solanacea crop (chillie and tomato)

Topic : Solanacea crops (Chilie and tomato)Topic : Solanacea crops (Chilie and tomato)

OLERICULTUREOLERICULTURE

Crop name : chilliCrop name : chilli

IntroductionIntroduction

Chilli is one of the popular vegetables among Chilli is one of the popular vegetables among the peoples in Malaysia. It is originated from the peoples in Malaysia. It is originated from Mexico and South of America, but now Mexico and South of America, but now cultivated over tropical climate state. Chilli cultivated over tropical climate state. Chilli also known as pepper or chilli, majority chilli also known as pepper or chilli, majority chilli plant is cultivated at lowland.plant is cultivated at lowland.

In Peninsula Malaysia, main manufacturer of In Peninsula Malaysia, main manufacturer of chilli areas is in Perak, Johor and Kelantan chilli areas is in Perak, Johor and Kelantan

Proposed cultivar

1. MARDI MC11: spicyHigh yield (17-24 mt/ha)Take out yield 10 week after cultivatedCan pick yield about 30 times for one

season and fruiting continuouslyTolerant for Anthracnose disease (7%

infection) and Choenophora shoot blight disease

2. MARDI MC12Medium hot , has the simultaneous ripe

property and mature earlyHigh yield 15-25 mt/haYield take out about 7 week after

cultivated and very productive, matured early, disease resistant and interval to harvest 5 to 6 day once.

Soil Suitability / Weather Suitable to cultivated in low plain,

temperature between 22-40 °C medium rain amount between 1500 - 2000

mm / year The best temperatures is 28-29 °C Chilli is suitable in mostly soil type included

bris soil, peat soil and ex-mine soil Suitable pH : 5.5 – 6.8

Cultural practices

Seedling preparation Cultivation at the farm Fertilization Water management

Prepared seedling boxes 60 cm x 30 cm x 10 cm for 100 seed

Fill in seedling boxes with mixing soil medium (3:2:1). 3 portion of the topsoil, 1 portion of decay chicken dung and 1 portion of sand.

200 g/ha seed (if 50% of germination rate) Seed must be treated by herbicide poison eg.

3g thiram / 1000 g seed

Seedling preparation

Watering with fine water spray about 2 times each day

Seedling boxes must be protected from over sunshine exposure and over rain amount.

Transfer seedling to the farm 3 - 4 week after sowing.

Exposed seedling for sunlight as long as 3 – 4 day before transfer process ( to harden seedling)

Land PreparationLand Preparation

Plough the soil about 15 to 22 cm Plough the soil about 15 to 22 cm depth.depth.

Prepared the bed with 1.2 cm wide and Prepared the bed with 1.2 cm wide and 22 – 30 cm high. Length of the bed 22 – 30 cm high. Length of the bed according to the situation of the area.according to the situation of the area.

Distance of the bed is 45 cm.Distance of the bed is 45 cm. Mix as much as 25kg for 50 square Mix as much as 25kg for 50 square

meters area with the rotting chicken meters area with the rotting chicken dungdung

LIMINGLIMING

Liming - For the peat soil and full of acid, Liming - For the peat soil and full of acid, liming at the rate 2 tone/hectare per year.liming at the rate 2 tone/hectare per year.

For very low acid soil (pH 3.5-3.7) liming at For very low acid soil (pH 3.5-3.7) liming at the rate 10-25 tone/hectare per year.the rate 10-25 tone/hectare per year.

CULTIVATIONCULTIVATION

Seedling 4-7 week years old can change to the Seedling 4-7 week years old can change to the bed.bed.

Plants distance – 80cm x 80 or 90cm x 120cm Plants distance – 80cm x 80 or 90cm x 120cm for each row.for each row.

PROTECTINGPROTECTING MulchingMulching

- - Using the dry grass or paddy straw for the Using the dry grass or paddy straw for the mulching. mulching.

Weed controlWeed control - - Reduce / prevent weed – reduce competition source of Reduce / prevent weed – reduce competition source of

growth.growth. - prevent light reaching ground- prevent light reaching ground - black plastic- black plastic - Clean the bed from the weed with the soil, hoe or - Clean the bed from the weed with the soil, hoe or

plough for the plant in the vase, pull the weed to plough for the plant in the vase, pull the weed to protection.protection.

FERTILIZATIONFERTILIZATION

Fertilizer NPK green (15:15:15) or liquid Fertilizer NPK green (15:15:15) or liquid fertilizer (15:30:15) using for base fertilizer.fertilizer (15:30:15) using for base fertilizer.

Fertilizer for the fruits NPKmg blue Fertilizer for the fruits NPKmg blue (12:12:12:17:2:TE) or liquid fertilizer for adult (12:12:12:17:2:TE) or liquid fertilizer for adult tree.tree.

Total of fertilizer NPK and NPKmg which is using Total of fertilizer NPK and NPKmg which is using 1.8 – 2.5 tone/hectare and for the 4 timers fertilizer.1.8 – 2.5 tone/hectare and for the 4 timers fertilizer.

NPK amount of fertilizer and NPKMg which is used NPK amount of fertilizer and NPKMg which is used are 1.8 – 2.5 tan / ha and divided into 4 rotation are 1.8 – 2.5 tan / ha and divided into 4 rotation fertilization.fertilization.

Basic fertilize done once before or when crop Basic fertilize done once before or when crop converter followed up with 3 rotation top-fertilize. converter followed up with 3 rotation top-fertilize.

A total of 10 g fertilizer are being distributed around A total of 10 g fertilizer are being distributed around tree each 2 week. tree each 2 week.

WATER MANAGEMENTWATER MANAGEMENT

1.1.WateringWatering

- Using 2 times per day with ‘sprinkler’ system for - Using 2 times per day with ‘sprinkler’ system for early morning and the evening.early morning and the evening.

- Also can using manual way.- Also can using manual way. - Chili needs 3.5 liter water per day.- Chili needs 3.5 liter water per day.2.Distance around the bed need the drain with 2.Distance around the bed need the drain with

alternation about 75cm to exceed the water from alternation about 75cm to exceed the water from stagnant flood.stagnant flood.

3.Drainage is required if to face drainage problem3.Drainage is required if to face drainage problem

Pest managementPest management

Chilli DiseaseChilli Disease • Mosaic disease and leaf curly caused Mosaic disease and leaf curly caused

by virus (Tobacco leaf curl virus). by virus (Tobacco leaf curl virus). Effective way to reduce this disease Effective way to reduce this disease were having spraying trees with were having spraying trees with MalathionMalathion every month once to every month once to control insect.control insect.

• Sometimes wilt leaf caused by Sometimes wilt leaf caused by bacteria bacteria Pseudomonas Pseudomonas solanacearumsolanacearum. All tree have been . All tree have been infected must be extracted and burninfected must be extracted and burn

Leaf Spot

Bacterial wilt

Red Hamama

Leaf mosaic

Anthracnose

• Leaf spot which is known as cercospora Leaf spot which is known as cercospora leaf spot originate from fungus leaf spot originate from fungus Xanthomoas. Symptom: Leaf become hurt Xanthomoas. Symptom: Leaf become hurt and riddle and riddle

• Red hamamaRed hamama - - crinkled leaf, curly, leaf crinkled leaf, curly, leaf being small and tree stunt. Leaf will curve being small and tree stunt. Leaf will curve down. Leaf colour become silver and falldown. Leaf colour become silver and fall

• Anthracnose fruit - originate from fungus Anthracnose fruit - originate from fungus attack. spread quickly. Fallen and damaged attack. spread quickly. Fallen and damaged fruitfruit

INSECT AND DISEASE INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROLCONTROL

Disease Disease Control Control

Leaf spot Spray Benomyl (Fungicide)

Anthracnose fruit Spray mancozeb (Fungicide)

Leaf Flea Spray chlorphyrifos (Insecticide)

Red Hamama Spray dicofol or malathion

Bent leaf and mosaic leaf

(a) This disease spread out by leaf flea. Therefore, must control leaf flea.

(b) Dump and fire diseased tree

Bacterial wilt No effective chemical control. Dump and fire diseased tree

HARVERSTING HARVERSTING

• Harvesting can be make when the tree achieved Harvesting can be make when the tree achieved 12 to 16 week. Average yield 16-20 tan/ha12 to 16 week. Average yield 16-20 tan/ha

• Harvesting can be make each 3 or 4 day once.Harvesting can be make each 3 or 4 day once.

• harvesting can be made according to destination harvesting can be made according to destination marketing (for eating fresh or to processed as marketing (for eating fresh or to processed as product side)product side)

• Chilli can be harvesting after 60-75 day after Chilli can be harvesting after 60-75 day after planting. (depend on variety)planting. (depend on variety)

Item quantity cost ( RM )

Input material costi. Seedii. Fertilizer- Chicken dung- Lime - NPK 12:12:17:2i. Chemical poisonii. Silver shine plasticiii. Basketiv. Contingency

0.5 kg @ RM505 ton @ RM1202.5 ton @ RM10030 bag @ RM438% from total of material cost40 roll @ RM70160 pieces10% from total of material cost

25.00600.00250.001290.00488.402800.00480.00659.34

Total amount I 7252.74

Input cost energy per day (p.e)@ RM15.00i. Soil preparationii. Seedlingiii. Transplantiv. To assemble supporter and wirev. Wateringvi. Weed controllingvii. Fertilizationviii. Controlling pest and diseaseix. Harvesting

contract25 energy per day10 energy per day2 energy per day10 energy per day12 energy per day17 energy per day30 energy per day180 energy per day

400.00 75.00150.00 30.00150.00180.00255.00450.002700.00

Total amount II 4370.00

Fix costi. Soil taxii. Depreciation Watering equipmentiii. Other planting material

8 month @ RM 15/year8 month @ RM 1600/year

10.751066.75120.00

Total amount III 1196.67

Total production cost ( I+II+III ) 12839.41

Production Cost / hectare

Estimate farmer income and turn over price ( Example : Yield 15000kg / on price RM2.00 / kg )

ItemUse family

energy (RM)Use wage

energy (RM)

a.Gross incomeb.Production costc.Net incomed.Return for each investment ( RM )e.Break-even price ( production cost/kg)

30000.008849.4121150.593.400.59

30000.0012839.4117160.592.340.86

Crop name : TomatoCrop name : Tomato

IntroductionIntroduction fruit vegetable type fruit vegetable type Short life expectancyShort life expectancy Originate from America South – tropical Originate from America South – tropical

climateclimate In Malaysia - Cameron Highland, Johor.In Malaysia - Cameron Highland, Johor. Market– fresh and processedMarket– fresh and processed

Crop RequirementCrop Requirement

weatherweather Suitable to high land >1000mSuitable to high land >1000m Temperature 18Temperature 1800 – 32 – 3200cc Rain at 460mmRain at 460mm

soilsoil Suitable for various type of soil ( sands mixture, Suitable for various type of soil ( sands mixture,

BRIS, peat )BRIS, peat ) Good drainageGood drainage pH 5.5 – 8.0pH 5.5 – 8.0

Plant Plant attributeattribute

CultivarCultivar

L 24L 24 MT 1MT 1 MT 11MT 11 Serdang 2Serdang 2 King Kong ( F1)King Kong ( F1)

Plant habitPlant habit Straight, Straight, leafy dan leafy dan continuous continuous (indetermin(indeterminate)ate)

Straight, leafly,Straight, leafly,moderate, half moderate, half continuouscontinuous(semidetermina(semideterminate)te)

leafly, half leafly, half continuouscontinuous(indetermina(indeterminate)te)

straight,straight,leafly, leafly, half half continuouscontinuous(indetermin(indeterminate)ate)

straight, half straight, half continuouscontinuous(indeterminate)(indeterminate)

WeightWeight BigBig(> 60 g/seed)(> 60 g/seed)

SmallSmall(25-30 g/seed)(25-30 g/seed)

ModerateModerate(40-80 g/seed)(40-80 g/seed)

Moderate Moderate (40-80 (40-80 g/seed)g/seed)

Big Big (100-150g/seed)(100-150g/seed)

ColourColour redred Light redLight red RedRed RedRed RedRed

UsedUsed freshfresh Fresh/processFresh/process freshfresh freshfresh freshfresh

CropsCrops 18-30 tan/ha18-30 tan/ha 15-25 tan/ha15-25 tan/ha 15-28 tan/ha15-28 tan/ha 20-25 tan/ha20-25 tan/ha 25-30 tan/ha25-30 tan/ha

The proposed of Cultivar

Cultural practicesCultural practices

Work programmer for tomato / hectare

DayDayActivityActivity InputInput NoteNote

materialmaterial RateRate

- 46- 46 Seedling preaparation (for Seedling preaparation (for >10000 plant)>10000 plant)

a.a.Seedling boxSeedling boxb.b.Plastic bagPlastic bagc.c.bedsbeds

7070100001000055

Saiz 60X60cmSaiz 60X60cmSaiz 12X12cmSaiz 12X12cmSaiz 100X15cmSaiz 100X15cm

-40 -40 Seed treatmeantSeed treatmeant ThiramThiram 3g/1000g seed3g/1000g seed seed cultivation = seed cultivation = deep 0.5cmdeep 0.5cm

-30-30 spraying foliar fertilizer spraying foliar fertilizer Leaf fertilizerLeaf fertilizer Based on labelBased on label spray one time for 1 spray one time for 1 week until week until transplanttransplant

-26-26 Disease, and pest controlDisease, and pest control Chemical poisonChemical poison Based on labelBased on label Spraying when needSpraying when need

-16-16 Area CleaningArea Cleaning tractortractor -- --

-14-14 LimingLiming GMLGML 3-5 tan/ha3-5 tan/ha Rate of mineral soilRate of mineral soil

-7-7 Base fertilizerBase fertilizer Chiken dungChiken dung 5 tan/ha5 tan/ha Mix in bedsMix in beds

-3-3 Layout, bed preparation, close Layout, bed preparation, close bed with plasticbed with plastic

TractorTractorPlastik silver Plastik silver shineshine

40 roll40 roll --

00 Transplant seedlingTransplant seedling saplingsapling 1 plant/ hole1 plant/ hole 0.6 X 0.6m distance0.6 X 0.6m distance

7 7 InfillInfill saplingsapling -- --

1414fertilizationfertilization NPK 12:12:17:2NPK 12:12:17:2 300 kg/ha300 kg/ha broadcast fertilizer broadcast fertilizer

around plantaround plant

1515 Disease, and pest controlDisease, and pest control Chemical Chemical poisonpoison

Based on labelBased on label Need to preventNeed to prevent



2828 Fertilization iiFertilization ii NPK 12:12:17:2NPK 12:12:17:2 600 kg/ha600 kg/ha Sown fertilizer Sown fertilizer around plantaround plant

3030 Weeds controlWeeds control Chemical Chemical poisonpoison

Based on labelBased on label Weedicice spraying Weedicice spraying in between seed in between seed bed. bed.

3232 To fix support & wireTo fix support & wire Wood supportWood support 16000 trunk16000 trunk --



4242 To cut off/trimTo cut off/trim -- -- Remove sidebud Remove sidebud and leafly.and leafly.



5555 Weeds controlWeeds control Chemical Chemical poisonpoison

Based on labelBased on label Weedicide Weedicide spraying in spraying in between seed bed. between seed bed.

5656 Fertilization iiFertilization ii NPK 12:12:17:2NPK 12:12:17:2 600 kg/ha600 kg/ha Sown fertilizer Sown fertilizer surroundings plantsurroundings plant

56-6056-60 CropsCrops BasketBasket -- Period of time = Period of time = crops 30-45 daycrops 30-45 day







Seedling PreparationSeedling Preparation

Using a high quality seedsUsing a high quality seeds treated seed with fungicide (thiram)treated seed with fungicide (thiram) Plant seed at least 6 week under insect proof Plant seed at least 6 week under insect proof

nettednetted 10% more than the number of crops10% more than the number of crops Three way seedlingThree way seedling

1.1. Polibeg seedlingPolibeg seedling

2.2. Box seedlingBox seedling

3.3. bed seedlingbed seedling

Bed seedlingMedium 7:3:2Seed depth 0.5cm with the distance 5cm dredge by dry soil to close seedShower bed and construct shading those

made from transparent plastic

fertilization at seedling stage beginning at third week

Foliar fertilizer (foliar) characterized by NPK spray type

If there were pest infestation sign, spray with insecticide as chlorpyrifos

Land PreparationGround clearance Tillage and bed preparation Plough and tilth - depth as 22cm Bed form 1.2m broad X 20 – 30cm high

Liming Do if pH's value land <5 1-2 week before seedling plant Liming material – Ground Magnesium Limestone

(GML) Rate – 3 - 5 ton / ha

Cultivation At The Farm Change seedling when 5-6 week after sow Distance proposed is 60cm X 60cm After a week, dead and unhealthy seedling

must be infill.

Water Management

Irrigation system sprinkle is proposed High efficiency and low workforce

requirement Cost between RM5000 – RM8000 / one

hectare Sprinkle diameter coverage 25 – 30m

Fertilization

Rates of fertilization for tomatoes according to soil type

Type of soilFertilizer

Type Rate(Ton / ha / season)

Time (MLT)Week after

harvest

Method

BRIS-Rudua-Baging

Chicken dungNPK 12:12:17:2Chicken dungNPK 12:12:17:2

102253

-1*2,4 & 8

-1*2,4 & 8

Mixing in soilsurroundings plant

Ex- mine-Sand

Chicken dungNPK 12:12:17:2

252

-1*2,4 & 8

Mixing in soilsurroundings plant

Peat Chicken dungNPK 12:12:17:2

2 2,4 & 8 mixing in soilsurroundings plant

Mineral Chicken dungNPK 12:12:17:2

51.5

-1*2,4 & 8

mixing in soilsurroundings plant

DISEASES MANAGEMENT

Control diseases and insect

Diseases nameDiseases name : fruit borer (: fruit borer (Chloridea Chloridea obsoleta F obsoleta F.).)

Part diseasesPart diseases : Fruit, leaf, buds and flower: Fruit, leaf, buds and flower

SymptomSymptom : Death on young buds and : Death on young buds and

flower flower

Control diseasesControl diseases : Use are chemical like : Use are chemical like Bacillus Bacillus thuringiensis, thuringiensis, permethrinpermethrin or or acephateacephate after after 14 day.14 day.

Collect all fruit and destroy itCollect all fruit and destroy it

Insect nameInsect name : fruit fly: fruit fly(Bactrocera sp)(Bactrocera sp)

Part diseasesPart diseases : Fruit : Fruit

SymptomSymptom : Fruit hole.: Fruit hole.

Control diseasesControl diseases : Collect all fruit and burn : Collect all fruit and burn it allit all

To control use an To control use an attractantattractant

like like methyleugenolmethyleugenol

Diseases name : AnthracnosePathogen : Colletotrichum spPart diseases : Fruit

Symptom : Sunken spot with black specks Fruit drop, short shelf leaf High during rainy season

Control diseases-Use are healthy seeds- Destroy infected plants-Chemical spray before infection

Diseases name : Club Rot Pathogen : Sclerotium rolfsii / Rhizoctonia spPart diseases : Base of the tree

Symptom : leaf look wilt Have a white spot at base of the tree finally base will be black and rotten

Control diseases - Good irrigation - Destroy the tree if get the diseases

Fruit disorder

Leaf disorder

Stem and flower disorder

WEED MANAGEMENTWEED MANAGEMENT

Reduce weed prevention Reduce weed prevention Use mulching techniqueUse mulching technique For chemical control useFor chemical control use

Glufosinate-ammonium (0.5 kg/ha)Glufosinate-ammonium (0.5 kg/ha) Glyphosate (0.6 kg/ha)Glyphosate (0.6 kg/ha)

Use Use silver shine silver shine plasticplastic

Production costProduction cost Production cost include :Production cost include :

Fix cost – land tax, equipmentFix cost – land tax, equipment Material cost – seed, fertilizer, poison Material cost – seed, fertilizer, poison

(pesticide, weedicide, Fungicide, ect)(pesticide, weedicide, Fungicide, ect) Energy cost – wageEnergy cost – wage

Estimate production costEstimate production cost

Item quantity cost ( RM )

Input material costi. Seedii. Fertilizer- Chicken dung- Lime - NPK 12:12:17:2i. Chemical poisonii. Silver shine plasticiii. Supporting stickiv. Wirev. Raffia ropevi. Contingency

0.3 kg @ RM2505 ton @ RM1202.5 ton @ RM10030 bag @ RM438% from total of material cost40 roll @ RM7016000 stick @ RM0.4015 roll @ RM436 roll @ RM4.5010% from total of material cost

75.00600.00250.001290.00439.002800.00320.00*134.00**27.00593.00

Total amount I 6529.30

Input cost energy per day (p.e)@ RM15.00i. Soil preparationii. Ridgingiii. Plantingiv. To assemble supporter and wirev. Wateringvi. Weed controllingvii. Fertilizationviii. Creep of treeix. Controlling pest and diseasex. Harvesting

contract12 energy per day8 energy per day20 energy per day16 energy per day8 energy per day8 energy per day6 energy per day4 energy per day30 energy per day

230.00180.00120.00300.00240.00120.00120.0090.0060.00450.00

Total amount II 1910.00

Fix coshi. Soil taxii. Watering equipment

5 month @ RM 15/year5 month @ RM 1800/year

6.25750.00

Total amount III 756.00

Total production cost ( I+II+III ) 9195.55

Pro

du

ctio

n C

ost

per

hec

tare

Estimate farmer income and turn over price ( Example : Yield 16000kg / on price RM0.80 / kg )

ItemUse family

energy (RM)

Use wage energy (RM)

a. Gross incomeb. Production costc. Net incomed. Return for each investment

( RM )e. Break-even price ( production cost/kg)

12800.007515.855284.151.700.47

12800.009195.003604.151.390.57

solanacea crop (chillie and tomato)

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