye'd on holloW' concrète blocks which
form a system of paralle~ channels. The channels s~rve the heat from
the collection ta be evenly transferred to the rock masse The total -
weight i8 33600 kg. and the storage carry through ls two days •. ""
• The heat·circulation Is forced from collector to the rock bin and
from the rock bin to the rooms.
The auxiliary heatln] cornes from electric baseboard heating units.
The materials and construction are conventional. On a continuOU8 concrete
strip of foundation lies the concrete block wall of the basement. To
increase the thermal mass of the house the insulation is'placed at the
extecior surface of the masonry. Thus, the bulky volume of the concrete
block serves as an additional depot ta store heat. The walls above
grade are built up of spruce 5" x 5". Interesting experiment i8 the
use of peat moss for insulation on the narth wall; a thickness of
4 inches eqyals the level of thermal conductivity of the other wall s'
using traditional materials. ""'
'\
A "humus" compost:1-ng toilet i8 unde:r experimentation in the house as a
response ,to the demand for enyironmentally appropriate modus of living.
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The experirnental period i5 a so~rce of constant observation and
collection of data for the diffuse and'total solar radiation on
the horizontal and vertical (collector) surfaces. Wind speed
and direction are rnonitored. The electrical consumption of the
various components of 'the solar system are regist~red. ~
~ analysis shows the expenses are relatively low due to the " .' '
simplicity and minimal use of preassembled elements. Material used
are available. The costs for siding and part of the fan system cast
which would serve another heating system in a non-solar house can f
be deducted. -This will bring the total amount of! money spent to the
approximately low cost of about $4,700.16 The table shows the ., ..... expenditures:
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COSTS OF SOLAR HEATI~;G SYSTE~1
ITEH
NATERIAL
COLLECTOR
- fratbe 95 1
1
- fla t / platé absorber 145
- screen absorbe\ 150
- glazing units 1680
ST ORAGE
- extra insu1ation 1 165
- concrete b10cks 185'
- rocks 300
1 - dividing duct 90
/
DISTRIBUTION , - fan and controls , 720
- out1et duct 50
- return ducts 60
- dampers and grills 175
TOTALS $/~L%
Project director:
Research associate:
Solar consultant$ '" '
Brian McC1o~key
D1air ltatnilton \
Brace Research Institute
C 0 S T S
LAIsOR
260
65
210
325
75
110
120
70
35
120
100
290
$1780
93.
TOTAL
355
210
360
2005
240
295
420
160
755
170
160
465
f5595
------_-...----------------.;.....:...-----~'_._.,_.---
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1 .
Pointe Bleue Indian House
l~nitou Co~nity College
La ~laeaza, Québec
Reated floor area;
Collee tor, type:
area:
tilt:
1 Storage: type:
volume
Auxilia ry hea ting :
Percent heating:
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air passive
conerete wall
eleetric resistant heaters
25%
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. , 95.
Pointe Bleue Indian House
~~nitou Community Co11ege
La :Iacaza, Québec
\î 7
1. Site and c1imatological data • AlI characteristics are similar ta the Côte Nord House. The house is
located at 460 30' North latitude and the site is 250 meters above
sea level. No obstructing objects in front ~f the solar collector • . ~. The climatolog1~al data is the same as for Côte Nord.
2. Architectu.wl-clesign and energy conserving measures
The chosen arèhitectural conception is entirely derived from the
solar heating system. The distribution of the solar heated air i9
by natural con~ention, so each room has a portion of the TROMBE
~ . type solar wall~ and easy access ta the heat. ,Placing aIl the raoms
behind the wall answers ta the ~eed of having a cheap and practical
solar heating system. $
The diadvantage,s are of conceptual character: , ,
the bedroom next ta the kitchen is far off from the bathroom on the
low~r floor. ThiS i5 equally important for user5 of the same baJhroom
when the y are in livi?g area. The shape of the building doesn't
contribute for limiting the heat losses. The overall skin area
because of th~ chosen shape is c~nSi~;blY biggér ~ This diUdnishe's
the total roof area of ccua.te but the height of the building makes
the cooling effect of the winter wind bigger. The huge attic space
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-96.
above the second floor and resulting from the roof tilt once created,
could.be more practically used' or could have ~hanged its shape to a more
economical solution. The !'ldvantaee of the south facing windows
of the living area can be examined during the trail périod in /
respect of their contribution for passive collecting of solar energy
additional ta that of the wall. There i5 no need of complementary
light, neither for the living area~ nor for the third bedroom. The
east and west windows supply sufficient light. And more - lt ls
awkward in a space like a bedroom for example (it is valid for the
living area as weIl) ta have two kinds of windows pla~ed at two
" different heights. There i5 no entrance porch and this will not
serve weIl the idea of conserving the energ~ Between the living
area and the out5ide air there i5 only one (although doubled) door.
There is a need of an entry space.
3. Salar Heating System
The,heating system ls passive an.d i ts prototype is the TROMBE ,vall •
developed on a higher step. There is one layer of ''Rohaglass'' which serves
as cover plate and a 30 cm distance from the glass ta the surface of the
concrete wall - the heat absorber. The wall is made of hollo~ concrete
blocks, filled with cement and painted black. The heated air is ...
\
distributed to the rooms by natural convection and the aacess 18
contralled by manually operated dampers. The escape of the collected
heat ta exterlor during the night and duri~g the cloudy days-ts
prevented by'an insulating curtain. The curtain is rolled in front "
1 ..
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• 97.
of the concrete block wall-absorber lnto the 30 cm. air gap.
\rhen not in use the curtain is in the interior space behind the /'-
concre te wall • . Q-
4. The auxiliary heating
Electric resistance baseboard heaters.
5. Ha terials and construction
Foundation walls are of concrete blocks layed on poured concrete
footings. Halls are of \0 by 1 S crn studs sheated with
\ CJYl thick aspenite. Insulation for the roof R-20 and for the
walls R-IS. A "humus" composting toilet is used •
Project director: Brian NcCloskey
Research associate: Blair Hamilton
Solar consultants: Brace Research Institute
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( ~istassini Indian House
:Ustassini, Québec
500N, 1975
Heated floor area:
Collector, type:
area:
tilt:
Storage, type
volume :
Auxilia ry heat;;ing:
Percent: \ hear'ing /
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air
water in barrels
7910 1
ail stave
50%
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Histassini Indian House
Nistassini, Québec
1. Site and climato1ogical data
The site 1'5 380 meters above the sea levei on a genUe south slope 1 f
at 500 15' N latitude. The winters are very severe (6972 CO
degree days). The heating period is almost 9 months from September
through May but solar radiation measured on horizontal surface (total
+ diffuse) augmented by the albedo factor of the fresh snow can
provide considerable portion of the needed heat. The diffuse solar .
radiation averages 477. of the total radiation during the heating
season and the cause can be the incidence 'angle of the solar rays.
Sm111er the incidence angle, 1on~er their ~ath through the atmosphere,
greater the diffusion. Fortuna~ely'the solar collector can trap the
diffuse solar radiation as well. \
2. Architectural design and energy conserving measures
The triangular form i5 justified by the need of a larger solar wall ')
to the south orientation. Instead of ,having south exposure for
o~e f?urth of the perimet,er of the b.uilding, the applied solution
takes one third. And this one third of the whole perimeter 1engtb .. '
i8 not properly used. Th~ present built variation of the southern
wall shows that a considerable pqrtion of it i8 not included iota
the solar wall. This portion could still benefit from their southern
exposure not as part of the collecting surface of the solar collector ~
1 :
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c 100.
but as passive windows to admit sun into the room behidd and
to keep its heat. The house c.ould be treated as solar collector.
The complex expanded type df family to ~ve in the house actually
of three different families. The architectural design
doesn' t conform successfully with lt. Naybe the solution
equente of certain personal requirements of the inhabitants.
Nore privacy for the .two families and for the third persan would • rI' "
make better living.' The only bathroom is another embarassment.
The main entrance is on 'the direct north but is recessed and protected
from the l.est winds. An eotrance hall- considerably improves the
conservation of energy into the house. The lower flocr, in the children
living room could have daylight admission if the barrels of the salar
wall were on stacks to allow the light to emanate from the spaces
be tween the drums.
3. Solar heating system
The heating system ia passive. There are no moving parts. The air
flows in aecordance with the known physical Iows. The collecting wall
is vertical. !WO layers of acrylic. transparent cover ('Rohaglass') ~
are in front of five tires of mefal barrels. Each barrel contains 56.5
litres. There are 28 barrels in one row and their total number 18 140.
The heads of the barrels are painted black andl aet as hest 'absorbera.
The cOllected heat ls stored in the water in t~e barrels. The water
contains 23.3 grams of CaC12 per litre, and 0.5 pel' cent sodiu~ chromate
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as an ïnhibitor of the corrosion. The oetal barrels are
protected trom rusting by an 1nterior layer of epoxy paint.
~ The col1ected heat during the clay is raciiated toward the space
and to make sure there 15 no 10S5 of energy to the outside a
heavy insulating curtain 15 moved between the cover plate~ and
the barrels. The curtain is made of high density fiberglass
~bout 32 kg/cu meter.
4. The au~iliary heating
Oil stave.
5. Materials and construction
The foundations are of preserved wood combined with a fiberglasa
-.drainage layer. Wail construction uses 10 x 3.8.(.rr) 1
rough-sawn
jackpine studs eovared by asphalt building paper, stiffened by
4 by 4 Corn, strapping and finally /6 x 2.5 board and batten
vertical siding. Insulation of8c~fiberglass.
J
For the roof CO!1struction It,5' xlt.5 rough eut
used at ~O('WI cIe. The cover 1S' ~~ Douglas
Baphait building paper.
The toilet i8 type "Humus".
PrOj eC,t direetor: Brian HcCloskey
Research associate: , Blair Hamilton
ja'ckpine beams are
plrwood toped with
!
Salar consultants: Braee Research Institute
,
J t~aswanipi Indian House
Haswanipi, Québec
490 30'N, 197,5
Heated f160r area:
Collector, type: air
area: 35 M2
tilt: 900
Storage, type: water in bottles
volume: 7200 l
Auxiliary heating: wood stave
Percent heating: 40%
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Waswanipi Indian House
Waswanipi, Québec
1. Site and Climatologieal data
The site ls located north of a small exlsting settlement of
Waswanipi Cree; the distance is less than a kilometre. The
103.
site is 341 metres above the sea level. The location i5 49.42 1 N
The winters are severe (6810 degree days in CO) and there ls no
data collected for the monthly solar radiation.
2. Architectural design and energy conserving methods
The shape of the house ls rectangular with longer center line
in east-west direction. This gives a long sou~h orientated wall
ta he used for co1lector. The wall is broken in two places to
ailow sorne windows.
The house ls designed fQr dual occupancy: a faml1y with four children
and an office. The upper floor entirely for the family needs i5
~onderfully designed the zoning of d~y activities are not disturbing
the only bedroom which ls easy accessible and doesn't interfere vith
tbe living area. Kitchen dining and living are correctIy interrelated,
the space la large hut under the sloped roof keeps its warmth and
cosiness.
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..-Unfortunately the lower floor'isn't desi~ned with the same care.
,
The dual occupancy i5 mexed in very unacceptable way: the bedrooms
nre accessible through the Common halh;ay where the office staff
and occupants would cross their paths. A~l the more ,that the
bathroom also has to'be reached through the same hallway. The
position of the bathroom i5 in a constant relation with the second ,P
toilet and the kitchen on the upper living floor. This i5 due to
the use of a CLIVUS l-mLTRUM toilet, and the necessity of keeping
the premises 5erved by the toilet in nearness. The left and right
hand parts could easily change their places and this would considetably
improve the qualities of design hence the qualities of living • 'the (
broken collector wall is permitting each room on the south wall to
get its day light and sun as weIl as the heat from the true south. This
combination should be developed in further design conceptions "'too,
although it will contrioute for the complexity of the detail it merits
a special attention. lt helps the design concept to keep its ground
to become more organic with the solar heating system. A window
in the south fa cade is of significant importance for the mood created
of the direct insolation. tfuen the window is properly designed it~an
still perfectly serve the energ~ conserving purposes
sun into the room and not to let it to escape.
3. Solar heating system , "
to adptit the
Vertical collector wall. Passive solar heati~g system. The heated air
~s transferred via natural convection to the ~eiling space be~een
! 1 !
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105.
the f1001:"5, ta heat thousands of plastic bottles full of wate~ •
.. The collcctor's caver plates a~ ~transparent layers of
p ,
~crylic sheets or Rohaglas set in wood fraQes; lhe incident
radiation transmits through the cover and warms the absorber plate
and as in Côte Nord, the wire rnesh. The heated air moves upward
and enters in the storage space to heat 1600 bottle. of water.
The capacity of each bottle 4.5 litres. The warmed air from the
bottles reaches the rooms by opening dampers.
4. Auxiliary heating 1
t-lood stoves provide auxiliary heat when needed. The stove in use
especially designed by "Woodheat" ,Vermont, a double-burning wood stove •
. ' 5. katerials and construction
Pre~sure tteated wood foundations in combination with fiberglass
insulative drainage layer.
AlI lumber used - rough,cut:
'"'1 fo~ wall framing ID x 'lem . , f - bracings t'o x "tçm
- vertical siding
CI, ,
The used insulatiôn 7.5 fiberg'lass sheet.
Roof cons truc tian: J ackpine beams \2..5 X 12..'5 <:tri "
\ ~ Pl!ywood floors and aspenite roof sheeting 1 tl11 - ~
The toilet ins talled - CLIVUS MULTRUH
'-/ .Pr.oject director
Research Associate 1 ~ ,
<Salar Consultant
. .
Brian McCloskey
Blair Hal:nilton ,
Brace Research Institute
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Hou~e (Solar II)
Ayer's Cliff, Québec ,
1. data
The House is at latitude 4SoN, east of
Montréal, on the hilly s opes of the mountainous ground. ~
2. Architectural desi
The design concept
is mainly occupied
portion of it is prese
ia perfectly incorpora ~~
east. The heating eff:
the considerable gain
impact on the heat Da' a
the kitchen makes use 0
of t~e steep solar co
very practical. The south wall
d solar collecter, but a small
a windo~of the living ro~m that
the greenhouse faeing south and,
the solar 'collector combined with
will have an important
The loft located over 1
e additional space available because
tilt (600~ expands the useful neated
are~ and uses the exce s eat usually available at the top of a
ro~m, due to th~flatur convection of the warmed air. The
planning ef the house the conserving features of
the built volume. trant:;e ls s ccessfully protected .from 1
the north by a smal1 s (because of 'the freezer storage).
no windows', 0 ide (except the smal~ 51it window
the d~ning).
example of
The 1: use h~S Cr tain qualities ~qUa1ifYing it as: a
e~ergy onserving design. In addition to the oversll
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108.
qualitiès of the house, the effect of the greenho se on the ~ivin8 1
1 spa~e should be noted. The "free heat" in the sp ing can be used
to boast the plant growing.
3. Solar heating system d
The system i~ active. The solar collector"is
south. The cover plate-double glazi~s the absorber
sheet. The heated air is blown directly to the e or stored
the storage medium. The st orage medium is rock in a container
heavily -irisulated' against heat lasses. The system i effective. -.
4.,The auxiliary heating
A wood stove supplies heat when consecutive cloudy
heat source. The chinmey of the, wood stove passes
rock storage, whlch is vertical and the lost heat fro
10gs is gained again and stored in the rocks.
5. Materials and construction
l' 1
~olar
The footings are of pour.:; concrete and foundat;~on
blacks; the volds are filled.with concrete as weIl.
concrete
The wa11s and r09f are of traditiona1 wood structure.
1 Architect: - r! J. HodkinsJn
Engineer: R.N. Dunton
Consul tan t : J. Nicholson
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Gail .t<rause Heuse -,'
~ Ayer' s Cliff. Ouébec
1 b
450N, 1976 "
t. 'Heated floor area: 125 Ml
Collecter, type: air
area: 36 H2
tilt: 90°
Storage, type: rock
t voluoe: 25 M3
Auxiliary heating: electric baseboard units
ccent heating: 40-50%
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110.
Gail I<rause House (Solar rU)
Ayer's Cliff, Québec
1. Site and climatologic~l data
The housl i5 in Eeastern Townships
The ground is mountainous.
east of Hontréal at 4SoN latitude.
\
2. Architectural design and energy conserva tions measures
The house iS contained in a cube. From the energy conserving point
of view a house contained in a cube would have the least surface
expoaed to the outdoors (except the'sphere) and hence the smallest
amount of heat loss. From this point on, the design is a success.
The continuous interior which evolves on sCeps of a half floor height,
creates a cosy atmosphere. The only objection to be monitored dudng
the trial period is the existing possibility of considerable
differences in the tempe ratures at the lowest and the highest part .-
of the house. The differen,ce is 7.20 r-!. The effect of the heat1ng 1
can be efficient if the heateâ air with a very slow veloc1ty',is supplied
at the lowest part of the house, when it will t'ise by gravit y convection. \ \" ,
The zoning ~ the day and nigitt activities has naturally dèVeloped.
at this step by step unfolding, into consecutive levels: from 0 to 4, 8
and 12 the studios, kitch~n, 'dining and living areas are. developed;
on 1evel 16 are the bect.rooms. The direct entran'ce should have' been 1
protected against draughts and eventual heat los ses by an entrance hall. '.,
• !
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3. Solar heating system
The system is active .. Heated air is blown mechanically. The
collector is a vertical wall double glazed. The absorber plate
is metal; the heated air 15 blown directly ta the room or stored
in a rock storage. The storage is located in the crawl from the
level of the foundations to thé first! step level, which makes
a height of approximately 2.30 M over a surface of approximately
3 m x 4 m. The'container of the rocks (sizes from 40 to 10 cm.)
is built of wood studs and plywood heavily insulated a~ainst
heat losses •. Immediately over the storage i5 the kitchen area.
The losses from the storage' to the inter10r of the house are possible
and welcomed during the winter.
4. The auxiliary heating
Electric. baseboard units.
5. Materials and construction l
Eight inch concrete block foundation wallon poured concrete foots
(two foot byone foot deep); bottom of the footl.4n1 'below t~e .... 1 1
finished grade. S l:udwalls, ship'lap p ine siding. Fla t roof, roof ~
joisF,s7.Sx ISem .·f roofing 6 ply tar'and felt roof membrane with'
a 15 cm polyS'tyrene foam insulation.
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\ Narth House L
Ayer's Cliff, Québec
450~1, 1976
Heated flaar area: 62 l'i2
Collector, type: air
area:
tilt:
"Storage, type:. rock
volume:
Auxiliary heating: wood stove
Percent heating: 40-50% •
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113. "
~~rth House (Solar V)
Ayer's Cliff, Ouébec
.1. Site and climatolor,ica1 data ~ r'
Located Eastern Tot.JTlships, Ayer's Cliff, Ouébec, a small house
at latitude 4SoN.
2. Architectural design and energy conservation measures
~ma11 one bed room house. If the loft: under the roof is tQ be
( . counted) the number of bedroom ris es to two. An economica1
compact solution. >-... In the almost square plan aIl the compone'nts.
are l'laced in simple interrelations. The kitchen is diréct1y
acceessible from the outside. The other entrance is located ,
on the west side. The sin~le door .and the lack of e~France hall Ir
cou1d resu1t on heav:y heat losses ~uring the co1d winter' days.
The existing open porch of the main entrance will not contribute
for energy .savin~s. The windows' on' the nohh wall can be '\
avoided. Especial1y'those that belong to the living r~om~ because
the' west orientated windows are of enough size to provide the needed
daylight and useful insulation.
3. Solar heating system
The system is aCf;::~/r, The' heated air is blown to warm the living
space. The floor area is 62 M2• The collector is double glazed t!lted
at .600 • The absorber plate is corrugated rnetal painted black. 1
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The storage medium is rock. The system is simple and effective. The
Air f10'W through the rock bin 15 re1atively show and the stone does
not have ta be washed, because the velocity of the air la.cks the
strength to dislodge and carry dust particles. The rock container ,7
is insulated: R-30 on exterior walls and R-20 on interior walls -- ':} ,
enough to effectively contain the heat within the storage medium • .. The storage is contained into the house floor area and eventual
losses toward the interior of the hou se wouid be beneficial fo'r the
house' heat balance.
4. The au~i1ia~ heating 1....
Th~ ba-ck up heating is supplied b~ a 'Wood stave. The existence of
the vertical rock storage enables the gain of additional bea~ for ..
storing: sorne of the heat normally lost "up the chimney" is b,
recovered and put into storage. This is achieved through utilization
off!himney hea t exchangers. The pipe passing through the store has ?
fins to increase the ex change surface.
5. Naterials and construction
Foundation walls are of concrete bloc~s on poured concrete footings •
. Insulated stud walls and roof. On exterior: waHs a.re finished with '
~ ~
board and batton siding, roof - prePël:inted metai roofing. 1
Architect: J. Hodkinson
Consul tan t, re sea rch
and Developmènt: J. Nickolson Direct En'ergy Associates
~
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j :-1. Kif t CO'Jn t r<' House
- ~.
Ayer's Cliff, Ouébec " c-
Heated floor area:
Collectar, type: air
area:
l' ' tilt:
Storage, type: rock
volume
Auxilia ry heatin3: wood stove
Percent heatillg: 40-50%
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116.
llarion l(ift Country House (So1ar VII),
Ayer's Cliff~ Québec
1. Site and climatologica1 data
The house is located Eastern Townships, east of Nontréal at latitude
\ 2. Architectural design and energy conservation measures
The house i5 5ited on Bunker Hill and its purpose is to serve as
a weekend cottage. The heated area is on t4e second f100r and
the house i5 5mall - 24 N~. It is just a conmon place for' aIl
sort of ac~ivities. Ir'
Th{ ground f10ar area isJl,to serve as a garage. ,'"
3. Solar heating system
This 15 the only house from the Ayer's Cliff group, where the solar
heating system is passive. The solar collector' has a single glazed
cover plate air gab and expanded metal absorber plate painted black.
The in~ulation i5 fiberglass. The storage i5 protruded into the \
living rea and i8 located immediate~y behind the solar collector.
The heat d air froQ the co1lector can be delivered directly'into
the robm or can be store'cl 1 in the rock bine and used when sun doesn' t . ~
'shine: the'J1uudy per10ds and dur1ng the night. 'The conception
1s origina znd /ery ~imPle, which makes Hs popularity. Unfo~tunat1ey t~ere 1s no erforming data cQl1ected yet. !!onil:oring is cun-ently
taking/plac and data will bé rel~ased shortly.
7",'7* .7 .",,' ,
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117.
4. The auxiliary heating
Hood stove.
5. Ha t erial 5 8tid cons t ruc t ion
Concrete post and pad foundations. ,1
Walls are traditional stud composition) fiberglass insulation,
, polyethilene v8por banier and board and batten siding.
,"Uj
Roof - prepainted metal rocfing on S x 15 furring with insulaticn,
lower barrier, gypsum board and 7.5' x 15 rafters. '-m
Architect: J. Hodkinson
Research and
Development: J. Nicko}son Direc t Energy Associa'tes
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(/ Sicotte House
Ldrraine. 0uébec
.45°30 ' ~, 1977
Heatea floor a'rea:
Collector, type:
area:
tilt:
Stora?-e, type
volume:
Auxiliary heat:ing:
. Percentj.," heating-:
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150 H2
air
28 ~12
580 •
rock and pa ra ff in wax
15 tons rock 400 kg wax
e1ectric heating element. in ducting plus wood stove
70%
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1 AIR HfATER COLt:.fCTOR 2. 5TDRAG~ 3. I3LOWER 4. AUXILIARY H~TING 5. WARM AIR DISTRIBUTION 6. AIR RETU RN
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SIC:OTTE HOUSE 0 SOLAR Hff'\TING SYSTEM· SCHEME~
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119.
Sicotte House
Lorraine, Ouébec
1. Site and climatologica1 data
The bouse is located in Lorraine. ,near Hontréal, Ouébec. The
latitude is 45°30' N;
3. Solar heatin~'system
The operating of the system is active, the heated air is blown
mechanically. There are two main loops of heat circulation:
- the~irst is collector-storage loop; the heated air
from the collector is directed into the storage, for
future needs.
- the second loop is storage-heated rooms. During t~ nights and
the cloudy days.
Parallel to these two main types df air circulation a third type serving
the direct needs"is mast frequ~ntly in use, when the warm air from the
collector i5 directly supplied to the interior of the house ~r space
heating'l 1
The collector is an air type flat-plate solar collector. Two sealed
tempered glass·sheets are the caver plate. The outer glass 15 much
clearer tha~he innef and its surface is coarse to diminish the
rëflectivity.
with seléctive ~
The absorber plate ,made of co~per i~1painted black
surfacé paint. The air blown by an air circulating
an passes at the back of the absorber plate. The total collector
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120.
area is 28 112• It 15 placed above the groune; floor level on the
roof. at an angle of 58°. The solar collectors are examined to
" resist big thermal constraints: diurnal te::\Deratures r..ay reach mori!
1han 120°C and during the cold winter ni~hts the low2st temperatures are
well below the freezing point.
There ls a veranda in front of the ground Hoor livi,J:)g area at the
south or!entation of the- building. The roof of the veranda i5 covered
with aluminum relfective surfac~ measurin~ 2.3 :M x 9.5 N. The reflected
solar radiation increases the solar input on the collector and improves
the efficiency of tne total system.
The storaQ,e medium is a mixture of rock and paraffin wax. This mixture
actually is in perf~ct layers of small round washed stones and,
paraffin wax contained in plastic bags. These layers are p1accd into
the storage area in the basement of the ho~se: 15 tons of rock and
400 kg or 'Paraf fin wax. The st<orage volume ls 1. 8 l-f by 18 M by
2.4 M hip.;h. The storage is insula:ted on the inside with 5 cm polystyrene.
I~~ thermal capacity 15 175000 k cal at 65°C.
An, ;tr heat,in~ e1,entent p1acéd into the storage system supplies extra
he~ when the heat i5 ~ot enough to reach the desired room temperaéure. , 0
The heated air 15 distributed to'the house by means of a standard
forced air blower system throup-p the air ducts.
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121.
4. Th! auxiliary heating
Electric heating element located in ducting system to the rooms;
additional heat is obtained bl' a Not'Wol'ian wood stove whose
chemney heats the storage as weIL. '<11:..
6. Cost
The cost of the solar system is calculated - about $6500. The cast
of the solar panel i5 estimated about $15 f,or a square foot ($140
for a M2)
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2. 5TORAGE 3 Hl:AT t;<CMN~E.R t E>LOW!:R 5 AU')(ILiAR.'( HEAlïN(;, 6 AIR. DISTRIBUtiON 7 AIR RETURN
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123.
Ives House
Hudson, ,Québec
1. Site and c1imatolotica1 data
'{he ,house is 10cated 42 km west of Nontréal, Québec. Latitu/de 44°30' •
•
2. ArchitectHral design and climatologica1 data , This is a two starey five bedroam hause. the insulation of the • !lause i9 of grea t qüa1i ty, and above the 1evel of .tn~ standard
houses. The house is one of the buildings initiated by t~e Division
of Building Research, of National REsearch Caunci1 of Canada and
has to, be completed March 1977. The salar heating system is to
meet 70 per cent of the "heat!tg needs of ,the house.
3. Solar heating system
cIt ls an active system, of water cIrculation type. ' . . .
Twelve 'fIat plate solar collee tors are in use. They are located
-('" 1 on the soutfl> facing roof, and the angle of thtir tilt f;:tm the é
;horizontal ls 500 • G The panels are light; for ~over t~~have~double
glass plates. ~ transfer medium - watet, ci;:uî;tes-itLSti~ rubber tubes.
1 The excess heat not in use during the qay 15 stored ln water cantained
in tw~ fiherglas9 tanks.,
located in the basement.
Their vdl~ume ls '76,QO ,litres. ~ ,
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,From the storage the heat is transferred to the house through
conventional forced air system. One water-air heat exchanger
located in the air return duct warms up the air, which i9
delivered to the rooms for heating the space.
4. The auxiliary heating
Thirty per cent of the total heat load for the winter heating of
the house will be cart,'ied by two electric furnaces and two hîgh ,
efficiency wood burning fireplaces. ri \ , "
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CmjCLUSIO:~
1 Thirty per cent 'Of Canada' s total ener~y consumption is for hom~
heating. An increased solar use for this purpose will siRnificantly
conserve fossil fuel for other than space heating needs. The
advaqta~es,of' solar energy in environmental social and political sense
are p'reat, but despite these advantages the solar energy application in,
Canada is still gtaatly ignored. The first steps are already ~
"-and there is still a ~ot ta be done~ the future is promising. The
financial support by the government now is better than yesterday, but
for canada~ the solar ~eating is still an 'innovation. 'ln arder ta be
spread rapidly it must be economically competitive, socially acceptaole ..J
and legally permissible. The new tec~nology must be reasonably piiced,
convenient, desiraJll,e, easy ta maintain, of -acceptable quality, size and 1
noise levels, aesthetically pleasing and effective.
Ta increase the prop,~s~ of the solar e~ergy advancement/ce~tain measures
should be ~aken:
the field of re~earcn- and development of solar energy in 1
bath research institutions and universities to be enlarged. \
-increased investmènts i~ commercia~ applications to be made and
manufacturing of innovations to be supported by government.
a need of gu~ranteed government market to encour~ge production
of solar home heating components' in Canada.
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126.
, - mortgages for solar home \investments to n with special
privile~es. \ v
- comPl::. prefabricated dWe~lin" units would ma the building , 1
process faster and would d\ffuse sorne disbelieJes about the ,
capacility of the..,solar system.
, - demonstratlon houses ta be b~ilt as a show of the solar heatlng
sy~tems' capability. i,
- the collecting of basic meteo:~OgiCal and climatologieal data
to be improved.
, . - new building codes and regulations concerned with solar heated
houses ta be adopted.
People should become aware of the, need to conserve energy; the archil.tect-
designer tao. The small study shows when and how it can be achieved • .-Lorriman house 15 a good 'example and the inhaMtants greaèly aplpreciate
t
the qualities of a home designed witn care for energy conservation.
Sunlight,in every room 15 a rule strictly ta be followed. The
orientatiôn of the building toward the most favorable exp,,~u,re to the
sun ls of great importance (Sicotte House, Provident House, Lorriman House). , '1: '
Although the south 15 preserved mainly for the collector st~ll ~h~rej
are differ~~t mesns to glve a portion of it for sorne of the' h~b1table
rooms as weIl (Waswanipi). Although such sea~ch of orientation has not
been important in modern'urban planning. it should beoome imp~tant with
a view to ,cQ.nservin~ 'energy. To protect the ~sun exposed areas when ,;\
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the extend of radiation is undesir to keep inside the datiy
gained hent which could eas! escape Ül the ~li'ght cold, is another
~uestion. It has to fi its prope r s'olution by the ûesiRner. The
house,in C3~anoque is a proper answer to this:'problem; And the
curtains in front of the wall-'collectors in a11 Indian houses ;ln ,
/ Québec are to keep the heat inside. The total design conception should l
cdntribute to the energy conservation goal. Lesser exposed buil~ing
-;~ skin would mean lesser heat 1055 and diminished capital investme~ts
The design~r should make the homeowner ta fill , <.
•
for beating systems.
the building between him and th~ sun, the building should answer his
needs for more or less sun. ,This is the trend in the ahalized Canadian .r
houses and it should be followed and 1mrroved in every occasion.
, \
There 15 sun in Ca~ada. lts ava~lability ls measured.and proved. the
greater differences between the âesir~d interior < /
temperaturë and the '1 '"
ambient, exterior temperatu~~~. the sport winter days, the winq and 1 l ,
its velocity, are unfavorable factors of considerable importance. The
pr~ctice, however little,
\now as well and it heips
shows th~Yi are surmo\lntable. And there ls i
considerably; especially when the collector
15 vertical. At the present tecnnélogical levels, the right answer 15 /
/ ,
~o~ 'to count on a hundr:d p<\e-{ cent solar heating b~cause December and
January heat demand,~teI than the solar energy supply, there
still are October -November and February-Narch periods where the neid
can be perfectly met from the ava11able solar ener~y •
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128.
There is not enoup.h experimental knowledge on the Canadian houses
for a precise assessment on the advantages of one solar system to
another. The comparative table shows a preference to air type systems,
and it seems to have certain advantages for Canadian conditions. But ...
to reject the water-type on this basis would be erraneous. When next
cornes the question of passive and active solar systems, l would say it û
on1y disguise the previous dilemma. Because although there are some
experiments on a passLve,water wall, wh~n speaking for a passive system ,
we think air. Hence tpe answer to the first more general qùestion
would create the second and easi~r proçlem to be solved. The truth
is t~at'no'single solar system is satisfactory for aIl tasks. '
"The design,and size of a solar system must. therefore, be matched
to the task. lt sh9U1d not only meet technical requirements, but
should a1so invo,lve - and resolve satisfactory - the impact on
construction ~r ~
economic&.. systems amortization anç!, buil~ing aes'thetics. "is • 1
The tilt of the solar collector/is of certain imp~rtance for Canadian solar
heating system, because the amount of collected solar energy depends
on' the optimum slope of the f~at plate collector. Because of the solar
alt'itude different for summér and ~inter, there i5 no one universal 'type 1
of tilt. If the interest is on the wiinteroptimalizaÙon the chosen
an~le'should comply with the winter altitude of the sun, in order to get
the !nost insolation. For a seasonal heating as is the case of the
'Provident House the right angle should be doser to' the summer optimum. o \
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The table shows a wide range of collector 1 s tilt. ,Al tlhough the e " 1
!. close dependence betwee~ tilt and la titude, the comparison j1S a fi
shows that houses with almost the sar.\e latitude have chosen
different collector tilts.
H9use Latitude Tilt Resultant
'" .Pepper House 43 58 L + 15
i Lorriman House - 44 60 L + 16 1
-; '15 •
1 •
Gananoque Rouse 44 ' L 1+ 31 . Provident 1I0use 44 52.5 L + 8.5 ,
Lamy lIouse 45 60 L + 15
Krause House • 45 90 L + 45
Harth House 45 60 L -t 15
M. Kift lIouse 45 90 L + 45
Ives Rouse 45 50 L t 5 "-
Sicot'te House 45.5 58 L + 12.5
The prevailing tiLt, showitig the trend-, is confined between ;J" 600 which expressed in respect of la~itude means, lat~tude Jlus
there are tuo houses wlth veftical solar waHs and someQ except,,10ns
-' that" deviate from the rule. The Gané1noque house where t~e tilt:, 18 750 ,
". the IVies house 500 and the Prévident house 52.50 •
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~xplicable exceptio~:Ji. the hent 15 :collected mainly .i
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in summer. The
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actual need shows two different val~es for the tilt one for summer
and one for winter and the differ~nce sometirnes i5 more than 30-400 •
1 -A tracking surface wOfldlP-ive the maximum solar radiation for ~iven
place and time. But jconstructi~n difficulties and costs are serious
obstacles. The surfJce of the collector can~e w~de stationary at the 1 0
optimum angle from the horizontal for the preferred season. For Canada
1 the optimization sho'uld be made for ~inter collecting unless a
seasonal stora~e is provided. A fïxed t\lt still will allow the
collecting of the a l solar radiation available. For higher l~titudes • 1
the vertical wall b cornes the closest o.ptimum ta pr~vail and more o '
near to the vertica wall better chances to increase the effectiveness
of the sol::tr collect r maintaining a highly reflective artificial
surface in front of the slope •
If there is depéndency between the heated area of a building and the
surface of the collector exposed to the solar radiation it can be , ,
pr~ved w1th the Prov1dent House. The biggest house is served. by the
largest cCll.llector: heated area 205 M2
collector ar~a 79 M2
and it ia incompatible with Gananoque House:
" ' '" heated f100r area 205 ML. ',.
collector area 23 M2 "
where again the largest floor area 15 now, served by smallest collector.
If the dependency ,in the first case is acc1de~tal i\ the secqnd, 'Gananoqu~
sample, it is a regularity. The heat demand fs les sen becaus~ the house ,,'
conserve energy and' becaus~ 20' per cent of the hèat supply ,
uth orientated windows.
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131.
To,give priority of certain type of 5torage system over another one
beionRS to the mechanical engineer. As far as architectural
advantages are conc~r~the preference would be given tOI the storage ,
system demandinR less space and greater capaèity. l'
, As it was mentioned above noy it is given the chance ,with few \,fords
to discuss a major prob~em eneountered in solar energy system design:-,
the separation of arcJ~itectural and engineering function'. There are
. plenty o~ ~nsol ved architec'turJl problems, c~nCerning matn1y the
1
conserver method of desiRn and the adaptation oJ new architectural,
schemes consistent with the solar energy systems involved. The
l guidellnes'far an architect would be to folloy the conceptual design
c develop~nt in the, planning of the building and to integrate the
"
enr,i~eering funetion in it by the mast organie way. Solar ene~gy f,I • •
system design is an engi~eering process, but as long as the system
15 associated with a building it ~s 'aiso an architectural concern.
The best results \o/i11 be a'chieved only by close cOllaborfion. This
!.iS a ~eces~1t~' of immense importan~e for tbe future 0raur cities with
, '" thousands of acres of glazed solar colle ct ors orientated toward the \
eternal source of life the inexhaustible sun:
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Collector :l "0 Stora~e Percent BOUSES ...
CIl '" Auxili~ry Heating ~ ~ g ~ Type Area Tilt Location Type Volume Location Solar ~ ~:;:'~ , M2 Heating
:-
,0
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Hoffman 149- 130 W 43 580 R water· 3025 1 basm 40% electric baseboard heaters,
" Lorriman · 144 125 W - ~4 éOo R water .22700 l basm o 60% electric heaters in . - i- ducts ~
Gananoque 44 205, \l 22 750 R • wax 2000 kg . roof 40% central f1replace -" 'l
r
Provident · 44 205 W 67 52.50 R water 264600 l basm 100% none , ...
" Pepper 43 200 W 75 580 yard vater 13700 l ' basm 55% forced air ;'~
trick1e oil furnace ~., Cote Nord · 46.5 94 A 45 900 Wl rock 37 M;3 basm . 40% e1ectric baseboard "r';
0
heaters 0'" . ~{ Pointe Bleue · 46.5 109 A 40 ·900 WI concrete l.U M.J wall 25% oil space heater
wall " $~ , r; Mistassini · 50 p2 A 39' 900 , WI water in 7910 1 wall 50% wood burning stoves .. barrel --,- .
r~!;r.. .. Waswanipi 49.5 186 . -A 35 900 Wl water in 7200 1 s,,!\b 40% wood burning stoves ':/' · -,
bottle Lamy · 45 54 A 25 600 R rock 15 ML basm 40-50% wood stove
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Br.n. Gail Krause · ~5 125 A 36 900 Wl rock 25 MJ basm 40-50% 'electric baseboard
heaters 0
Harth · 45 62 A , 32 60° R rock 24 M,j basm -liu-~O:r .wood stove . gr.fl • M. Kift · 45 24 A 9.5 90° Wl rock 5.5 MJ basm, 40-50% wood stove
:{
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Ilr.fl. S~ 45.5 150 A 28 580 ~ rock 15 tons basm
/ 70% electric heaters in
wax 0 400 k!l. ducts Ives . 45 W,. 37 500 R water ~. 7600 1 basm 70% high effective wood
~ 2 tanks 1 , burnin~ stoves
! W - water
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R.- roof '.
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A LIST OF CO!1PANIES SUPPLYlNG SOLAR HEATIXG EqurnlENT AND DESIGN SERVICES
~ BRITISH-COLUHBIA
)
Hoflar 5511 - 128 Street Surrey, B.C. V3W 4BS Ç\ tel.: (604) 596-2665
"
~œnufactu!es and markets solar collector panels, dif,erential ,
thermostats, contro~ systems for solar ~nd auxiliary heating.
Solar Application and Reseàrch Ltd. 1729 Trafalgar Street Vancouver, B.~. V6K 3R9 tel.: (b04) 738-7974
Design and consulting services for solar1water and space heating 1
1 systems: They will 'repôrt on the applicabi1ity of solar energy
to'existing buildings, and proviae f~ll solar building design
• services. They offer a solar bibli9graphy,with commentary and
where to obta!n publications for $3.00.
Phlllips Bârl'ot Engineers)an~Architects 2236 W. 12th Avenue Vancouver, B. C.'
tel~: (604) 736-5421
Design of s~~ar 'heating systems. i " ,
MANITOBA
The Solar Energy Society pf Canada, Ioc. P.O. no~ 1353 Winnipeg, Manitoba RlC 2Z1 tel.: (204) 88~3280
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O~TARIO
Solartech Ltd. 6 Cres Road Toront9, Ontario
tel. : 1
(416) 964-0033
SerIs wind generat~rs, solar water heating equipment, ~ - 6
compostera, eompoBt;t~ilets, efficiency ·woodstoves, etc.
Envirogetics Ltd. 207 Queen's Quay West 6th Floor Toronto, Ontario M5J lA7 tel.: (416) 861-1270
l
'v' Manufacture and market, Buntrap solar collectàrs. Artic
134.
sunbath solar heat concentrator. 'Air to Air 'dame'sUc heat Il exchanger.
" Provide design services for solar heated buildings.
Prof. R.K. S~artman
Faculty of Engineering Science University of tlestern Ontario London, Ontario N6A 3K7
Design, research and development of s~lar heating and cooling ,,) systéms.
Solco Energy Systems 61 to/aterford Drive SuitE! 606 Weston, Ontario l-19R 2N7 tel. ~ (416) 247~~llO
Manufacture and market Flat p~ate collectors.
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Calcula te solar
radiation input op any surface at any s16pe and any orientatio~
at any locat~on in Canada.
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Solatherm Engineerinz Inc. P. O. Box 23" t~eston, Ontario M9~ lXO tel.: (416) 245-2533
Solar energy equipment suppliers.
• Sundance Solar Systems R.R. /i2 Stel~a, Ontario
te-l.: (613) 389-6915
Jpseph Lucas Canada Ltd. 280 Yorkland Doutevard lVi,llowda1e, Ontario
tel.: (416) 491-3520 1
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Photovoltaic cells for '~rth applications.
'i. for phdtovoltaic sy~tems.
"II
\ Hollick ~olar Systems J .C. Hoflick 59 Greenbrook Drive Toronto~ Ontario . M6M 2J8 tel.: (416) 654-3443
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Design service$
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Markets backyard solar furnaces in C~da. Su1table for in~a~l'tion in existing homes.
Solc:an Ltg,. 126 Wychwood Park London, Ontario
~ M6G IR7
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, D~ing s01ar pool heaters, water heaters, and heat1ng systems.
Products will become avai1able in 1977. Des~gn services offered
now, for 501a1;' heating and cooling systems; l'
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" Raymond Moriyama Architects and rainners 32 Uavenport Toronto, Orttario _
tel.: (416) 925-4484
Architectural and planning services.
Conserver Society Products (Co-op Ltd.)
lJ6.
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Solar heating systems, wind systems, wood bumers, compost toilets e~
QUE BEC
Nick Nicholson Box 344 Ayer's Cliff, Québec
tel.: (819) 838-4871
Design solar components, and homes as weIl as offering construction
selWices.
NEW BRUNSWICK
New Brunswick Design Workshop Douglas Grass 48 Bonaccord Street Moncton, N.B.
tel.: (506) 855-1990
A.D.I. Ltd. 115 Regent Street Box 44 Fredericton, N.B.
,
Complete building architettural and engineering services,
environmental engineering services.
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Prof. V. Ireton (resource person) University of lvetv Brunswick Fredericton, 'N.B.
tel.: (506) 453-4SÙ
NOVA SCOTIA
Bill Zimmerman Hill Village Box 90 Queens County, N.S.
He is an Engineer who consults on aIl aspects of renewable
energy systems.
137.
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BIBLlDGRAPHY fu'lD REFERENCES
$
1. ADSETT, E., A •• W. GUNN, V. ~[. lRETO~. Salar Heating and Cooling
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1 •
23. KIANG, P.C~C. J ~ating of Domestic Water by Solar Ener.'for
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24. KNELMAN, F.H., Nuclear Energy, Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton, 1976.
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1 •
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· 27. LAt~AND, T .A. ~ B. SAULNER, Solar Buildings in Canada, Brace
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41. SHURCLIFF, H.A ...... Solar Heated Buildings, A Brief Suçvey,
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,.Lb ,.~ .~_ ;. , ·d p .... ___ " .~ ___ • t.. . -, !tf!,}.,.AA;4Jf;.
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