solar energy terri fiez head & professor, school of eecs co-founder azuray technologies
TRANSCRIPT
Solar Energy
Terri FiezHead & Professor, School of EECSCo-founder Azuray Technologies
What Has Changed????
Unprecedented GrowthUnprecedented Growth in Populationin Population
&& UrbanizationUrbanization
Tipping Point: The China Miracle
U.S. Supplies 50% of its Energy with Coal
China Supplies 80% of its Energy with Coal
Are We Doomed?
Clean Tech is Cool
Why Solar? It’s Free!!
• On a bright, sunny day, the sun shines approximately 1,000 watts of energy per square meter of the planet's surface, and if we could collect all of that energy we could easily power our homes and offices for free.
How Does Solar Work?
• Energy in the form of photons causes charges to be excited in a semiconductor – electrical current flows
Mono-Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells(15-22% Efficient)
Cross Section of Solar Cell Completed Solar Cell
Other Solar Technologies
Polycrystalline Silicon
Flexible Thin Film
Thin Film
Solar Installations
Balance of System
• Everything but the Solar Panel– Wiring– DC-AC Converter– Combiner boxes– Racking & mounting– Etc.
Solar Energy Conversion to Grid
Today’s System Future System
DC
Inverter
AC
Grid or User
AC
Grid or User
Micro-inverter
Is Solar PV Too Expensive?
What about government subsidies?Energy Tax Credits as much as 50% of
system…
Solar from 1973 to TodayManufacturing from 1MW100MW
18
$300/kg$30/kg3 inches in diameter
Now 8” Sawn one at a timeNow < $0.25/W Thinner wafers: 15 mil → 10 mil
0.5 watts each3W
$100/watt$1-$5/watt
$200/watt $7/watt
Wafered Silicon Process
Polysilicon Wafer Solar Cell Solar Module SystemsIngot
Source Modified from: Dick Swansen, SunPower
Solar Panel Cost Drops by 19% withEach Doubling in Manufacturing Capacity
1
10
100
1 10 100 1000 10000Cumulative Production (MW)
Module Price
(2002$)
1979$32/W
2002$3.10/W
Silicon Shortage
81% Progress Ratio
Solar reducing from $0.18/kWhr to $0.09 /kWhr by 2012
World’s Energy Supplied by Solar: 0.06% in 2008 -- Projected 9% in 2030
Solar Cell/Module Production
20Source: Good Energies
Cost & Benefit of Solar
Palm Springs, CA Portland, OR Redding, CA Newark, NJ Flagstaff, AZ Scottsdale, AZ
572 252 449 281 528 553
0.14 0.07 0.14 0.1726 0.0999 0.0999
kWhr/Yr Avg $/kWhr
22
Historical PV LandscapeEra Main Players Characteristics
1975-1985 Small Start-ups–Solar Technology
International → ARCO–Solar Power Corp. → Exxon–Solarex → BP–Tyco → Mobile
•Rapid Growth
•Development of
technology
paradigm
1985-1995 Oil Companies–ARCO–Exxon–BP–Mobile–Shell
•Moderate growth
•Search for market
•Massive losses
•Few start-ups
Source : Dick Swansen, SunPower
23
Historical PV Landscape
Era Main Players Characteristics
1995 – 2005 Japanese Companies–Sharp–Sanyo–Kyocera
•Emergence of
residential roof market•Improved manufacturing
2000 - Entrepreneurial Co’s–Q-Cells (Germany)–Scanwafer (Norway)–Solar World (Germany)–Evergreen (US)–SunPower (US)–Suntech (China)–MiaSole (US)–Nanosolar (US)
•Explosive growth•Profitability•Technology evolution
Source : Dick Swansen, SunPower
Recent Industry Milestones
1999: 1 GW accumulated module production
2001: More square inches of silicon used than in entire microelectronics industry
2004: 1 GW production during year2006: More tons of silicon used than in
microelectronics
24Source: Dick Swansen, SunPower
Solar PV Early in Growth Cycle
25Source: Good Energies
Large Solar Installations
26
Bavaria SolarPark, Germany (10MW)
Wind and Solar Production
Source: Hal LaFlash, PG&E
Oregon Reinvents Itself…
Forestry
Silicon Forest
Solar Forest