soils and soil fertility management
TRANSCRIPT
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Mark L. McFarland
Professor and Soil Fertility SpecialistTexas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
College Station, Texas
Soils and Soil Fertility Management
Four Principal Components of Soil
Air Mineral
Water Organic Material
Solid Soil
Variation in Soils- Geology- Climate- Vegetation
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Soil Properties Physical properties
• Texture• Structure
Chemical properties• Cation exchange capacity (CEC)• Soil reaction (pH)
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SAND
Very Coarse 2.0 – 1.0 mm
Coarse 1.0 – 0.5 mm
Medium 0.5 – 0.25 mm
Fine 0.25 – 0.1 mm
Very Fine 0.1 – 0.05 mm
.05 - .002 mm
LessThan
Soil Texture(Diameters of individual soil particles)
.002 mm
SILT
CLAY
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SoilTexture
Sand
Loam
Silt
Clay
Permeability
High
Medium
Low
Low
WaterRetention
Low
Medium
High
High
Soil Physical Properties
Soil Structure
Formation of soil “aggregates” (clods)Opens soil surface to allow water, air,
nutrients, and roots to move.
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kAcidic
Basic
Neutral
Expected pH Range in Soils
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Effect of pH on Plant Nutrient Availability
Crops:AsparagusBeetsCabbageSweet CornPumpkinsTomatoesBlueberriesStrawberries
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Optimum pH Range for Vegetable Crops
Preferred pH Ranges of Various Plants
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Ca++
Na+
Ca++
H+K+
Mg++
NO3-
Cl-
SO4=
NO3-
Soil Water
• Likes repel• Unlikes attract
Cation Exchange Capacity(The Nutrient Supplying Power of Soil)
Clay particles
Organic matter
Plant Nutrition
Factors Affecting Fertilizer Management
Plant species
Type and intensity of use
Soil characteristics (texture)
Residual nutrient status
Boron
Calcium
Carbon
Chlorine
Cobalt
Copper
Hydrogen
Iron
Magnesium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Silicon
Sulfur
Vanadium
Zinc
Essential Elements for Plant Growth
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Essential Elements Found to Limit Plant Growth in the Field
Primary Nutrients: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium
Secondary Nutrients:Calcium, Magnesium,
Sulfur
Micronutrients: Boron, Chlorine, Copper,
Iron, Manganese, Zinc
Annual Nutrient Removal in Clippings(lbs./1,000 ft2)
Nutrient Bermuda St. Augustine
Nitrogen 12.0 7.0Phosphorus 2.3 1.5Potassium 8.5 5.0
Calcium 4.6 3.3Magnesium 4.3 1.5Sulfur 1.4 1.0
Zinc 0.046 0.023Manganese 0.012 0.007
Primary
Secondary
Micro’s
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Soil TestingThe Key to Nutrient Management
A soil test is a chemical extraction that provides an index to estimate the nutrient supplying power of a soil
– Identifies the degree of deficiency or sufficiency of a nutrient
The Best and Proper Fertilizer to Use is the One Based on a Soil Test!
There is no standard fertilizer product, nutrient ratio or rate of application for yards, gardens, etc.
– Each crop, location and year can and often will be different.
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Types of Fertilizers
Single Nutrient“Simple Fertilizers”
Multinutrient“Mixed Fertilizers or Complexes”
Fertilizers Must Always BeUsed Properly
Nutrient Contamination of Water
Nitrogen and Phosphorus:
– Needed by all plants for optimum growth and production.
– Runoff into creeks, streams, lakes can cause excessive plant growth (eutrophication).
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IMPAIRMENT:
•Bacteria• Water quality
does not support designated use of contact recreation.
CONCERNS:
•Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus)• Portions exhibit
elevated nutrient levels.
Plum Creek
Lockhart
Impairments in Texas
1,214 water bodies surveyed for the 2010 report
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Fertilizer Analysis
15-5-10
– State Law – commercial fertilizers must have a label identifying the materials guaranteed analysis (grade)
– Guaranteed Analysis – minimum weight (%) of each nutrient contained in the fertilizer
Fertilizer Grade
15 - 5 - 10
% Nitrogen % Phosphate % Potash
(N) (P2O5) (K20)
Fertilizer Grade & Ratio
Grade: 15 - 5 - 10
Ratio: 3 : 1 : 2
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Primary Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
BiologicalFixation Plant & Animal
Wastes
Ammonium
NitriteNitrate Leaching Loss
Denitrification
Nitrate Reduction
Protein
AtmosphericNitrogen
IndustrialFixation
AtmosphericFixation
The Nitrogen Cycle
NitrogenCharacteristics and Functions
Available Forms: Nitrate (NO3-), Ammonium (NH4
+)
Movement in Soil: NO3- can leach
NH4+ won’t leach
Functions in Plant: Part of Amino Acids Proteins
Part of chlorophyll molecule
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Excess Nitrogen
Reduced root growth.
Excess water use.
Reduced cold tolerance
Thatch accumulation.
Disease and insect susceptibility.
Brownpatch
Nitrogen Fertilizer Sources
Inorganic, soluble sources
Inorganic slow release
Organic (slow release)
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Soluble Nitrogen Sources
Material % N
Urea 45-0-0
Ammonium sulfate 21-0-0
Potassium nitrate 13-0-45
Slow Release Nitrogen Sources
Coated Products Reacted Products
Sulfur coated urea IBDU
Polymer coated urea Ureaformaldehyde
Polymer/sulfur Methylene Urea
coated urea Ureaform
Organic Products
Municipal biosolids Food processing by products
Composts Animal manures
Growth Response
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8
6
4
21 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Weeks After Fertilization
Col
or R
atin
g
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PhosphorusCharacteristics and FunctionsAvailable Forms
Primary orthophosphate (H2PO4-)
Secondary orthophosphate (HPO42-)
Movement in Soil:Very immobile; Will not leach or volatilizeTends to accumulate/build up in soils.
Functions in Plant:Stimulates early growth & root formationHastens maturity and promotes seed production
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Excessive Phosphorus* phosphorus induced zinc deficiency
Phosphorus Fertilizer SourcesInorganic % P2O5
Triple superphosphate (TSP) 46Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) 48Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 46
Organic
Biosolids 3 – 4Animal manures < 1 – 3Bone meal 12 - 14
PotassiumCharacteristics and Functions
Available Forms:Potassium ion (K+)
Movement in Soil: Does not leach/volatilize
Functions in Plant:Increases water use efficiencyIncreases disease resistanceImproves cold hardiness
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Potassium Fertilizers
Grade
Source Formula (% K2O)
Potassium chloride KCl 0-0-60
Potassium sulfate K2SO4 0-0-54
Potassium nitrate KNO3 0-0-46
K Mag KMgSO4 0-0-22
Secondary Plant Nutrients
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
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Essential Micronutrients
Zn Fe Cu Mn B Cl Mo
Needed in very small amounts
Most micronutrients come from decomposition of O.M.
Increase in soil pH decreases micronutrient availability (Except Mo and Cl)
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Name That Deficiency?
Taking Soil Samples Soil tests are only as accurate as the
samples on which they are based.
Samples must be representative of the area to be cropped.
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Taking Good Soil Samples Take 10-20 cores for each management area (yard,
garden, flower beds).
Place cores in clean plastic bucket, and mix thoroughly.
Put 2 pints in bag and mail immediately to laboratory.
XX
XX
X
X
XX
Xsandy spot
drainage
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Non-Traditional Products
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Categories of Non-Traditional Products
Soil conditioners
Soil activators (biological inoculants)
Wetting agents
Plant stimulants and growth hormones
Mineral nutrient sources used in an unconventional manner
Effects of Two Soil Activatorson Crop Yields
Fertility Soybean Peanut Corn Bermuda Rice TomatoTreatment KY LA FL OK Al KY TX UnfertilizedCheck 32 26 649 3240 80 87 1.99 2244 7775Medina 31 25 914 3493 86 87 1.95 2189 8501Supernate 32 24 599 --- 87 85 1.86 2178 7312
FertilizedCheck 31 25 1060 3463 123 127 2.31 6155 11450 Medina 32 24 814 3189 126 127 2.22 6185 10226Supernate 33 26 829 ---- 125 126 2.15 6128 11549
* Weaver et al., 1974.