QR90002

SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITYOF THE

MUTDAPILLY RESEARCH STATION

C. A. FisherLand Resources Branch

D. E. BakerAgricultural Chemistry Branch

&Queensland Departmentof Primary industries

Queensland Government Technical Report

This report is a scanned copy and some detail may be illegible or lost. Before acting on any

information, readers are strongly advised to ensure that numerals, percentages and details are correct.

This report is intended to provide information only on the subject under review. There are limitations

inherent in land resource studies, such as accuracy in relation to map scale and assumptions regarding

socio-economic factors for land evaluation. Before acting on the information conveyed in this report,

readers should ensure that they have received adequate professional information and advice specific to

their enquiry.

While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report neither the Queensland Government nor

its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result from any

inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein.

© State of Queensland 1989

For information about this report contact soils@qld.gov.au

Queensland Department of Primary IndustriesResearch Establishments Publication QR90002

SOILS AND LAND SUITABILITYOF THE

MUTDAPILLY RESEARCH STATION

C. A. FisherLand Resources Branch

D. E. BakerAgricultural Chemistry Branch

Queensland Department of Primary IndustriesBrisbane 1989

ISSN 0813-4319

AGDEX 524

© Queensland Government

Queensland Department of Primary IndustriesGPOBox46Brisbane 4001

iii

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES page iv

LIST OF TABLES iv

SUMMARY v

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Climate 12.2 Geology and topography 4

2.3 Vegetation 4

3. SOILS

3.1 Soil survey method 53.2 Morphology 53.3 Classification 73.4 Key to soil profile classes within landscape units 73.5 Chemical and physical properties 9

4. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT

4.1 Method of assessment 184.2 Land suitability classes 214.3 Land use options 224.4 Land management considerations 22

5. REFERENCES 30

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 32

APPENDIXES

1 Detailed Morphological Descriptions of Soil Profile Classes 33

2 Morphology and Analysis of Representative Profiles 42

3 Land Suitability Assessment - Subclass Determination Tables 52

4 Summary of UMA Data 70

5 Methodology / Calculations for Salinity, Irrigation and Deep Drainage 76

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Locality plan of Mutdapilly Research Station vi

2. Distribution of land blocks within Mutdapilly Research Station based vion old cadastral boundaries

3. Average minimum and maximum temperatures for Amberley (Bureau 2of Meteorology)

4. Mean and median monthly rainfall for Harrisville (1896 to 1986) and 3Warrill Creek (1961 to 1986) (Bureau of Meteorology)

5. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated oats 19

6. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated mixed temperate grasses 20

7. Map of salinity hazard interpreted by Forster and Barton 23(unpublished data) based on electromagnetic induction traverses

8. Locality plan of suggested tree replanting to reduce the risk of 29secondary salinisation and to preserve wildlife

LIST OF TABLES

1. Descriptions of sampled soil profile classes 10

2. Soils analysis performed at various profile sample depths 11

3. Analytical data for selected depths, Mutdapilly Research Station 12

4. Exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, sodicity and the 14dispersion at selected depths for the soils

5. Available water capacity for the representative profiles 15

6. Particle size distribution, CEC and clay activity (CEC/Clay) 16

7. C:N:S ratios for 0.01 m samples 16

SUMMARY

The Queensland Department of Primary Industries Mutdapilly Research Stationnow covers eight hundred and forty-five hectares of alluvial flats and undulatinglow hills at Mutdapilly. The station conducts research for the animal industries, inparticular the dairy industry. Research Stations Branch requested a soil surveyand land suitability assessment of the Mutdapilly Research Station lands to assistplanning of research trials, fodder production and other activities. LandResources Branch carried out a land suitability assessment based on a1 : 1 0 000 scale soil survey. Several branches of Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries supplied information on land use requirements. Landsuitabilities were assigned to mapping units on the station and used as a basefor planning.

The study concluded:valuable areas exist for permanent pasture and cultivationsome lands are subject to flooding, both from Warrill Creek and fromrunoff in gullies leading out of the surrounding low hillsmuch of the sloping land, which has been cultivated in the past, hassuffered from substantial sheet erosionmany of the low hills on the station consist of Jurassic Walloon sedimentshigh in salts. Clearing and irrigation of the low hills is likely to result indownslope redistribution of these salts onto the margins of the alluvial flats.

Land management recommendations are made for salinity control, erosioncontrol, flood-prone areas, irrigation practices, watertables, problem soils,timbered areas, wildlife needs, livestock feeding areas and holding yards.

It is envisaged that this study would be used in conjunction with soilconservation plans prepared by Soil Conservation Services Branch. Together,these should ensure the long term productivity of lands on the station. Theyshould also provide a model of sustainable farm management for surroundingareas with similar soils and geology.

VI

Figure 1. Locality plan for Mutdapilly Research Station

Figure 2. Distribution of land blocks within Mutdapilly Research Stationbased on old cadastral boundaries

1. INTRODUCTION

The Queensland Department of Primary Industries Mutdapilly Research Station islocated at Mutdapilly, 27km south of Ipswich on the Cunningham Highway (Figure1). The Centre is bounded to the east by Middle Road, and to the south byHarrisville township. The station was established to serve the animal industries,in particular the dairy industry, from Rockhampton south to the New South Walesborder and west to the Western Darling Downs. The station conducts researchof benefit to the animal industries, and acts as a centre for the demonstration ofideas developed in research.

Research Stations Branch requested that Land Resources Branch carryout a soil survey of new lands added to the station after a previous soil survey(Powell et al 1985). In addition, they requested a land suitability assessment ofall lands of the station to assist in land use planning. Many branches of theQueensland Department of Primary Industries (QDPI) including AgriculturalBranch, Research Stations Branch, Pasture Management Branch, DairyHusbandry and Animal Breeding Branch, Horticulture Branch, Soil ConservationResearch Branch and Soil Conservation Branch provided information on therequirements of potential crop and pasture land uses.

The Station is discussed in terms of six land blocks identified on the basisof the original cadastral boundaries (see Figure 2).

2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

2.1 Climate

Mutdapilly Research Station lies in the summer rainfall - subtropical climatic zone(Australian Bureau of Statistics 1983), and has a warm summer with fifty-twopercent of the annual rainfall occurring in December to March. The winter is cooland dry, with seasonal frosts commonly occurring in June, July and August, andoccasionally in May and September.

Average minimum and maximum temperatures for Amberley are shown inFigure 3. The average maximum temperature (30.9°C) occurs in January and theaverage minimum temperature (5.6°C) occurs in July.

The yearly mean rainfall recorded at the closest weather stations,Harrisville and Warrill Creek, are 889 mm and 873 mm respectively. Mean andmedian monthly rainfall for each of these stations is shown in Figure 4.

2AMBERLEY

• Average maximum A Average minimum

Figure 3. Average minimum and maximum temperatures for Amberley(Bureau of Meteorology)

CO

Mean D Median Mean D Median

Figure 4. Mean and median monthly rainfall for Harrisville (1896 to 1986) and Warrill Creek (1961 to 1986) (Bureauof Meteorology)

2.2 Geology and Topography

The geology of Mutdapilly research station is described on the Ipswich 94421:100 000 Geological Series map sheet (Cranfield et at. 1978) as including:

Quaternary alluvium in the low lying areas and alluvial flats; andJurassic Walloon Coal Measures and Tertiary Oligocene dolerite/basalt inthe undulating low hills.

Quaternary alluvium. A large proportion of Mutdapilly research stationlies on the creek flats of the East and West branches of Warrill Creek. Most ofthe alluvium is fine grained sediment and appears to be derived from upstreamerosion of Walloon Coal Measures and various tertiary extrusions and intrusions.There is minimal levee bank development along both branches of the creek, andthe areas of Quaternary alluvium appear to gently slope upwards towards the lowhills, to become contiguous with alluvium and colluvium from the surroundinghills. Coarser grained sediment is found only immediately adjacent the actualcreek lines.

Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures. The undulating low hills on the stationare comprised mainly of Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures. This formationincludes beds of grey mudstone, calcareous sandstone, siltstone, coal, limestone,shale and conglomerate.

Tertiary intrusions and extrusions. Tertiary intrusions and extrusions ofdolerite, microsyenite and basalt are located on many of the crests and ridges ofthe undulating low hills at Mutdapilly Research Station.

A large dolerite intrusion covers much of block 3 with an outcrop restrictingthe streamline of Warrill Creek at the eastern edge. Tertiary sediments arelocated on blocks 3 and 4.

On block 6 near the Harrisville township, a microsyenite intrusion hasundergone intensive weathering to form a distinctive red soil.

2.3 Vegetation

Most of the land on Mutdapilly Research Station has been cleared, leavingindividual trees or thinned groups of trees, though several large stands ofwoodland have been retained.

Block 3 of the Mutdapilly station is covered by a woodland of blue gum{Eucalyptus tereticornis ), ironbark (E crebra and E. melanophloia) and patchesof gum-topped box (£. molucanna) with a grassy understory of bluegrasses{Bothriochloa spp.), spear grass {Heteropogan contortus) and Paspalum spp.There is a small stand of tea-tree (Melaleuca irbyana) in the upper right corner ofthe block.

A thinned but pure stand of blue gum is located west of Warrill Creek onblock 1. These stands play an important role in koala colonisation, being thelargest occurences of host species in the immediate area.

On block 4 there is a area of thinned woodland, including several smallstands of tea tree.

Other important tree species on the Mutdapilly station include droopingbottlebrush (Callistemon viminalis) and river sheoak (Casuarina cunninghamiana)which line the banks of Warrill creek, and quinine berry (Petalostigma pubescens)which denotes the presence of a yellow podzolic soil in the area.

Rhodes grass {Chloris gayana) has colonised saline outbreaks on smallareas of the station.

3. SOILS

3.1 Soil survey method

On the newly acquired areas of Mutdapilly Research Station, one hundred andseventy-one soil profiles were described to 1.8 m or bedrock using a 60 mmdiameter coring tube. Seventy detailed soil description sites were located on a200 m by 200 m grid, with one hundred and one less detailed sites used aschecks between grid sites or for location of soil boundaries. Profiles wereallocated to soil profile classes (SPCs) which are soil bodies with consistentlysimilar morphology and topographic position.

Soil profile class boundaries were determined by air photo interpretation of1987 Ipswich 9442 1:25 000 black and white prints and field checking.Seventeen soil profile classes were identified and mapped on the new areas.Soil profile classes used in this report are described previously by Paton (1971),Powell (1979) and Powell et al (1985). Two new soil profile classes, Sartor andHanson, were identified and named after previous landholders of the land blockson which these soil classes are located. Appendix 1 contains a description ofeach soil profile class.

The soils of the new lands of Mutdapilly Research Station have beenmapped at 1:10 000 scale. As in the original Mutdapilly Research Station report(Powell et al 1985) and the Kalbar report (1979), soils were mapped on the basisof dominant or co-dominant soil profile classes. Smaller areas of other soilprofile classes may occur within mapped soil profile classes.

3.2 Morphology

The predominant soils found on the alluvial flats at Mutdapilly station are crackingclay soils. Alluvial soils are located adjacent to creek lines.

The undulating low hills have cracking clays formed on Jurassic WalloonCoal Measures. Friable soils and self mulching soils have formed on Tertiaryintrusives and sediments. Hardsetting soils occur on Jurassic and Tertiarygeology.

3.2.1 Soils of the alluvial plains

The cracking clay soils formed on the alluvial flats at Mutdapilly station have abrownish black to black light medium to medium clay surface. The deepyellowish grey to brownish black alkaline subsoil is frequently underlain by darkclay layers. Manganese is found throughout the subsoil, as well as somecarbonate. The presence of manganese suggests periodic waterlogging and slowinternal drainage. Moderately developed gilgai may be present.

Soils formed closer to the creek lines have lighter clay textures in both thesurface and subsoil. The soils formed on the crest of the levee are layeredalluvial soils, with textures ranging from fine sandy clay loam to fine sandy clayto light medium clay.

3.2.2 Cracking clays of the undulating low hills

Some beds of the Walloon Coal Measures at Mutdapilly station have weatheredto form brown and grey clays and black earths. The surface soil is brown toblack with a light to medium clay texture and a neutral soil reaction trend. Thesubsoil is generally dark, or a deep yellow grey to reddish brown medium tomedium heavy clay and is strongly alkaline. Linear gilgai is commonly found onlong slopes. Salinity readings, using an electrical conductivity meter (Appendix5), are commonly 150 to 200 mS/cm, reflecting the high salt content of the soilparent material.

The Tertiary intrusions, extrusions and sediments produce predominantlyshallow clay soils. Colours of the soil profile vary with rock type: basaltic rockshave produced soils which are brownish black throughout the profile; microsyeniteand dolorite produce soils with a reddish brown to brown subsoil; and the soilsformed on the sediments have a brown subsoil. The subsoils are neutral toalkaline and strongly structured. Many profiles contain coarse fragments.

3.2.3 Friable soils of the undulating low hills

On block 3 of Mutdapilly Research Station, Tertiary sediments have formed soilswith friable brownish black clay loam to light clay surfaces, over a greyish olive toolive brown medium clay subsoil. The depths of these soils are variable, andsome areas have large amounts of coarse fragments on the surface of the soil orin the A horizon.

Shallow soils with friable brownish black clay loam to light clay surfacesover a light to medium heavy clay alkaline subsoil have formed in various upperand lower slope positions on the station. The soil profile may contain largeamounts of manganese and iron segregations, and gravel of volcanic rock occursin various soil horizons.

On block 6, directly north of Harrisville township, a moderately deep friablered soil has formed. It is characterised by a dark reddish brown light claysurface over a neutral dark reddish brown light medium clay suboil. The subsoilis strongly structured and the upper part of the profile is very well drained inspite of the high clay content. The lower B horizons above the sandy C horizon

are manganiferous and occasionally mottled.

3.2.4 Hardsetting soils of the undulating low hills

Hardsetting soils are formed over large areas of the low hills on the station.Most of these soils on the station have sodic subsoils which are prone to erosionif exposed.

The hardsetting soils formed on the Walloon Coal Measures have either aclay loam surface or a sandy loam to loam surface. Many of the soils have asporadic or conspicuous bleached subsurface horizon. Subsoil pH ranges fromacid to alkaline, and there are varying amounts of sodicity. Subsoil colours rangefrom red to yellow brown to grey, and mottling is common.

The hardsetting soils formed on Tertiary material have brownish blacksurfaces with varying textures - there are intergrades to small areas of prairiesoils or shallow clays. A subsurface horizon may be absent, or sporadically orconspicuously bleached. The subsoil is oiive brown, alkaline and frequentlymanganiferous.

In small areas on blocks 3 and 4, soils with a deep sandy surface over agrey mottled sandy clay to medium clay acid subsoil, have been formed on relictalluvium of possibly early Quaternary or even Tertiary age. The subsoil is notsodic and therefore less prone to erosion if exposed.

3.3 Classification

The soil survey sites have been classified into great soil groups (Staceef al.1968) and principal profile forms (Northcote 1979). Soil profile classes weredetermined by soil profile attributes, by considering differences in underlyinggeology, landscape features and by any differences in susceptibility to landdegradation or in land suitability.

Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff 1975) classes have been assigned toanalysed representative soil profiles which are described in Appendix 2.

3.4 Key to soil profile classes within landscape units

Soil profile classes may be identified using the following key.

3.4.1 Soils of the alluvial plains

A. Dark fine textured non cracking surface close NORMANBYto creek lines

A. Dark or grey brown cracking light to heavyclay surface

B. surface horizon is mottled FASSIFERN

8

B. surface horizon is whole colouredC. light to light medium clay surface

with dark or grey subsoil MULLER

C. medium to heavy clay surface with

predominantly grey subsoil CYRUS

3.4.2 Soils of the undulating low hills

CRACKING CLAY SURFACE

A. Profile less than 80cm to weathered rockPENNELL

WARUMKARIE

B. dark to red brown subsoil overweathered volcanic intrusion

B. dark grey subsoil becoming grey atdepth over weathered Walloon CoalMeasures

A. Profile greater than 80cm to weatheredrock, linear gilgai common

B. brown to red brown clay subsoil over MCGRATHweathered Walloon Coal Measures

B. dark, grey or yellow clay subsoil over KULGUNweathered Walloon Coal Measures

FRIABLE SURFACE

CHURCHBANKA. Profile less than 60cm to weathered rockwith red, brown or yellow subsoil overweathered volcanic intrusion or WalloonCoai Measures

A. Profile greater than 60cm to weathered rock

B. strongly structured red subsoil over HANSONweathered volcanic intrusion

B. olive, brown or grey brown subsoil over PURDONweathered volcanic intrusion or WalloonCoal Measures

HARDSETTING SURFACE

A. Clay loam or heavier surface with gradual CHURCHBANK*change to shallow brown clay subsoil overweathered rock

A. Clay loam or heavier surface over deep SARTORbrown to yellow brown subsoil which becomesacid and sodic with depth; tea tree maybe present

A. Sandy loam to clay loam surface with DIECKMANNabrupt boundary over olive, brown or greybrown subsoil over weathered volcanicintrusion

A. Clay loam surface with abrupt boundary to YELLUNGAsubsoil over weathered Walloon Coal Measureswith brown to yellow brown subsoil

A. Deep loamy sand to sandy loam surface with EVANSabrupt boundary to nonsodic grey subsoilwith red and yellow mottling

A. Sandy loam to sandy clay surface with abruptboundary to subsoil over weathered WalloonCoal Measures

B. Sporadically bleached A2 horizon FURNIVALL

B. Conspicuously bleached A2 horizon WEBER

3.5 Chemical and physical properties

3.5.1 General

A total of seven soil profile classes were sampled for laboratory analysis. A briefdescription of the SPCs is given in Table 1. Of these soils the Cyrus profile issituated in an area suspected of being affected by high salt levels. The sampledsites included two new soils, Hanson and Sartor, not previously described byPowell (1979) or Powell et al. (1985). Of the others, McGrath occurs in areaswhere irrigation is proposed, and the Purdon, Weber and Dieckmann soils coverlarge areas in blocks 3 and 4. The actual sampling sites are shown on theaccompanying 1:10 000 soils map and Appendix 2 contains the analysed profile:morphological descriptions, chemical and physical data.

* surface may be friable or hardsetting.

10

Soil profile classes not sampled for analysis are similar to those describedin the previous Mutdapilly report (Powell et al. 1985) or in the Kalbar report(Powell 1979); chemical and physical data for soils not sampled in this surveymay be found in these reports.

3.5.2 Methodology

Profiles representative of the seven soil profile classes were sampled at 0-0.1,0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.5-0.6, 0.8-0.9, 1.1-1.2 and 1.4-1.5 m depths. In addition,seven bulk surface samples (0-0.1 m; each a composite of 10 samples takenwithin 10 m of the profile) were taken for fertility assessment.

Table 1.

Soil profileclass

Soils of the

Cyrus

Soils of the

Hanson

Sartor

Purdon

McGrath

Weber

Dieckmann

Description of

Great soilgroup

Alluvial Plains

Black earth

sampled soil

Area% ha

32.5

Undulating Low Hills

Euchrozem 2.2

Soloth

Prairie soil

Brown clay

Solodized-solonetz

Solodic soil

1.6

4.3

8.75

4

3.6

305.2

20.6

14.9

40.1

82.1

38

33.6

profile classes

Brief description ofsoil profile class

Black earth - grey clay weak to strong gilgai

Euchrozem, present in upper and mid slope positions.

Soloth - No suitable group with affinities to soloth, flatarea on perched watertable

Prairie soil, present in mid to upper slope position;

Brown clay, black earth often present in upper and midslope positions

Solodized solonetz - solodic - soloth withhardsetting surfaces

Solodic soil with moderate hard setting surface -oftenintergrades to prairie soil

The laboratory analyses performed on each sample are outlined in Table 2,with the methodology following that of Bruce and Rayment (1982). The detailedchemical and physical data, together with interpretation ratings are given inAppendix 2.

11

Table 2. Soil analysis performed at various profile sample depths

Sample/ Profile Soil analysissegment

All samples (.1 m pH, chloride, electrical conductivity (EC),increments to 1.50 m)

Bulk 0-0.1 m organic carbon (org-C), total nitrogen (tot-N), acid exctractable phosphorus (acid P),bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus (bicarb. P), extactable potassium (K).

Profile 0-0.1, dispersion ratio, particle size analysis (PSA),0.20-0.3, 0.50-0.6, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total P,0.8-0.9 m total K, total sulphur (S). -33 kPa moisture, -1500 kPa moisture, air dry moisture

(ADM).

Profile 1.1-1.2 m as for profile to 0.9 m but excluding dispersion ratio, -33 kPa moisture and -1500kPa moisture.

Profile 1.4-1.5 m as for profile to 0.9 m but excluding dispersion ratio and phosphate-extractable S.

3.2.3 Characteristics of Soils

pH. The sampled soils fall into three broad groups for pH profile trends:(1) alkaline trend with acid to neutral surface soils (Cyrus, McGrath, Purdon andDieckmann), (2) alkaline trend with acid subsoil clays (Weber), (3) acidicthroughout, not including C horizon material (Hanson and Sartor). According toNorthcote (1979), the first group has a strongly acidic profile trend, the secondgroup has alkaline profile trend and the third is not classified.

A solodic soil (Dieckmann) has a strong alkaline pH of 9.0 at depths below0.45 m (Table 3). In contrast the Weber soil has an initial alkaline profile trendwhich peaks, then changes to strongly acid lower in the B horizon. Purdonchanges rapidly down the profile, from acid pH 6.7 (down to 0.3 m) to stronglyalkaline (pH 8.7 by 0.5 m). The surface soil samples (0-0.1 m) have a mean pHvalue of 6.2 ± 0.8 with a range of 5.4 to 7.4.

Salinity. Electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride (Cl) levels provide anindication of soluble salts in the soils (see Table 3).

The only soil with no appreciable chloride in the profile was Hanson.McGrath, Purdon, Weber and Dieckmann had low to medium salinity levels(<0.07% using Northcote and Skene 1972 rating system) in the top metre but aresaline below that. The Sartor soil and the sampled Cyrus soil are classified assaline throughout, with the Cyrus profile having the highest chloride concentration(0.196% at 0.9 m).

The peak chloride concentrations in all soils are deep in the profile, usuallybelow 0.6 to 0.9 m. This indicates that salinity may be a problem for deeprooting crop species.

13

EC and chloride give the same indication of salinity and are stronglyrelated in these soils. Linear regression analysis showed that:

EC = 0.667 + 6.38 Cl% (r^O.96", n=63)

These results are similar to those obtained by using the theoretical relationship(EC=6.6 Cl%) when all salts present are sodium chloride (Richards 1984). Onthis evidence, it is assumed that Na+ and Cl' are the dominant soluble ions.

Exchangeable cations, CEC, sodicity and dispersion. Two methods ofdetermining cation exchange capacity were used:-(1) CEC using alcoholic IM NH4CI at pH 8.5 (method 2.11.3, Bruce and

Rayment 1982)

(2) ECEC (method 2.11.4, Bruce and Rayment 1982).

The choice of method depended on soil pH; in profiles predominantly acid/neutral,the ECEC method was used, and soils with an alkaline profile trend were testedby the pH 8.5/1 M NH4CI method. The results thus give a 'best bet1 indication ofthe cation status of the soil. The method used for each soil is indicated in Table3 and in Appendix II.

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is quite variable (16 to 99 meq/100 g forCEC, and 4 to 76 meq/100 g for ECEC). The McGrath soil, a brown clay, hadthe highest CEC values measured. Other extremes were 4 meq/100 g (ECEC)in the coarser textured Weber surface soils, and 76 meq/100 g (ECEC) in thesubsoil of Purdon, a prairie soil. The black earth, Cyrus, has high CEC values(around 50 meq/100 g) throughout the profile.

Cation values and cation related properties are shown in Table 4. It canbe seen that calcium is the dominant cation in the Cyrus, Hanson, Purdon andMcGrath soils. For the sampled Cyrus profile, calcium is the dominant cation to0.9 m; below this depth ESP and salinity are high. For crops with rooting depthsgreater than 0.9 m these undesirable soil properties may be deleterious to cropgrowth.

Soils dominated by magnesium are Weber, Dieckmann and Sartor. Thesemagnesium dominant soils also have high levels of exchangeable sodium. Themanagement of these soils will be difficult due to their poor permeability andtendency to dispersion which, according to Northcote and Skene (1972), makesthem undesirable for plant growth.

The tendency of a soil to disperse in water has been measured via a ratioindex (R1). It is defined as:

R1 = % (silt + clay) dispersed / % total (silt + clay)]

Baker (1977), using this ratio, suggested values be interpreted as: soil sampleswith a R1 value > 0.8 as having a high tendency to disperse (thereforeundesirable), values of 0.6 to 0.8 indicate a moderate tendency to disperse, andvalues < 0.6 have a low tendency to disperse (therefore desirable). From Table

14

4, only the Weber soil and the deep subsoil of the McGrath and Sartor soilshave high dispersion. Generally the high R1 ratios were associated with thehighest ESP values, low salt levels and the lowest calcium to magnesium ratios.These undesirable properties indicate soils on which poor plant performance andpoor physical conditions will apply.

Table 4. Exchangeable cations cation exchange capacity, sodicity and thedispersion at selected depths for the soils

SoilProfileClass

Cyrus

Hanson

Sartor

Purdon

McGrath

Weber

Dieckmann

Depth

(m)

0-.1.5-.6.8-.9

0-.04.2-.3.8-.9

0-.06.2-.3.5-.6

0-.1.2-.3.5-.6

0-.1.2-.3.8-.9

0-.1.2-.3.8-.9

0-.1.2-.3.5-.6

Cal-cium(Ca)

282823

109.219

4.33.31.8

6.71838

333623

1.62.21.9

2.46.69.8

Mag-nesium(Mg)

161727

5.34.711

5.5118.8

6.32230

223041

1.67.99.5

4.61424

Sodium

(Na)

0.72.17.8

.18

.31

.50

5.5118.8

6.32230

223041

1.67.89.5

4.61424

Potassium

(K)

.201.2.09

.23

.04

.04

.504.16.6

.553.04.6

.913.110

.181.75.5

.643.79.5

CEC*

515657

16'14'32'

1121'18"

14"45"76'

597474

4"12'1 /

162834

Ca/Mg

1.51.60.9

1.92.01.7

0.80.30.2

1.10.81.3

1.51.20.6

1.00.30.2

0.50.50.4

ESP

1414

122

4.52037

476

1.54.114

4.51432

41328

.45

.4

.71

.37

.26

.45

.59

.98

.91

.58

.61

.64

.47

.53

.85

.79

.95

.94

.54

.73

.66

Na/CEC x 100 - ESP. (Northcote and Skene 1972)* CEC = Cation Exchange Capacity

Effective CEC or ECEC used for alkaline soil profiles

Available water capacity. Available water capacity was estimated usingregression equations by two methods referred to as AWC 1 and AWC 2 (afterAhern 1988). AWC 1 is estimated from -1500 kPa moisture and AWC 2 fromCEC. Rooting depths were estimated using the chloride profile method of Bakerand Ahem (1989). Table 5 lists the AWC by both methods together with rootingdepth and soil type.

Soils which have the highest estimated AWC's are the cracking clays,namely Cyrus and McGrath. The duplex soils, Sartor, Weber and Dieckmannand the shallow prairie soil, Purdon, have the lowest.

15

Table 5. Estimated available water capacity for the representative profiles

Soil profileclass/site number

Hanson (1)Sartor (2)Purdon (3)Cyrus (4)McGrath (5)Weber (6)Dieckmann (7)

Great soilgroup

EuchrozemSolothPrairie soilBlack earthBrown claySolodized solonetzSolodic soil

Rootingdepth (m)

1.00.60.60.91.00.70.5

AWC 1(mm)

1409610013415110290

AWC 2(mm)

102851091521477792

Hanson shows quite a substantial difference in AWC determined by thetwo methods. Hanson is a euchrozem with a high clay content (>70%), but aCEC/clay of around 0.2 (indicating low activity clay). This fact, together with thework by Ahem (1988) on similar soils in the Burdekin, suggest that the AWC 1results (140 mm; rated as high AWC) will be a more reliable guide as to itsbehaviour in the field.

Particle size distribution and clay activity. Clay, silt, fine sand andcoarse sand of all soil profiles are listed in Table 6.

Soil profile classes Hanson and McGrath have the highest claypercentages, but a difference in clay mineralogy is apparent between them. Reidand Baker (1984) indicated clay activity ratios < 0.3 (kaolinite), 0.3-0.4 (1:1 latticeminerals or illite), and > 0.6 (2:1 expanding lattice materials) for Burdekin soils.On this basis, clay activity ratios (CEC/clay) which exceed 0.6 suggest thepresence of expanding clay minerals with smectite likely to be dominant.

The Hanson soil has a ratio of only 0.2 in the upper profile (<0.6 m) whichchanges to 1.5 by a depth of 1.2 m. By contrast, McGrath has a ratio around0.9-1.0, indicating a high smectite content throughout the profile. Of the others,Dieckmann, Cyrus and Purdon also have ratios > 0.8 in the profile. Weber hadthe lowest clay percentage of the soils analysed.

Total phosphorus, potassium and sulphur. Total phosphorus (P)content of soils generally reflects phosphorus in parent material (Thompson andBeckmann 1959). For these soils, total P ranges from medium to very high inthe surface 0.1 m. At 0.2 m and below this depth, total P is rated as low for allsites. The highest total P was found for the euchrozem, Hanson.

Total potassium levels in all soils are all rated as low and as suggested byThompson and Beckmann (1959) reflects the parent material of the soils present.

Total sulphur values are all rated medium, with some profiles rated low atdepth. Andrew et al. (1974) suggested a level less then 0.013% on the 0-0.1 msample as indicating deficiency of the element. A better indication of sulphurdeficiency would be sulphate-sulphur with differing depths required depending onwhether crop or pasture is considered (Rayment 1983).

16

Table 6. Particle size distribution, CEC and clay activity (CEC/Clay)

Soil ProfileClass

0.1

Sample depth(m)

0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2

Hanson

Sartor

Purdon

Cyrus

McGrath

Weber

Dieckmann

Clay%CECCEC/olay

Clay%CECCEC/olay

Clay%CECCEC/clay

Clay%CECCEC/clay

Clay%CECCEC/clay

Clay%CECCEC/clay

Clay%CECCEC/clay

7216.2

3611.3

2514.6

52511

6558.9

114.4

1716.9

8514.2

5021.4

5545.8

57561

76741

3512.3

3528.8

7817.2

4018.5

36762.1

52481

7469.9

2914.5

19341.8

3932.8

4218.4

61511

75741

2817.6

19291.5

4419.4

5745.8

7699>1

2315.7

Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur ratios have been calculated for otherQueensland soils, as for example Probert (1977) and Powell et al. (1985). Table7 lists ratios for 0-0.1 m zone of soils for this survey. By comparison Probert(1977) found for 55 soils in North Queensland a mean ratio of 135:10:1.4, whilePowell (1985) for 8 sites found a mean ratio of 128:10:1.7.

Table 7. C:N:S ratios for 0-0.1 m samples

Soil Profile Class Great Soil Group C:N:S

CyrusHansonSartorPurdonMcGrathWeberDieckmann

Black earthEuchrozemSolothPrairie soilBrown claySolodized-solonetzSolodic soil

125:10:2.3145:10:2.7138:10:3.4140:10:1.9120:10:1.7180:10:4.4160:10:3.6

These C:N:S ratios (Table 7) indicate high sulphur levels. Such levels aregenerally expected in alkaline clays and poorly drained soils (Blakemore et al.1969).

17

Soil Fertility. An overview of the soil fertility attributes of the soils iscontained in Table 3. pH ranges in the surface (0-0.1 m) from 4.8 to 7.5.Sartor, Purdon, Weber and Dieckmann have pH's lower than 6.0 with Sartorstrongly acid (pH 4.8). Lime applications would be required to increase pH to amore desirable value around 6.5 (Baker and Rayment 1983).

Extractable phosphorus (P) was measured by two methods: dilute acid(acid-P) and bicarbonate solution (bicarb-P). Values obtained for all soils rangefrom 5 ppm to 27 ppm (acid P) and 4 to 23 ppm (bicarb-P); these are rated asvery low to medium. The low levels of P by both methods indicate that Presponses in pasture legumes and crops would be expected, (Rayment andBruce 1979 a,b). As both indexes (acid P and bicarb P) of extractable P givesimiliar results (Table 3) either could be used for P fertility assessments.Rayment and Bruce (1979 a,b) preferred bicarbonate extractable P whenconsidering measurements on which to base white clover pastures in south eastQueensland.

A figure of 0.2 meq/100 g potassium (K) has been accepted as indicatinga K deficiency in a soil (Piper and De Vries 1969), and on this basis, potassiumdeficiency can be expected on all soils except Sartor, McGrath and Dieckmann.However, according to Crack and Isbell (1970) and Young (1976), the levels fordeficiency are 0.2 meq/100 g for sandy soils and between 0.2 and 0.4 meq/100gfor clay soils, so that all soils would require K fertilisation.

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents range from low to medium. Sharpdecreases in these ratings would be expected on the 0.1 to 0.2 m segment.Weber has the lowest C and N levels present and the highest C:N ratio of 18.Ratios (C:N) less than 15 are generally regarded as indicating fertile soils, withratios above that level indicating poorer crop growing conditions. For all soilsstudied C and N would decrease as a result of mineralisation, crop extraction,ploughing and erosion. Maintenance of N by fertiliser addition and C by greenmanuring and reduced tillage methods would be recommended.

Trace elements, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe)were determined by DTPA extraction. Zinc levels in Purdon, Cyrus and McGrathare low and applied zinc may be required for most crops and pastures. All othertrace elements (Cu, Mn, Fe) are adequate.

18

4. LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT

4.1 Method of assessment

The accompanying soils map has been divided into areas known as UniqueMapping Areas (Basinski 1979). Each Unique Mapping Area (UMA) includes oneor two dominant soil profile classes which occur in a particular landscapeposition. The UMA is also described in terms of area, geology, landform andvarious limitation factors.

Eleven limitations considered important for crop or pasture growth on thestation were identified for each UMA:

water availibilitywetnessfloodingrockinesssoil depthfrostoutflow potentialsoil surface condition and adhesivenessgilgaiintake potentialwater erosion.

The severity of each of these limitations for the soil profile classes in theUMA, and the slope category, are used for assessing the suitability of eachindividual UMA for pastures and crops. If two soil profile classes were identifiedfor the UMA, both soil types were considered when assessing values for thelimitations.

Forty-six land uses were considered for the stations lands. Each of theland uses have differing requirements and the tables in Appendix 3 assign a landsuitability subclass for each limitation for each land use. The highest limitationsubclass determined the initial suitability class for each specific use in eachindividual UMA. Interaction between different limitations may change the value ofthe suitability class that is finally assigned. Existing land uses such as buildingsmay preclude the use of the UMA for the assessed land use suitability.

The attribute data for each UMA, including the limitation values and landsuitability classes for each of the land uses, is stored on computer and isavailable on request to the Director, Land Resources Branch, Indooroopilly.

UMA boundary information, the dominant soil profile classes in the UMAand the suitability of the UMA for different land uses were entered into theARC/INFO Geographic Information System (GIS). GIS was used to produce landsuitability maps for crops and pastures as well as planning maps for tree plantingand areas for irrigation; figures 5 and 6 show plots of land use suitability forirrigated oats and irrigated mixed temperate grasses.

CO

Figure 5. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated oats

o

Figure 6. Distribution of land suitable for irrigated mixed temperate grasses

21

4.2 Land suitability classes

All UMAs were allocated a land suitability class based on a five class landsuitability classification for each land use. Land was classified on the basis of aspecified land use which allows optimum production with minimal degradation tothe land resource in the longterm. The classification indicates increasing levels oflimitations to long term use.

Class 1 Suitable land with negligible limitations. This is highly productiveland requiring only simple management practices to maintain economicproduction.

Class 2 Suitable land with minor limitations which either reduce production orrequire more than the simple management practices of class 1 land tomaintain economic production.

Class 3 Suitable land with moderate limitations which either further lowerproduction or require more than those management practices of class 2land to maintain economic production.

Class 4 Marginal land which is presently considered unsuitable due tosevere limitations. The long term significance of these limitations onthe proposed land use are unknown. The use of this land is dependantupon undertaking additional studies to determine whether the effects ofthe limitations can be reduced to achieve production.

Class 5 Unsuitable land with extreme limitations that preclude its use.

Land is considered less suitable as the severity of limitations for a landuse increase, reflecting either (a) reduced potential for production, and/or (b)increased inputs to acheive an acceptable level of production and/or (c) increasedinputs required to prevent land degradation. The first three classes areconsidered suitable for the specified land use as the benefits from using the landfor that land use in the long term should outweigh the inputs required to initiateand maintain production. Decreasing land suitability within a region often reflectsthe need for increased inputs rather than decreased potential production.

Class 4 is considered presently unsuitable and it is doubtful whether theinputs required to achieve and maintain production outweigh the benefits in thelong term. Additional studies are needed to determine the feasibility of using thisland.

Class 5 is considered unsuitable having limitations that in aggregate are sosevere that the benefits would not justify the inputs required to initiate andmaintain production in the long term. It would require a major change ineconomics, technology or management expertise before the land could beconsidered suitable for that land use. Some class 5 lands however, such asescarpments, will always remain unsuitable for agriculture.

22

4.3 Land use options

Suitable land uses and any specific management issues for each UMA areshown in Appendix 4.

Final decisions on land use should be based on the need to maintainpermanent research plots and to achieve maximum production of pasture andcrops to feed livestock while minimising land degradation. Soil conservationplans are required in arable areas.

4.4 Land management considerations

4.4.1 Salinity

A small area of saline seepage is evident at the junction of permeable andimpermeable geological beds at the eastern edge of block 4 of the station. Saltshave accumulated where gully lines in the low hills south-west of block 5 meetthe alluvial flats. In the northeastern part of block 5, the old railway line hascaused drainage problems in the alluvium. This has lead to an accumulation ofsalts around the railway line.

Salinity measurements of station lands were measured and interpreted byB. Forster, A. Barton and A. Geritz (Figure 7). The methods used for collectingdata is detailed in Appendix 5.

Lands which were measured as very high hazard areas (>200 mS/cm)correspond with the visible saline outbreaks described previously. The EM metermeasured areas of high salinity hazard (150 - 200 mS/cm) outside the visualextent of the outbreak. Several smaller areas of very high salinity hazard werealso recorded. Areas denoted as very high salinity hazard are generallyconsidered too saline to support adequate crop growth and yield.

There are several extensive areas of high salinity hazard occurring on thealluvial flats and the low hills. It is believed that the soils formed from Tertiaryhypabyssal intrusives and extrusive volcanics on the crests of the surroundinghills are acting as intake areas (permeable soils and rocks) for water. Waterpercolates downslope through the soils and bedrock of the salt rich Walloon CoalMeasures on the mid to lower slopes, and accumulates these salts in the claysoils on the margins of the alluvial flats. These areas will support salt tolerantgrasses with no significant reduction in yield.

The salinity survey showed that areas with low EM readings (<100 mS/cm)occur in areas covered by the soil profile classes Hanson, Purdon, Pennell,Churchbank and Evans. The deep drainage has been calculated as high for theHanson soil profile class from the soil type sample (see Appendix 5). It isprobable that areas of this soil are acting as intake areas. Careful monitoring ofirrigation on Hanson is required, and clearing should be kept to a minimum.

00GO

Figure 7. Map of salinity hazard interpreted by Forster and Barton (unpublished data) based on electromagneticinduction traverses

24

The extent of high salinity hazard is a major consideration for landmanagement on the station in the future. Irrigation practices, further replanting orclearing of trees, control of erosion and effective drainage are issues which mustbe considered in order to control saline outbreaks.

Management practices suggested by Hughes (1984) for preventing salinityoutbreaks in high salinity hazard areas, are

irrigate intake areas only as necessary to avoid adding excess water, andplant and maintain deep-rooted trees in these areasplant trees where the hills meet the alluvial flats (toeslopes) to preventexcess water entering the alluvial areasimprove the drainage from susceptible areas, so that this is not impededby roads (particularly the old railway line at block 5)plant salt tolerant grasses, trees and crops in affected alluvial flats toprevent subsurface water reaching the soil surface. Avoid unrestrictedcultivation or overgrazing.

Specific practices for salinity problems in this area (see Fig. 7) are asfollows.

Tree planting on block 4. The seepage salting east of block 4 at the oldMutdapilly Station, should be planted to deeply rooted vegetation to minimiseseepage and excess water.

Tree planting on the low hills. The undulating low hills used forcultivation should have clumps of trees planted on crests and other intake areas.As the EM readings in these areas are low (50 to 60 mS/cm), the tree speciesare not required to be salt tolerant.

Saline areas in the alluvium on block 5. The areas on the alluvial flatsaffected by salting, south of the old railway line and to the south of block 5,should be managed with careful irrigation practices to reduce the level of thewatertable. Shaw et al. (1987) suggest that watertable rises can be preventedby:

improving surface and subsurface drainagereducing evaporation by lighter cultivation and mulching.

The toeslopes of the low hills should be planted with a belt of trees tohelp prevent excess water entering the heavier soils on the alluvium.

4.4.2 Erosion

Mutdapilly Research Station contains several significant areas of sheet erosion.These areas require strict management to prevent further degradation. Severesheet erosion has caused loss of part of the A horizon on the clay soils used forcultivation on the low hills of blocks 4 and 5, and some gully erosion hasoccurred on the roadways. The maintenance of contour banks and theintroduction of other soil conservation measures, will ensure long term productivityof this cropping area.

25

Construction of contour banks on other sloping lands proposed forcultivation would ensure the use of these areas into the future. Contour banksare not recommended in sloping areas where stock are kept because of likelydamage to the banks. Using minimum tillage equipment would reduce the risk oferosion on slopes in cropping areas and during the establishment phase ofpermanent pastures.

4.4.3 Flooding

Two branches of Warrill Creek flow through the station lands. The area adjacentto Warrill Creek is subjected to flooding approximately every two years. In lieu ofconstructing a levee bank around this area, permanent pastures should bemaintained on the levee areas of Warrill Creek to minimise the risk of erosiveflood damage. The flats between the two branches of the creek may also beaffected by flooding.

The alluvial flats away from the creeklines also experience flooding causedby runoff from the surrounding low hills. Inadequate surface drainage in someareas contributes to periods of waterlogging in crops after flooding events.Additional drainage systems would assist in minimising crop damage after floods.

4.4.4 Irrigation

Large areas of Mutdapilly Research Station are presently irrigated.

The general formation of the low undulating hills on the station is JurassicWalloon Coal Measures capped by Tertiary intrusions, extrusions or sediments.Irrigation of the soils formed on the Tertiary rocks would cause additional waterto percolate through the subsoils and into the clays and solodic soils formeddownslope on the Walloons. This may translocate increased salt from the soilsformed on the Walloon sediments into the alluvial soils directly downslope. Inaddition, irrigation of the lower slopes of the hills may increase the movement ofsalts from the slopes into the alluvium. Dryland salinity has already beenaccelerated by irrigation of such areas in the Fassifern Valley (Powell 1977).

To minimise the risk of increasing the salt levels in the soils of the alluvialplains, careful management of irrigation is recommended in certain areas. Thefollowing recommendations aim at lessening the risk of saline outbreaks in thesoils on the alluvium.

Suggested irrigation practices on the low hills. To reduce the amountof salts translocating down the slopes, the volume of irrigation water applied tothe soils on the low hills will need to be carefully controlled. When the amountof water in the soil profile that is available to plants (the plant available watercapacity) is reduced by 66%, the area should be irrigated with only enough waterto fill the plant available water storage of the soil. Appendix 5 details the methodto estimate when the amount of water in the soil is reduced to 66% of theestimated PAWC and to determine the amount of water that needs to be addedby irrigation. The aim of this management is to minimise runoff and subsurfacedownslope flow.

26

Monitoring of watertables. Monitoring of watertable rises is an advisableprecaution in all areas of irrigation. This is now done routinely by farmers insome saline areas of Western Australia. Piezometers and tensiometers shouldbe placed in the following areas:

the euchrozem soil (Hanson) in block 6 to monitor deep drainagethe areas affected by saline outbreaks on block 5 to monitor the height ofwatertablesupper and lower slope positions in irrigated areas on the low hillsother irrigated areas on the alluvium, and on areas directly below irrigatedlands on the low hills.

Piezometers would need to measure water levels between 1 and 3 metres,and in lower slope positions be capable of measuring below 3 metres as well.

Soil specific problems. Irrigation of the Cyrus soil profile class east ofWarrill Creek requires strict management as the soils have slow internal drainage.In addition the surface soil is heavy clay with resultant problems in the use ofmachinery.

The areas of McGrath and Pennell soil profile class on the western aspecton the main hill of block 5 have suffered severe soil erosion in the past. Theloss of the lighter textured soil surface material has left an exposed clay subsoilwhich would be structurally unstable if irrigated.

Irrigation is not recommended for areas of Sartor soil as the originalvegetation for these areas, Melaleuca irbyana, indicates a periodic perchedwatertable. Adding additional water through irrigation may cause the watertableto rise with associated problems.

4.4.5 Timbered areas and wildlife needs

As mentioned previously (Section 2.3), large areas of the station have beenextensively cleared, leaving small but locally significant stands of woodland.Clearing of these stands would lead to more available pasture land but may alsolead to increased erosion, salinity outbreaks and decreased wildlife habitat.

The Department of Environment and Conservation is currently undertakingthe Rural Nature Conservation Program which encourages land holders tomanage properties to benefit native conservation. The Department of Biology atQueensland University of Technology is conducting research into the koalapopulations on Mutdapilly Research Station. They are currently monitoring about25 koalas on block 3, and have counted about five koalas in block 4. Otherkoalas have been counted in areas of E. tereticornis to the west of Warrill Creekon block 1.

A report by Dr. G. Gordon of the Department of Environment andConservation indicates that 'Sites such as Brown's block (block 3), which have aconcentration of koalas, have the potential to produce surplus animals which maymove out into sites with sparser habitat and augment the population in theseareas'. He suggests that removal of these trees by extensive clearing will affectthe koala population of the whole district.

27

Gordon recommends the following measures to maintain and increasekoala numbers:

not clearing Brown's block (block 3)orif development is necessary, not clearing the eastern part of the block(where two-thirds of the koalas reside)leaving large clumps of vegetation when clearing, not isolated treesrevegetation along creek lines particularly with E. tereticornisrevegetation in areas of at least several hectares, with a mix of eucalyptspecies, but including E. tereticornis

Small areas on block 3 have already been cleared. The area covered byEvans soil profile class has little potential for pasture improvement due to a lowavailable moisture range in the surface horizon. However, other areas aresuitable for Rhodes pasture, and areas covered by prairie soils (Purdon) aresuitable for other pastures and limited cropping. Small areas to the west of thatdesignated by Gordon could be cleared and planted to pasture.

Areas on block 4 could be allowed to revegetate, or could be planted to amix of eucalypt species, to provide shade for livestock. The area covered bySartor soil profile class is not suitable for irrigation and may therefore be suitablefor revegetation.

The large stand of blue gums west of Warrill Creek on block 1 should beleft uncleared; the area creates a shelter belt as well as a refuge for wildlife.

Figure 8 shows the suggested tree replanting for the station. Thereplanting is proposed to help reduce the risk of secondary salinisation as well asprovide wildlife corridors. Priorities have been assigned on the basis of existingland uses and future development of station areas.

4.4.6 Areas for livestock

The carrying capacity for each part of the station will vary with the specific landsuitabilities for the area. Pasture yields will vary, even if areas of low fertility arefertilised, because of differences in other soil limitations.

Additional feed may need to be bought or transported to a particular areaoccasionally, to supplement existing pastures.

Livestock feeding areas. If stock numbers are constantly exceeding thestation's carrying capacity, pastures will degenerate, soils will become severelycompacted and sheet and gully erosion will accelerate. The use of concentratedfeeding areas may be a better alternative to spreading cut feed in the paddocks.Feeding areas would ensure that cattle would be kept off regenerating pastures.By minimising the damage from trampling to existing pasture, land degradationcould be avoided and there would be a quicker recovery of pasture after failuresin rainfall. Feeding areas should be situated in stable areas (Truong et al. 1987)- on areas of low slope and on soils which do not have a high percentage ofclay in the surface. Concentrated feeding areas could be rotated within thepaddock by the use of electric fences.

28

Holding yards. In addition to holding yards situated close to the dairies,cattle require high ground in times of local flooding. There are large areas ofhigh ground to the north, east and south of the Mutdapilly dairy. When decidingon the most appropriate land use for these areas, consideration must be given toconstruction of holding yards for the cattle during wet weather.

roCO

Figure 8. Locality plan of suggested tree replanting to reduce risk of secondary salinisation and to preserve wildlife.

30

5. REFERENCES

Ahem, C.R. (1988), Comparison of models for predicting available water capacityof Burdekin soils, Queensland, Australian Journal of Soil Research 26,409-23.

Andrew, C.S., Crack, B.J. and Rayment, G.E. (1974), Queensland, in Handbookon Sulphur in Australian Agriculture, K.G. McLachlan, ed.,CSIRO:Melboume.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (1983), Year Book Australia No. 67,Commonwealth of Australia.

Baker, D.E. (1977), Chemical and Physical properties of the soils, in Soils of theLower Burdekin River - Elliott River area, north Queensland, QueenslandDepartment of Primary Industries, Agricultural Chemistry Branch, TechnicalReport Number 10.

Baker, D.E. and Rayment, G.E. (1983), Soil pH, Queensland Department ofPrimary Industries Leaflet QL83011.

Baker, D.E. and Ahem, C.R. (1989), Estimates of effective rooting depth forpredicting available water capacity of Burdekin soils, Queensland,Australian Journal of Soil Research 27, 439-54.

Basinski, J J . (ed.) (1978), Volume 1 General Report, in Land Use on the SouthCoast of New South Wales, A study in methods of acquiring and usinginformation to analyse regional land use options, General editors M. P.Austin and K. D. Cocks, CSIRO, Australia.

Blakemore, L.C. and Miller, R.B. (1968), Organic matter, in Soils of NewZealand, Soil Bureau Bulletin 26(2), 55-67.

Bruce, R.C. and Rayment, G.E. (1982), Analytical methods and interpretationsused by the Agricultural Chemistry Branch for soil and land use surveys,Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Bulletin QB82004.

Crack, B.J. and Isbell, R.F. (1970), Studies on some solodic soils in northeastern Queensland. I Morphological and chemical characteristics,Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10,334-341.

Gardner, E.A. (1985) Planning and Management of Water for Agriculture in theTropics, pp 67-74, Fifth Afro-Asian Regional Conference Proceedings,International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Townsville Australia25-30 August 1985.

Gillman, G.P., Skjemstad, J.O. and Bruce, R.C. (1982), A comparison of methodsused in Queensland for determining cation exchange properties, CSIRODivision of Soils Technical Paper No. 44.

31

Hughes, K. K. (1984), Trees and salinity, Queensland Agricultural Journal, 110,13-14.

Northcote, K.H. (1979), A factual key for the recognition of Australian soils, 4thEdition, Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Northcote, K.H. and Skene, J.K.M. (1972), Australian soils with saline and sodicproperties, CSIRO Division of Soil, Soil Pulication Number 27.

Paton, T. R., (1971), A reconnaissance survey of soils in the Boonah-BeaudesertDistrict, Queensland, Soils and Land Use Series No 52, CommonwealthScientific and Industrial Research Organisation.

Powell, B., (1979), Soils of the Kalbar District, South-East Queensland,Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Agricultural ChemistryBranch Technical Report No. 16.

Powell, B., Baker, D.E. and Christianos, N.G. (1985), Soils of the MutdapillyResearch Station, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, ResearchEstablishments Publication QR85001.

Probert, M.E. (1977), The distribution of sulphur and carbon - nitrogen - sulphur.Relationships in some north Queensland soils, CSIRO Australia, Divisionof Soils, Technical Paper Number 31.

Rayment, G.E. (1983), Prediction of response to sulphur by establishedSiratro/grass pastures in south-east Queensland, Australian Journal ofExperimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, 23, 280-287.

Rayment, G.E. and Bruce, R.C. (1979a), Effect of topdressed phosphous fertilizeron established white clover based pastures in south-east Queensland. I.Prediction of yield responses using soil tests, Australian Journal ofExperimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 19, 454.

Rayment, G.E. and Bruce, R.C. (1979b), Effect of topdressed phosphorusfertilizer on established white clover based pastures in south-eastQueensland. 2. Macronutrient status and prediction of yield responsesusing plant chemical tests, Australian Journal of Experimental Agricultureand Animal Husbandry 19,463-471.

Richards, LA. (1954), Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkaline soils,United States Department of Agriculture Handbook Number 60, UnitedStates Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.

Shaw, R.J., Hughes, K.K., Thorbum, P.J. and Dowling, A.J. (1987), Principles oflandscape, soil and water salinity - processes and management options,Part A in, Landscape, Soil and Water Salinity, Proceedings of the BrisbaneRegional Salinity Workshop, Brisbane, May 1987, Queensland Departmentof Primary Industries Conference and Workshop Series QC87003.

32

Soil Survey Staff (1975), So/7 taxonomy - A basic system of soil classification formaking and interpreting soil surveys, Agriculture Handbook No. 436, SoilConservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Stace, H. C. T , Hubble, G. D., Brewer, R., Northcote, K. H., Sleeman, J. R.,Mulcahy, M. J., and Hallsworth E. G. (1968), A handbook of australianSoils, Rellim Technical Publications, Glenside, South Australia.

Thompson, C.H. and Beckmann, G.G. (1959), Soils and land use in theToowoomba area, Darling Downs, Queensland, CSIRO Division of Soils,Soils and Land Use Series Number 28.

Truong, P. N., Pressland, A. J., and V. Cummins (1987), Graziers can avoiddamage to grazing land, Queensland Agricultural Journal, 113, 31-39.

Young, A. (1976), Tropical soils and soil survey, Cambridge GeographicalStudies Number 9.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the following people:

A.LBarton for assistance in soil surveying and salinity measurementsG.B.Faulkner for giving general recommendations on erosion control andsoil conservation considerationsK.K.Hughes for recommendations on salinityR.J.Shaw for detailed recommendations on salinity and irrigationR.E.Reid for general land resource recommendations, salinitymeasurements and project supportG.M.Hawley, G.H.Malcolmson, Dr.W.J.Scattini, A.S.Greasley and K.F.Lowefor assistance on determining crops and pastures suitable for MutdapillyResearch StationJ. Evans for providing information on the Mutdapilly Research Stations pasthistory and future requirementsDr.R.T. Cowan for recommendations on animal feed requirements.B.Venz for salinity measurements and soil surveyAgricultural Chemistry Branch for soil analyses and calculationsOfficers of Horticulture Branch for recommendations of horticultural cropsfor Mutdapilly Reseach StationA. Geritz for salinity measurementsDrafting section of Land Resources Branch for producing maps anddiagramsB.Powell and V.J.EIdershaw for editing commentsP. Voller from the Queensland Forest Service for recommendations ontrees suitable for planting at Mutdapilly Research Station.

33

APPENDIX 1

DETAILED MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONSOF SOIL PROFILE CLASSES

SoUProfileClass

P.P.F. SoU Profile Class Description Physiography

No rmanby Uf6.32 P r a i r i e SoU - A l l u v i a l So i l l

6 0-7.0

70-75

7 0-8 0

7.5-8.5

8 0-8 5

a <;-9.o

5 .

20 .

3 0 .

60 .

90 .

no120 .

150

A

\

D.ND2 /

/

On

A horizon: a hardsetting surface with dark [10YR3/2JJfine sandy clay; moderate fine granular; hard [dry]*

01 horizon: dark [10YR3/SJ; fine sandy clay Loam;moderate medium granular; slightly hard to hard (dry).

D2 or D3 horizon: dark (10YR3/2) with faint yellowmottling above Dn horizon; fins sandy clay Loam orfine sandy clay: massive to moderate medium prismatic:slightly hard to hard(dry). Tnese horizons may beabsent.

On horizon: (n = 2 to 4|i dark (10YR3/2J; lightmedium clay; strong fine angular blocky; traceamounts of manganiferous concretions and commonlysmall amounts of carbonate.

Alluvial plain

Lower tsrracesand immediatebanks ofWarriLL Creek,

150

Ug5.24Ug5.1Ug5.16Ug5.17Ug5.15

Grey Clay - Slack Eartn

pH cm

6 5-7 0

80

9.0

8.0-8 6

90

90

5 .

2 0 .

3 0 .

6 0 .

90 .

120 .

150 .

A

\

\

s

\. 140

150

A hor izonI weakly to moderately se l f -mu lch ing ,

moderately crocking surfacaj dark (10YR2-3 /1 -2 ,

7 .5YR3/1-2] to gray (10YR4/2) to grey

brown ( 7 . 5 Y R 4 / 2 ] ; Light to Light medium cLayf

moderate f i n e to medium granular or angular

bLocky; h a r d ( d r y ) .

B hor izon: dark {1QYR2/1-2, 3 / 1 - 2 , 2.SY2/1 to

grey (10YR4/1 -2 ) ; l i g h t medium to heevy

c l a y ; moderate medium to coarse angular blocky

becoming Lent icular at depth; very hard to

extremely hard [ d r y ] ; t race to smalt amounts o f

manganiferous concretions and/or so f t ferruginous

segregat ions; occasional ly a- t race o f concretionary

carbonate at depth, Subhorizons due to tex ture*

s t ruc ture and concretions common.

D hor izon: s i m i l a r to B horizon but only c l e a r l y

evident whare grey brown A or B horizon c l e a r l y

or sharply o v e r l i e s a darker horizon ( A l l u v i a l

Soils]

Variants: (1) mottling may be evident in profilesfrom lower Lying sites.

(H) brown sandy clay D-horizonpresent at 130cm,

(111] alluvial banding evident below80cm

(1v) surface not seasonally cracking[v] B horizon: light clay; gray; feint

mottling; lower depth of 150cm;medium bLocky

Alluvial plain

of main floodplain dose toeasternbranch ofWarriLL Creak.

34

Cyrus Ug5.16

Ug5.1

UQ5.29

Ug5.24

Ug5.25

Ug5.17

Black aarth - grey clay

5 5-9.0 5!10 .

5 7-90 30.

40.

6 0-9 5 60 .

7 0-9 0 90 .

78-9 0 120 .

Weak to strong nuram alpha gUgai occasionally

evident 1n uncultivated situations; mound and

and depression have sim1Lar morphoLogy,

A horizon: moderately self-mulching, moderately

cracking surface with (IOYRS/1-a,3/1-2] to

grey [1QYR4/1]; medium to medium heavy clay;

strong fine granular to moderate medium angular

blacky; very hard (dry]; occasionally a trace of

manganiferous concretions,

B21 horizon: dark [10YR2/1,3/1-2f2.5Y2/1] to grey

[1QYR4/1—2]; medium to heavy clay; moderate-strong

medium angular blocky or lenticular; vary hard to

extremely hard (dry); usually treca to small

amounts of manganiferous concretions and commonLy

trace amounts of soft ferruginous segregations.

Subhonzons of concretions common.

B22ca horizon: grey MDYR-2.5Y4-5/1-2]; medium to

heavy clay; moderate to strong coarse lenticular

breaking to medium and fine lenticular; very hard

to extremely hard (dry); trace to moderate amounts

of carbonate cone ret 1 ants $ manganese concretions

and soft ferruginous segregations common,

Subhorizons of concretions common.

Alluvial plain

Extensive

areas 1n

intermediate

position

between creak

lines and

uplands.

Variants) [1] carbonate may occur 1n a dark

[10YH3/1J B horizon.

(11] carbonate may not occur in top

150cm of the prof i le . This variant

Is mare common in gilgai

depressions and close to creek Lines.

( M l ) A horizon: brown 7.5YR4/3f3/1

UgS.16

Ug5.1

Ug5.24

Ug5.28

UgS.17

Wiesenboden - Mottled gray clay

6.0-7 2 5 I15.

6 5-7 2 30 .

6.5-7 8 60 .

6 4-8 l 90 .

7.5-81 120 .

. 85

Weak nurem alpha gilgai occasionally evident 1n Alluvial plain

uncultivated situations; mound and depression

have similar morphology.

Low lying

A horizon: a moderately self-mulching, moderately positions,

cracking surface, week to strongly brown mattLed beck swamp

dark (10YR2/1,3/1,3/2] to grey [10YB-2.5Y4/1-2) to depressions

grey brown (7.5YRV1,4/2); light medium to medium and broad

clsy; moderate fine to medium angular blacky; very drainage

hard (dry]; trace to small amount of manganiferous Unas,

concretions.

B21 horizon) conmonly weakly brown mottled dark

(10YR3/1-2) or grey [10YR-2.5Y4/1-2]; medium to

heavy clay; moderate medium to coarse

angular blocky or Lenticular; very hard to

extremely hard [dry]; trace to small amounts of

manganiferous and ferruginous concretions;

subhorizona of mottling, concretions common.

B22ce horizon! es above but with small amounts of

carbonate concretions.

Variants! (1] sporadic bleach occasionally found

at the base of the A horizon in

in uncultivated positions (Ug3.1]

(11) carbonate may not occur 1n the top

150enr of tha prof i le . This variant

Is more common In gilgai

depressions,

(111) pH 8.0-8.5 in upper B; Una

present in upper B; brown mottles

( Iv j AO horizon of dark fibrous l i t t e r

35

UfS.31

pH

5 5-6 5

6 7-7 0 '20 .

6.5-7.2 '50

A horizon: very dark reddish brown to dark

reddish brown (5YR3/3-4,2/4,3/2] to brownish

black (7.5YR3/2)j Light clay; f ine angular

blocky; f i rm,

B horizon: dark reddish brown [2.5YR-5YR3/4,3/6]

to brown (7.5YR4/6); Light to medium day ;

moderate angular blocky; hard (dry) ; manganese

nodules above B-C or C horizon.

B-C horizon: reddish brown (5YR4/6]; l ight clayf

moderate angular bLocky; manganese nodules,

C horizon: mottled reddish brown to bright brown

[2.5YRVBf5YR3/B,V4,4/8,7.5YR5/6J; sandy loam to ;

sandy clay Loam; massive; friabLe; many manganese

nodules.

Variants: [1] light medium cley A3 horizon present

(ii) B21 horizon: clay Loam

[jnj mottling in B horizons

[iv) B-C horizon absent

Hid to upper

slopes of

volcanic

instrusions

on

undulating

Low hi l i e .

Ug5.14 Black earth

6.5-6.3 5.

7.5-8.0 30

8.0-8.5 60 .

70 .

8 0-8.S 90

A hor izon ! moderately to s t rong ly e a l f mulching

cracking sur face; dark [1DYR3/1-7.5YR3/2];

medium c lay ; strong medium granu lar ; very hard

( d r y ] ,

B1 hor i zon : dark (10YR3/1-S); medium c lay ; s t rong

coarse angular blocky or l e n t i c u l a r ; very hard

( d r y ] . Trace to small amounts of concret ionary

manganese,

82 hor i zom grey [10YH4-5/2J) medium c lay ;

strong coarse anguLar bLocky or Len t i cu la r ; very

hard ( d r y ) . Trace to small amounts of concret ionary

manganese,

C hor izon: l i g h t gray (5YR8/1] to yellow [10YR5/6],

occasional yellow or grey mo t t l e ; clayey mudstone

wi th ghost rock rock s t r u c t u r e ; hard [ d r y ] ; may

contain graveL. Trace to small amounts of

concret ionary carbonate or manganeea.

Var ian ts : ( i ) dark (10YR3-4/1] medium clay layer

conta in ing t race amounts of

concret ionary carbonate and

manganese between B1 horizon and

C hor i zon .

(11} grey brown [7.5YR4/2] A1 horizon

over grey B1 horizon (10YR4/2]

over brown BS horizon [Ug5.22] .

[111) A hor izon : clay loam to l i g h t

c lay ; a l k a l i n e ; small amounts

of l ima; t race amounts of vo lcan ic

g rave l ; fer ruginous graveL

t i v l C hor izon: brown [10YR4/3J; sandy

loam to sandy clay loam;

ferruginous g r a v e l .

Mid t o Lowe

slopes of

undulating

Low h i l l s .

36

Ug5,37

UgS.32

UgS.13

Ug5.23

0T8.31

Brown clay - black earth

5.7-8.5 5.

6.5-8.5 30 .40 .

7 0-8 5 60 .

7 3-8 7 90.

A horizon: weakly to moderately seLf-mulahing

cracking surfacao Dark t7.5YR-10YR3/1-2) to

brown [7.5YR3/3] Light to medium cLay; strong

medium granular grading to moderate medium blacky

in deeper A horizons; hard to very hard [dry],

B horizon: brown (7.5YR-10YR4/3-4,7.5YR5/4-fl) to

red brown (5YR 4/3-6}; medium to medium heavy

clay; moderate medium prismatic or angular

blacky grading to coarse Lenticular at depth;

extremely hard {dry]; trace to smelL amounts of

manganiferous concretions or soft segregations,

Subhorizons due to colour and concretions

common. Commonly contains carbonate at transition

to C horizon,

C horizon: yellow brawn {10YR5/4.7.5YP8/6) or

yeLLow [10YR5—6/8,7/8,8/6); coarse sand to sandy

clay loam; massive ; hardfdry]; commonly contains

small to trace amounts of carbonate. Consists of

Lithic or calcareous sandstone. Subhorizons due

to colout and concretions common.

Variants: ( i ] A horizon: grey {1QYR4/2] or red

brown [5YR4/4); Light or heavy

clay; moderate fine crumb; fr iable;

volcanic gravel

(111 B horizon: yallow brown

E7,5YR5/6,6/4,6/6f10YR5/4) or

grey brown [10YR4/1-2,5/3,7.5YR4/2](

small amounts of volcanic gravel;

traces of Lime.

(111} sandy clay C horizon

Knolls, upper

and mid

slopes of

undulating

low h i l ls

Kulgun UgS.24

Ug5.14

Ug5.15

Ug5.1B

Ug5.22

6n3.53

Spay clay - black earth

5.5-8.8 5'.

20 .

5.8-8.8 30 .

7.5-9.0 60 .

7 5-8 8 90 .

7 8-90 I20 .

8.0-90 I50

Weak to moderate linear alpha gilgai occasionally

evident in uncultivated situations.

A horizon: moderately self-mulching, moderately

cracking surface; dark (7.5YR-1OYRE/2,3/1-2) to

grey brown {7.5YR4/1-2]; Light medium to

heavy d a y ; moderate fine granular to coarae

angular blockyj very hard [dry) ,

B1 S/or B21 horizon: dark (10YR2/2,3/1-2) to gray

(7.5YB-2.5Y4/1-fl] to grey brown [7.5YR5/2]; neditw

to heavy cloy; moderate medium to coarse

angular bLocky, prismatic or lenticular! extremely

herd (dry); trace to small amounts of nanganiferous

concretions; trace to abundant lime. Subhorizons

due to colour or concretions common,

B22ca horizon: Grey [10YR-2.5Y4/1-2,5/1-2), yellow

brown [10YR5/3-4,6-7/3] to yeLLow grey (2.5Y5/3)

which may become mottled and yellower [10YR6/4-6,

7/6,7/8} with depth; medium to heavy clay;

medium to strong coarse lenticular; extremely

hard {dry}; trace to small amounts of carbonate

concretions and manganiferous concretions.

Subhorizons due to concretions or colour common,

C horizon: mottled yallow grey (2.5Y5/3 f7/4J or

yellow (2.5Y7-B/6} or grey [2.5Y5/1,10YR5-S/1)

clayey soft mud3tone or shale, commonly containing

carbonate. Subhorizons due to coLour common.

Variants: (1)

(111

BSSca horizon: dark mottles along

fissures; absent.

B21 horizon: brown (7.5YR-1QYR

3-4/3}; red [2.5YR-5YR4/8,4/B];

lime absent.

Saddle

between knolLs

<tid to Lower

slopes or

aLLuvial-

colLuviaL fans

of undulating

Low h i l l s .

37

Ug5,33Ug5.13Ug5.37Ug5.32UgS.3

Brown clay - black earth

7 5-8.8 60 .

8 0-8 8 90 .

8.0-8 8 120 .

6.0-8.5 150

Weak to strong lattice and nuram alpha gUgai onknolLsj Linear alpha gilgai on slopes; common Inin uncultivated situations.

A horizon: hardeetting to moderately self mulchingcracking surface. Dark (7.5Yft-iaYR2/1,3/1-2,4/2)to brown (7.5YR-10YR3/3)j light to heevy clay;moderate to strong fine to coerse granular; herdto very hard [dry],

81 horizon* dark [7.5YB-10YR3/1-2J to brown[7.5YR3/3]; medium clay; moderate medium to coarseangular blocky; very hard (dry].

B21 horizon: brown (7.5YFM0YR4/3-4,4/6) to redbrown [5YH4/3-4] to red [5YR-2.5YH4/8,4/8)occasionally mottled; medium to heevy clay;moderate medium to coarse lenticular or angularblocky; sxtremaLy hard (dry]; trace to smallamounts of carbonate or manganiferous concretions,Subhorizons due to colour or concretions common,

822 or BSSca horizon: dark [7.5YR-10YR2/1,3/1-2],grey [1QYR-2.5Y4/1-2] or brown {7.5YB-10TR4/3-4]or yellow brown (10YR5/3-4,6/4]; medium toheavy day; moderate medium to coarse lenticular;extremely hard (dry]. Trace to small amounts ofmanganiferous concretions; commonly trace tosmell amounts of soft or concretionery carbonate.Subhorizons due to colour or concretions common,

C or Cca horizon: yellow brown [10YR5/4,6/4-6,7/6,7.5YB8/8] or red brown E5YRS/6] becoming grey mottledat depth; clayey soft mudstone or occasionally sandy,calcareous sandstone; trees to small amounts ofsoft or concretionary Ume common. Subhorizons duato colour, mottling or concretions coi

On knollsand lowersLopes andalLuvial-colluvial fansof undulatingLow hi l ls .

(1] carbonate found at 25cm[11] transitional 823 horizon with

yellow brown I10YRS/4] clay 10-15cm thick,

(111] trace to small amounts of graveloccur throughout profile but morecommonly at depth.

(1v) non-crscking surface with deeperprofile [UfB.31]

M deep profile [>150cm) lUg5.34fUg5.15)

38

Uf6.31Gn3,23Gn3.22UfS,32

Preiria soil

57-6.5

6.2-8.0

6.2-8.5

7 0-8.5

8.0-8.5

8.0-8.7

5 .

3 0 .

40 .

60 .

90 _

120 .

ISO -

\

35

•J5e. 65

. 05

. 150

A horizon: moderate to strongly fr iable ta

hard setting surface; dark to brown (7.5YR-10YR

2/2»3/1,3/9,7.5YR3-4/3] day Loam to Light medium

clay; moderate to strong granular to fina

subangular blacky; hard(dpy),

B horizon: brown to red-brown (10YR4/3-4,

7.5YR3/3-4P4/4,5YR3/3-4,V3-6); light

medium to heavy clay; moderate to strong

medium to coarse angular bLockyj very hard [dry),

B3 horizon: grey (2.5Y4/S) clay and angular

volcanic gravel

9-C horizon: mottlad yetlow {7.5YR5/6}; medium

day) strong coarse blockyt extremely firm;

traces of manganese! traces of weethared rock

fragments. Diffuse to -

C horizon! brown to yeLLow brown [7.5YR4/4-6,

7.5YR-10YR5/6f10YR4/3); loamy sand to sandy

clay Loam; massive; very friable to f r iable;

concentrations of manganese; weathered

microsyenite or calcareous sandstone.

Variants: [1) grey [2.5Y4/2) clay B3 horizon

with angular voLean1c gravel

present

[11] abundant volcanic gravel and

and cabblaa throughout A and 8

horizons,

[111] medium clay A horizon

11v) 9 horizon: mottled; dark t10Y«3/1-2l;

clay loam to Light clay; weak to

moderate madium subangular blacky;

fr iable; slightly alkaline [pHB.Ol.

Mid to upper

slopes of

knolLs of

undulating

low hi U s ,

Uf8.3i

Uf8.32

Gn3.43

Dd3.13

Db3.13

Prairie sai l - No suitable

group

5 5-7 2

6 0-8 5

6.8-8.8

6 5-8.S

8.0-8 5

S.0-B.5

510 .

3 0 .

6 0 .

70 .

90 .

120 .

150

A

8

\

\

A horizoni dark [10YR2-3/1-2J; clay Loam to

l ight medium clay; moderate f ina subangular blocky

strong coarse granular; f r i ab le to f i rm;

occasionally grave l ly ,

B horizon: dark [10YR2-3/2] to brown (7.5YR3/3-4,

10YR4/3] becoming yetlow-brown [10YP5-6/3] 0 P

brown (7.5YFM/6) with depth; Light-medium to heavy

d a y ; moderate medium aubangular blocky to strong

coarse blockyj trace to moderate amounts of Lima,

C horizon: yeLlow (10YRS/3-4) or mottled grey

[5YB/2]; clay Loan; massive; f r i a b l e ; Lima present.

Variants: (1) sandy clay loan A horizon; 0-5cm thick

[11] 8 horizon; mottled yellow brown

[1QYR5/4] or oLive(2.5Y4-5/2,5Y4/2](ferruginous graveL; softmanganese gravel

Lower to

upsLope

positions In

undulating

Low h i l l s .

uo150

39

Gn3.47Uf8.41

Soloth - no suitable groupa f f i n i t i es to soLoth

PH

5.5-6.5

5.5-7.0

5 7-7.0

6.0-7 0

5 8-6.0

5 .

20 .

30.

60 .

90 .

120

A

\

B22t

0

. 20

A1 horizon: herdsetting or loose surface; darkbrown (10YR2/2.3/3] to dul l yellowish brown(10YR4/3] clay Loam or clay Loam f ine sandy tol ight clay; weak medium blocky to massive; hard[dry ] ; sporadic bleach common; ironstone onsurface.

B31t horizon: brown (1CIYR3/2f4/4,7.5YR4/3I toyellowish brown [10YR5/6] to dark greyishyBLLow [2.5Y4/2]j medium clay; moderate to coarseangular blocky; trace to small amounts ofi ronstone,

B22t horizon: dark grayish yellow I2.5Y4/2] toto brown (7.5YR4/6) to grey [10YB7/1); mottlingcommon; medium to medium heavy clay; medium tocoarse angular blocky; vary hard [dry} ; trace tosmall amounts of manganese, ironstone and gravel

Variants! [ i J surface has Large cracksgilgaiad surface forms complex witha soLoth on the mound and this nosuitable group soi l in depression

Crests andbenchpositions ofundulatingLow h i l l s .

Dy5.4S0b4.32Dd1.33

Solodic so i l

pH cm

5 5-6 2

6.S-8.0

8.0-8.7

8.0-9.0

8.0

I.3 0 .3 5 .

6 0 .

9 0 .

120

B2II

\BC

\

c \

^ - A 2

115h 120

A1 horizon: Loose or moderately hardsetting

surface; dark (10YR2-3/2-3J f ine sandy Loam to

clay loam; weak f ine and medium crumb or f ine

blocky to massive} very f r iab le to f r i ab l e ,

A2 horizon: gray [10YR4/2J, sporadically

bleached when dry or yellow-grey [1QYR5/3],

commonly bleached when dry; sandy clay Loam to

clay loam; massive; Loose to f r i ab le ; small to

large amounts of concretionary manganese.

B21t horizon: mottled yellow—grey to brown

[10YR4-5/2-4] to o l ive brown [2,5Y4/2-3]f

medium clay; strong medium blockyf very f irm to

extremely f i rm; small to medium amounts of soft

or concretionary manganese,

BC horizon: yellow brown (7.5YR5/6J to brown

t7.5YR4/4\ to ot ive brmm U . 5 W £ - G l i sandy

clay to medium clay; moderate to weak blacky to

massive; firm to very f i rm,

C horizon: yellow brown (7.5YR5/8); g r i t t y clay

Variants: [1] sandy Loam or clay Loam A1 horizon

( i i ] sandy Loam A2 horizon; no

manganese; conspicuous bleach

( H i ] concretionary Lime > 100cm

( iv j dark [10YR3/2] B horizon

Lower slope

of

undulating

Low h i l l s .

4-10% slope.

40

Yallunga 0t>1.32Dt>1.33

Dy3.43

Dy3.33

Db2.43

Dy2.13

9olod1c :

pH

52-68

10U

CfT

Q5

10

5.5-8 2 50 .

5 6-S" 60 .

5 3-9 5 90 .

S3-9G 120 .

6 7-8 7 150

A1 horizon! strongly hardsetting surface; grey

brown (7«5YRV1-2]i clay Loamj weak medium blocky

to massive; very hard (dry); sporadic bleach

common.

8211 horizont brown to yallow brown 7.SYRV3*

10YR5/3J; Light medium to medium heavy clay;

moderate angular blacky or prismatic; trace

to smalL amounts of soft and concretionary

manganese.

B22t horizoni brawn [7.5YFH0YRV3-4], grey

[10YR5/2] or yellow brown (10YR5/3-4); medium

to medium heavy clay; moderate medium angular

blacky; trace to small amounts of soft and

concretionary manganese. Carbonate occasionally

present, Subhorizons due to colour and

concretions common.

C horizon: yellow brown to Light grey (1QYR6/3

-2.5Y8/2); medium clay; occasional grey or

yellow mottle; medium blocky.

Mid elopesofundulatingLow h i m .

Variantsi [1] some surface erosion of A horizont

clay Loam weak crumb to massive,

[ i i ] occasioanL rounded quartz

[ i i i ] acid reaction throughout p ro f i l e

[ i v ] shallow depth (70-eOcmJ to C

horizon.

[v) eroded phase appears as a Uf6,31

[ v i ] conspicuously bleached AS horizon

DM.13

Dy2.33

DM.33

Dy2,13

Db2.33

Db2.43

Solodic sa i l

pH cm0

5 0-7 0 5 .

15.

5 4-8.5 30 .

50.

5 4-9.0 60 .

7 8-9.0 90 .

7S-8? 120 .

A horizon: moderate to strong hardsetting surface}

dark [7.5YR3/2] to gray brown [7.5YR4/2);

commonLy sporadically bleached at base; sendy loan

to sandy clay Loam; massive; hard [dry} ,

Bt horizons grey (10YR4/2] to brown (10YR4/4,

7.5YR3/3] becoming paler with depth [2.5Y5/3,

7.5YFM0YR5/3—1,3/4); medium clay (sandy) to heavy

clay; moderate medium angular blacky; extremely

hard [d ry ] ; trace to smaLL amounts of soft and

concretionary manganese. Trace amounts of

siLiceoue gravel and ferruginous segregations.

Subhorizons due to colour and accumulation

common. Carbonate may be present at t ransi t ion to

C horizon.

C horizon: brown [7.5YR5/4] to yellow brown

[1QYR6/4-6] commonly strong grey mottle; f ine

sandy clay to medium clay; moderate medium

angular blocky; s l igh t ly hard to very hard (d ry ] .

Trace to small amounts soft and concretionary

lime and manganese* Subhorizons common. Consists

of weathered mudstonas to f ine grained sendstones

[7.5YR-10YR6/6).

Variants! (1) shallow pro f i le [55cm] with yellow

subsoi I .

[11] deep p ro f i l e [145cm] Dy2.13

( H i ] acid soi l reaction trend with

colour A2 horizon [Dy2,21],

( iv ) conspicuously bleached A2 horizon.

Mid to Lower

slopes of

undulating

low h i l l s .

3-7% slope.

DySDyS

Dy4

Dy2

.41

.41

.41

.21

Y»UO»

pH

5 5-6 0

podzouc sol L

Cm

0 .5 "

S :A1

4 2-6 5 30.

5 5-5 5 60 .

8 5 .4 5-5 5 90 .

4.5-5.5 120

4.5-5 5 150

41

A1 horizon: hardsetting or loose surface; gray

brattn (7.5YR4/2],' loamy sand to sandy loam;

s l igh t l y hard (d ry ] ,

A3 horizon: brown [7.5YR4-5/3t6/4) or grey brown

[7.5YR5/1-S] usually bLeachad when dry; sand to

sandy loam; Loose to s l igh t ly hard (dry); massive;

small, to Large amounts of si l iceous gravel and

trace amounts of concretionary manganese common,

Bt horizon: strongly mottled yellow brown

(10YR5-6/4J, yellow [10YR6/6}, and grey (10YR6/1)

or yellow brown (7.5YR5/6); red mottLing common

at depth; snady clay to medium clay; moderate

medium to coarse angular bLocky; very hard to

extremely herd [d ry ] ; traces of concretionary

manganese common; si l iceous gravel occasionally

present. Subhorizons due to colour, manganese

and gravel common.

C nor athered sandstone.

Upper to

lower slopes

of

undulating

Low hills.

2-5% slopes.

Variants: (i) loam A horizons

[it] upper slope profiles have shallow

A horizons while lower slope profiles

have deeper A horizons.

OyS0b2

Dy3

Dy3

.43

.41

.43

.81

SoUdic

pH

5.0-60

sou

cm

05

1015

5.0-7 8 30 .

50-80 60 .70 .

4 5-9 0 90 .

4 5-8 5 120 .

r£«

A1 horizon: hardsetting surface; grey brown

[7.5YR4/2); sandy Loam to sandy clay loam; weak

granular to massive; very hard [dry ]*

A2 horizon: Grey brown [7.5YR5/2] to bro«rn{7.5YRS/3j

commonly with a fe in t yellow mottle; conspicuously

bleached when dry; loamy sand; massive; very

hard {dry} .

B21t horizon: grey brown [7.5YR5/2] to brown

[7.5YR5/3J commonly with a faint yellow mottlaj

l i gh t medium to medium clay [sandy]; moderate

coarse angular blocky or prismatic; extremely

hard (dry) ; commonly trace to small amounts

of concretionary manganese and i r on .

B22t horizon: yellow brown [10YR5-6/4J; medium

clay [sandy] to heavy cley; moderate coarse

angular blocky or lent icu lar ; extremely hard

(dry j ; commonly trace amounts of concretionary

manganese and soft or concretionary carbonate.

Lower subhorizons may become yellow [1GYR6/6J

to red brown [5YR6/6]

C horizon: mottled grey [2.5y7-8/1J medium clay

or yellow brown (10YP6/41 sandy cLayj commonly

contain traces of manganese or carbonate.

Variants: [i] columnar structure in 8 horizon

(solodized solonetz]

Mid to lower

slopes of

undulating

Low h i l l s .

3-7% slopes.

42

APPENDIX 2

MORPHOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF REPRESENTATIVE PROFILES

General Ratings used for Interpretation of Soil Chemical Analyses page 43(Bruce and Rayment 1982)

Representative Profiles

Hanson 44

Sartor 45

Purdon 46

Cyrus 47

McGrath 48

Weber 49

Dieckmann 50

GENERAL RATINGS USED FOR INTERPRETATION OF SOILCHEMICAL ANALYSES (BRUCE AND RAYMENT 1982)

EC

Cl

P (acid)

P (bicarb)

Exch. K

Extr. K

Cu

Zn pH >7:pH <7:

Mn

B

Total N

Org. C

SO4-S

Total S

Total P

Total K

(mS cm"1)

(%)( g g1)

( g g1)(m. equiv. 100 g1)

(m. equiv. 100 g"1)

( g g1)

( g g"1)( g g1)

( g g"1)

( g g'1)

(%)

(%)

( g g1)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Very tow

<0.15

<0.01

<10

<10

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.3<0.2

<1

<0.5

<0.05

<0.5

<5

<0.005

<0.005

<0.1

Low

0.15-0.45

0.01-0.03

10-20

10-20

0.1-0.2

0.1-0.2

0.1-0.3

0.3-0.80.2-0.5

1-2

0.5-1

0.05-0.15

0.5-1.5

5-10

0.005-0.02

0.005-0.02

0.1-0.5

Medium

0.45-0.90

0.03-0.06

20-40

20-40

0.2-0.5

0.2-0.5

0.3-5

0.8-50.5-5

2-50

1-2

0.15-0.25

1.5-2.5

10-20

0.02-0.05

0.02-0.05

0.5-1

High

0.90-2.0

0.06-0.20

40-100

40-100

0.5-1.0

0.5-1.0

5-15

5-155-15

50-500

2-5

0.25-0.50

2.5-5.0

20-100

0.05-0.10

0.05-0.10

1-3

Very High

>2.0

>0.20

>100

>100

>1.0

>1.0

>15

> 1 5 ^>15 &

>500

>5

>0.50

>5.0

>100

>0.10

>0.10

>3

SOIL TYPE: HansonSITE NO: SIA.M.G. REFERENCE: 467 810 mE 6 924 170 mN ZONE 56

GREAT SOIL GROUP: EuchrozemPRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Uf6.31SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Udic Ustochrept

SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: No coarse fragments

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: SyeniteCONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: Almost certain or certain

SLOPE: 3 %LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Hi11slopeLANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Undulating rises

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OP SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Firn

HORIZON DEPTH

Ap

A3

B2

BC1

BC2

C

1

1

0

.04

.21

.74

.05

!25

to

to

to

to

to

to

.04 II

.21 m

.74 m

1.05 m

1.25 n

1.40 m

DESCRIPTION

Dark reddish brown (5YR3/6) noist; light medium clay; moderate 2-5mm granular; moderately moist very

weak- Gradual to-

Dark reddish brown (5YR3/6) noist; very few fine faint red mottles; medium clay; moderate 10-20mm

polyhedral; moist moderately weak; very few fine manganiferous nodules. Abrupt to-

Reddish brown (2.5YR4/6) moist; few medium prominent brown mottles; medium clay; strong 2-5m«

polyhedral; moist moderately weak. Clear to-

Reddish brown (2.5YR4/6) moist; few medium prominent orange mottles; sandy clay loam,fine sandy;

strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately moist very weak; common fine manganiferous soft

segregations. Clear to-

Reddish brown (2.5YF4/6) moist; few medium prominent yellow mottles; light sandy clay loam; strong

5-10mm columnar; moderately moist very weak; many fine manganiferous soft segregations. Abrupt to*

Reddish brown (2.5YR4/8) moist; very few fine faint yellow mottles; loamy sand; strong 10-20mmcolumnar; moderately moist very weak; many fine manganiferous soft segregations.

-Depth

metres

Bulk .10.04.10.20.30.60.90

1.20

Depth

metres

Bulk .10

1:5 Soil/WaterPH EC

mS/cir

6.46.26.26.46.76.96.87.2

Org.C

.03

.03

.03

.03

.05

.04

.04

.03

ITot(W&B) 1

* !

Cl%

(Particle

@105C

.001

.003

.001

.001

.001

.002

.001

.003

.N !!

% !@ 105C!@ 105C!

1.6 ! 11 !

CS

32

12

1529

:xtr.Acid

PS S%

Size

c

@ 105C

15 1216 12

7 79 14

30 1839 14

7273

85783919

ExchCEC Ca

CationsMg Na

meq/lOOg@ 105C

16 1016 10

14 9.217 1032 1929 17

Phosphorus ! Rep. 1Bicarb

ppm@ 105C

27 23

! K !1 meq%!!@105C!

! .16 1

5.3 .18 .5.0 .24 .

4.7 .31 .5.9 .40 .11 .50 .9.8 .38 .

K

2310

04040304

DTPA-extr.Fe Mn

ppmCu

@ 105C

35 85 2 .1 3

TotalP

.121

.119

.060

.058

.130

.180

Zn

.7

ElementsK%

(d 80C

.115

.104

.051

.088

.448

.739

S

.030

.030

.017

.010

.005

.004

MoiADM

2.2.2.2.3.3.2.

3369476

sturesl/3b 15b

%@ 105C

2122

262519

Disp.RatioRl R2

.37

.42

.26

.26 !

.45 !

SOIL TYPE: SartorSITE NO: S2A.M.G. REFERENCE: 470 290 mE 6 926 410 mN ZONE 56

GREAT SOIL GROUP: No suitable groupPRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Gn3.47SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Aqulc Natrustalf

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL:CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL:

SLOPE: 0 %LANDPORM ELEMENT TYPE: FlatLANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Low hills

VEGETATIONSTRUCTURAL FORM: Low open forestDOMINANT SPECIES: Melaleuca irbyana

HORIZON

All

A12

A2sb

B21t

B22t

0

.06

.15

.15

.30

DEPTH

to

to

to

to

to

.06

.15

.15

.30

.62

m

m

m

m

n

.62 to 1.00 ra

1.00 to 1.41 m

DESCRIPTION

Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; clay loam; moderate <2mm granular; moist very weak. Diffuse to-

Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; light clay; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist very weak. Diffuse to-

Clear to-

Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; very

few fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine ferruginous nodules. Clear to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few medium faint yellow mottles, very few fine faint grey

mottles; medium heavy clay; very few medium pebbles, subangular strong; weak 2-5mm angular blocky;

moderately moist moderately firm; common fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine ferruginous

nodules. Gradual to-

Greyish brown (7.5YR5/2) moist; common coarse faint yellow mottles, very few fine prominent orange

mottles; medium clay; few medium pebbles, subangular strong; weak 5-10mm angular blocky; moderately

moist very firm; few fine manganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

Brownish grey (7.5YR5/1) moist; common coarse prominent yellow mottles; heavy clay; very few small

pebbles, subangular strong; moderate 10-20mm prismatic; dry moderately strong; few fine

manganiferous nodules.

Depth

metres

Bulk .10.06

! .10I .15

.20

.30

.60

.901.20

Depth

metres

Bulk .10

11!!

!

!

!!!

1

1:5pH

5.44.85.65.96.05.54.74.64.6

Soil/WaterEC

mS/o

.09

.19

.04

.04

.06

.21

.77

.79

.86

Clm %(5105C

.001

.002

.001

.001

.002

.005

.118

.124

.130

Particle sizeCS

109

7131311

Org.c ITot.N ! Extr.(WSB)!% !

@ 105C!@

l.f) 1

! Acid» !

105C!

1.3 !

FS S C%

@ 105C

19 27 3618 32 39

17 26 5026 22 4029 19 4227 20 44

ExchCEC

11 411 3

21 318 118 119 1

Phosphorus ! RepBicarb

ppm@ 105C

12 10

! K

CaCationsMg Na

meq/iOOg@ 105C

.3

.2

.3

.9

.8

.8

. !!

! meq%!!@105C!

! .30 i

5.5 .50 .5.9 .82 .

11 4.1 .B.4 6.0 .8.8 6.6 .9.1 6.8 .

2810

07070909

DTPA-extr.Pe Mn

ppmCu

@ 105C

130 91 1

TotalP

.051

.036

.018

.013

.010

.011

!Zn !

!1

.3 0.9 !,

ElementsKS

@ 80C

.053

.031

.025

.018

.019

.023

S

.044

.026

.014

.012

.012

.015

11!!

!I!i

!!i

!!

MoiADM

2.22.11.82.13.11.81.61.6

stures1/3b 15b

%@ 105C

1212

171413

Disp.RatioRl R2

.59

.60

.78 !

.85 !

.91 1

SOIL TYPE: PurdOOSITE NO: S3A.H.G. REFERENCE: 469 930 mE 6 927 700 mN ZONE 56

GREAT SOIL GROUP: Prairie soilPRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: U£6.33SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Typic Argiustoll

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Pirn

HORIZON DEPTH

All

A3

B21

B22

BC

0

.10

.16

.44

.70

to

to

to

to

to

.10 n

.16 n

.44 m

.70 m

.80 •

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL:CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL:

SLOPE: 1 %LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: HillslopeLANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Undulating rises

VEGETATIONSTRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open woodlandDOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus melanophloia, Eucalyptus tessellaris,

Eucalyptus tereticornis

DESCRIPTION

Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; clay loam; very few medium pebbles, subrounded chert, very strong,

dispersed; weak 5-10mm subangular blooky; moist moderately weak. Abrupt to-

Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; light medium clay; weak 5-10mm subangular blocky; moist moderately

firm. Abrupt to-

Dark greyish yellow (2.5Y4/2) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 5-10mm subangular blocky; moist

moderately firm. Abrupt to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; medium clay; common coarse pebbles, subrounded weak; moderate

2-5mm subangular blocky; moderately moist moderately weak. Gradual to-

Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; common medium prominent dark mottles; light clay; common

small pebbles, subrounded smectite, weak; strong 5-10mm subangular blooky; dry moderately weak; very

many very coarse carbonate concretions, very few fine manganiferous nodules, very few fine

ferruginous soft segregations.

Depth

metres

Bulk .10.10.16.20.30.60

1:5PH

5.5.6.6.6.8.

891177

Soil/WaterEC

mS/cm

.05

.05

.07

.11

.19

.45

Cl%

@105C

.001

.001

.004

.009

.021

.039

ParticleCS

15

1213

FS

@

47

2738

S%

SizeC

105C

16

1018

25

5536

CEC

14

4576

Exch.Ca

CationsMg Na

meg/lOOg@

6.7

1838

I05C

6.3 .55

22 3.030 4.6

K

10

0606

Totalp

.026

.018

.112

ElementsK*

@ 80C

.042

.031

.272

S

.017

.017

.015

<1!I

!i

11!!

MoiADM

2.23.13.44.55.4

sturesl/3b 15b

%@ 105C

10

2424

Disp.Ratio!Rl R2

.58

.61 i

.64 1

Depth iOrg.C iTot.N ! Extr. Phosphorus I Rep.I DTPA-extr.! (WSB)l ! Acid Bicarb. ! K I Fe Mn Cu Zn

metres ! % ! % 1 ppm I meq%! ppm!@ 105C!@ 105CI @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C

Bulk .10 ! 1.3 I .09 ! .10 ! 126 27 2.8 0.4

SOIL TYPE: CyrusSITE NO: S4A.M.G. REFERENCE: 469 520 mE 6 925 820 mN ZONE 56

GREAT SOIL GROUP: Black earthPRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.17SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Udic Pellustert

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL:CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL:

SLOPE: 0 %LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: PlainLANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Plain

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL

HORIZON DEPTH

0 to .13 m

WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching

DESCRIPTION

Ap

B21

B22

2B21

2B22

2B23

.13 to .38 11

.38 to .75 m

.75 to .94 B

.94 to 1.17 m

1.17 to 1.45 m

2B24 1.45 to 1.72 •

2Bc 1.72 to 1.80 in

Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium clay; moderate 2-5m» subangular blocky; wet very weak; very

few fine ferruginous nodules. Diffuse to-

Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; strong 5-10mm angular blocky; moist moderately

firm; very few fine manganiferous nodules. Diffuse to-

Brownish black (10YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 2-5mm lenticular; moist moderately firm;

very few fine manganiferous nodules. Clear to-

Black (7.5YR1.7/1) moist; heavy clay; weak <2mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; very few fine

ferruginous soft segregations, very few fine ferruginous nodules. Gradual to-

Brownish black (7.5YR3/1) moist; medium heavy clay; moderate 2-5mm lenticular; moist moderately

weak; few coarse carbonate soft segregations, very few fine carbonate nodules. Gradual to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few medium prominent dark mottles; medium heavy clay; weak

5-10mm lenticular; moist moderately weak; common fine carbonate concretions, very few fine

manganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; few medium prominent orange mottles; medium heavy clay;

moderate 5-10mm lenticular; moist moderately firm; many fine carbonate concretions. Gradual to-

Dull yellowish orange (10YR6/3) moist; common medium prominent grey mottles, very few fine

prominent yellow mottles; medium clay; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist very firm; common fine

carbonate concretions, very few very coarse carbonate concretions.

4*.

Depth

metres

JBulk .10! .10! .13! .201 .301 .60! .90! 1.171 1.20! 1.50

! Depth!! metres

IBulk .10

1:5pH

7.47.57.87.87.87.97.98.78.78.8

Org.

Soil/WaterEC Cl

ms/cm %

.10

.08

.13

.07

.08

.441.31.31.31.2

(Particle Size! CS!

@105C!

.001

.001

.002

.001

.002

.063

.196

.184

.183

.170

C ITot.N i(W&B)!% I

(<» 105C!(3

1.5 !

1% 105C1

12 1

7

66315

! 11!

^xtr.Acid

FS S%

C

@ 105C

25 19

21 1924 2316 2418 1719 15

52

5752615557

Exch.CEC Ca

CationsMg Na

meq/lOOg

<2

51 28

56 2848 2257 2343 1645 16

Phosphorus ! Rep.1Bicarb

ppm@ I"05C

20 8

! K 1! meq%!!@105C!

! .19 !

105C

16 .70

17 2.119 4.327 7.824 6.725 7.6

K

.20

.12

.09

.11

.08

.09

DTPA-extr.Fe Mn Cu

ppm@ 105C

27 23 1.5

TotaP

.038

.023

.015

.012

.010

.013

Zn

).4

1 ElementsK%

@ 80C

.056

.022

.023

.035

.033

.038

S

.027

.023

.019

.013

.014

.012

!11!

i

(!!!(!I

I1

MoisturesADM

556445455

.5

.7

.1

.8

.4

.2

.9

.4

.7

l/3b 15b%

@ 105C

21

252226

Disp.Ratio!Rl R2

.45

.40

.54

.71

SOIL TYPE: McGrathSITE NO: £5A.M.G. REFERENCE: 468 980 mE 6 925 380 UN ZONE 56

GREAT SOIL GROUP: Brown clayPRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ug5.22SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Typic Chromustert

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL:CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL:

SLOPE: 5 *LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: HillslopeLANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Low hills

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Periodic cracking, self mulching

HORIZON

All

A12

0

.10

DEPTH

to

to

.10

.14

B21

BC

.14 to .31

.31 to .55 m

.55 to .82 n

.82 to 1.18

1.18 to 1.50 n

DESCRIPTION

Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; few snail pebbles, subrounded dispersed; moderate

2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm; very few fine manganiferous nodules. Gradual to-

Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subrounded dispersed, few

small pebbles, subrounded dispersed; strong 2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm; very few

medium carbonate nodules, very few fine ferruginous nodules. Gradual to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; few fine distinct dark mottles; medium clay; very few small

pebbles, subrounded dispersed; moderate 5-10mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak; very few fine

carbonate nodules. Gradual to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) noist; very few coarse prominent yellow mottles, few fine prominent

dark mottles; medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded dispersed; moderate 2~5mm angular

blocky; moist moderately weak; very few fine ferruginous nodules, very few fine carbonate nodules.

Gradual to-

Greyish yellow-brown (1OYR4/2) moist; few medium prominent brown mottles; heavy clay; very few

small pebbles, subrounded dispersed; weak 2-5mm angular blocky; moist moderately firm; very few

medium carbonate nodules. Clear to-

Light yellowish orange (10YR8/4) moist; very few fine prominent dark mottles, very few fine

prominent yellow mottles; medium heavy clay; common medium pebbles, subrounded weak, stratified;

weak 2-5ram platy; moderately moist moderately strong; very few fine carbonate soft segregations.

Gradual to-

Light yellowish orange (10YR8/4) moist; few fine distinct yellow mottles, very few fine prominent

dark mottles; light medium clay; common medium pebbles, subrounded weak, stratified; moderate 2-5mm

subangular blocky; moderately moist moderately firm.

-P>.CD

Depth

metres

Bulk .10.10

! .14! .201 .30! .55! .60! .90! 1.20! 1.50

Depth

! metres!

(Bulk .101

1:5pH

7.07.38.18.38.58.98.98.98.68.5

Org.C

Soil/WaEC

mS/cm

terCl%

@105C

.09 .

.12 .

.11 .

.10 .

.09 .

.37 .

.46 .

.56 .

.61 .

.65 .

ITot.N(WSB) 1

% 1 %

001001001001001010018065076082

Particle SizeCS

8

57771

! Extr.! Acid!

@ 105C!@ 105C!

1.8 ! .15 1

FS

@

11

89982

S*

C

L05C

17

1111111012

65

7674747576

Exch.CEC

59

7469697499

CaCationsMg Na

meq/lOOg@

33

3626242329

Phosphorus 1 Rep.!Bic

ppm@ 105C

7

arb

13

! K! mec!@io:

!1*1>CI

! .39 1

105C

22 .91

30 3.136 7.539 8.741 1061 15

K

.50

.26

.24

.24

.21

.20

DTPA-extr.Fe Mn ClT

ppm@ 105C

56 40

TotalP

.051

.021

.016

.015

.012

.006

Zn

1.6 0.7

ElementsK%

@ 80C

.123

.108

.102

.104

.084

.106

S

.026

.016

.016

.015

.011

.014

MoisturesADM

5.75.66.56.87.37.99.1

13.08.9

l/3b 15b%

@ 105C

27

34

3434

Disp.RatioRl R2

.43

.53 i

.75 1

.81 1

.85 1

SOIL TYPE: WeberSITE NO: S6A.M.G. REFERENCE: 469 460 rnE 6 927 420 mN ZOHE 56

GREAT SOIL GROUP: Solodized solonetzPRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Dy3.43SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Aquic Natrustalf

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH

Al

A2cb

B21t

0

.10

• . 1 9

to

to

to

.10

.19

.37

m

m

n

B22t

B23t

.37 to .65 m

.65 to 1.45 m

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL:CONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL:

SLOPE: 2 %LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: HlllslopeLANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Rises

VEGETATIONSTRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open woodlandDOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus maculata

DESCRIPTION

Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; sandy loam; very few coarse pebbles, subrounded moderate,

dispersed; weak <2mm granular; moist very weak. Diffuse to-

Greyish brown (7.5YR4/2) moist, dry conspicuously bleached; loamy sand; moist very weak. Clear to-

Dull yellowish brown (10YR5/3) moist; common fine distinct grey mottles, few fine prominent orange

mottles, medium heavy clay; few small pebbles, subangular quartz, very strong, dispersed, very few

coarse pebbles, subrounded moderate, dispersed; moderate 10-20mm prismatic; moderately moist very

firm. Diffuse to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; many medium faint yellow mottles; medium clay; moderate

50-100mm prismatic; dry very firm. Diffuse to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR5/2) moist; common medium prominent yellow mottles; sandy medium clay;

moderate 20-50mm prismatic; moderately moist moderately firm. sDepth

metres

Bulk .10.10

1 .20.30.40

! .501 .60! .70

.80

.901 1.00! 1.101 1.20! 1.30! 1.40! 1.50

111!

!!!i

!

!

!

i

jj

1i

!

1i

!

1:5pH

5.45.56.16.26.97.68.18.38.28.17.76.75.95.65.65.5

Soi I/WaterEC

mS/cin

.07

.04

.02

.06

.09

.15

.22

.29

.38

.42

.45

.46

.44

.39

.36

.37

Cl%

@105C

.001

.001

.001

.005

.010

.019

.031

.046

.060

.067

.073

.066

.076

.066

.059

.064

Particle SizeCS

40

30

32

32

33

FS

0

41

29

34

34

35

S%

C

105C

3

7

5

7

10

11

35

29

2a

23

CEC

4

12

14

17

15

ExchCa

CationsMg Na

meq/lOOg@ 105C

1.6

2.2

1.9

1.9

1.4

1.6 .18

7.8 1.7

7.9 3.7

9.5 5.5

8.4 5.2

K

.16

.08

.07

.11

.10

TotaP

.038

.019

.011

.008

.008

1 ElementsK%

(d 80C

.050

.043

.062

.119

.119

S

.022

.012

.011

.008

.008

MoisturesADM

0.80.41.91.21.41.41.71.81.51.41.71.81.51.31.4

l/3b 15b

@ 105C

12

10

11

Disp.Ratio!Rl R2

.79

.77

!.95

.94 !

Depth lOrg.c !Tot.N ! Extr. Phosphorus I Rep.! DTPA-extr.! (WSB)! ! Acid Bicarb. ! K ! Fe Mn Cu Zn

metres ! % ! % ! ppm ! meq*I ppm!@ 105C!@ 105C! @ 105C !@105C! @ 105C

IBulk .10 ! 0.9 ! .05 ! 11 ! .19 1 133 31 0.3 0.6

SOIL TYPE: DieckmannSITE NO: S7A.M.G. REFERENCE: 469 950 raE 6 926 410 BN ZONE 56

GREAT SOIL GROUP: Solodio soilPRINCIPAL PROFILE FORM: Ddl.33SOIL TAXONOMY UNIT: Udic Paleustalf

SURFACE COARSE FRAGMENTS: Very few medium pebbles,subrounded quartz, very strong

SUBSTRATE MATERIAL: DolerlteCONFIDENCE SUBSTRATE IS PARENT MATERIAL: Almost certain or certain

SLOPE: 3 %LANDFORM ELEMENT TYPE: Mid slopeLANDFORM PATTERN TYPE: Low hills

VEGETATIONSTRUCTURAL FORM: Very tall open woodlandDOMINANT SPECIES: Eucalyptus crebra

PROFILE MORPHOLOGY:

CONDITION OF SURFACE SOIL WHEN DRY: Hard setting

HORIZON DEPTH

Al

A2sb

B21t

DESCRIPTION

0 to .07 m

.07 to .07 »

.07 to .17 •

.17 to .32 n

B23t

B24t

C

.32

.45

.55

to

to

to

.45 •

.55 •

.60 m

Brownish black (7.5YR3/2) moist; very few fine faint dark mottles, very few fine faint orangemottles; sandy clay loam; massive; moist very weak. Clear to-

. Abrupt to-

Brownish black (10YR2/2) moist; few fine faint orange mottles, very few fine faint dark mottles;

sandy light medium clay; very few small pebbles, subrounded moderate; massive; moist very weak; ver

few fine ferruginous nodules. Clear to-

Brownish black (10YR3/2) moist; medium clay; very few medium pebbles, subrounded moderate, very few

small pebbles, subangular quartz, very strong; strong 510mm angular blocky; moist moderately weak.

Diffuse to-

Dark greyish yellow (2.5Y4/2) moist; medium clay; few small pebbles, subangular quartz, very

strong, dispersed; moderate 2-5mm prismatic; moist moderately firm, clear to-

Greyish yellow-brown (10YR4/2) moist; light medium clay; weak 10-20mm prismatic; moderately moist

moderately firm; common fine ferruginous nodules, common coarse manganiferous soft segregations.

Abrupt to- '

Weathered dolerite.

o

Depth

metres

Bulk .101 .071 .17

.301 .401 .451 .50! .55t .60

Depth

metres

Bulk .10

1:5PH

5.75.66.77.98.48.69.19.09.2

Org.C

Soil/WaterEC

mS/cm %

.07

.06

.08

.18

.30

.34

.61

.58

.42

1 Particle Size! CS!

@105C!

.002

.002

.004

.018

.034

.048

.057

.069

.047

ITOt.N !(WSB)I% I

@ 105C!(a

1.1 !

!% 1105C!

07 !

!! 35!1 29I!!1 22! 32

Jxtr.Acid

FS S Ci

@ 105C

41 5 17

30 8 35

37 11 3240 12 19

PhosphorusBicarb

ppm

(a ibsc7 4

ExchCEC Ca

CationsHg Na K

meq/lOOg

c16 2.4

28 6.6

34 8.234 9.8

! Rep.l1 K !1 meo.%!l@105CI

! 22 !

i 105C

4.6 .64 .27

14 3.7 .07

21 7.4 .0524 9.5 .04

DTPAextrFe Mn Cu

ppm@ 105C

145 11 0.7

Total

P

.025

.018

.011

.024

Zn

0.7

ElementsK*

@ 80C

.036

.028

.130

.350

S

.025

.025

.012

.005

MoisturesADM

12323334

55155864

l/3b 15b%

@ 105C

7

16

1717

Disp.RatioRl R2

i

.54

.73 !

.93 1

.66 1

1

51

52

APPENDIX 3

LAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT

SUBCLASS DETERMINATION TABLES

Slope

Effects and ApplicationAlluvial flats with no slope (0%) may have very slow runoff which may contribute towetness problems. Areas with moderate to high slopes may suffer from excessivewater erosion, though the extent of damage is dependent on soil type.

Attribute and attribute assessmentThe slope limitation is assessed by the use of a contour map or by the use of ahand-held clinometer.

Subclass determinationSubclasses are based on differing soil types and the likely amount of water erosioncausing loss of soil and/or crop.

Diagnostic land attributesslopesoil profile class

* sodseeding may be required

** tree replanting required to stabilise slope

Soil profileclass

Normanby

Muiler,Ugarapul

Fassifern,Cyrus

Cyrus.Warrill

Kulgun,McGrath

Pennell,Warumkarie

Hanson

Churchbank,Purdon

Frazer,Rangeview

Yellunga

Yellunga(red variant)

Dieckmann,Furnivall,Rosevale,Weber.Ortels

SartorEvans

Slope(%)

0

00-2

0

0-2

0-33-88-15>15

0-33-88-15>15

0-33-8

0-33-88-15

0-33-88-15

0-22-44-88-12>12

0-22-44-8>8

0-22-44-8>8

0-20-22-4>4

SummerGrain

1

12

1

2

2345

2345

23

234

235

23455

4555

4455

3345

WinterGrain

1

12

1

2

2345

2345

23

234

235

23455

4555

3455

3345

53

Horti.

1

11

1

3

2355

2355

23

234

235

23555

4555

4555

3345

Lucerne

1

11

3

2

2345

2345

23

234

235

23455

4555

3455

3345

Imp.Irrig.

Pasture

1

11

3

2

1235

1345

12

123

124

224*4*5

34*

5

24*

4**4**

222

4**

Imp.Pasture

1

11

1

1

1234*

1234*

12

123

124*

1234*4*

23*3*4*

2234*

2224*

NativePasture

1

11

1

1

1113

1113

11

112

111

11133

1123

1123

1112

54

Moisture

Effects and applicationAll crops require sufficient moisture for crop growth. Clay textures within the effectiverooting depth (varies with sodicity of subsoil) have more available moisture thansandier textures. Clay textures may hold more moisture than required for somecrops.

Attributes and attribute assessmentAssessment is made from soil textures and depth to bedrock or sodic subsoil.

Subclass determinationSubclasses are based on the effect of soil textures and available moisture or cropyield.

Diagnostic land attributestexturedepthsodicity

55

Crop

Irrigated ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed TemperateIrrigated GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestryDryland GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassic.CruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

Clay

11111442211

111111

2111111222

333222

3333333333331

Clay loamover

sodic clay

11111331211

111111

2122122222

333222

3333333333322

Clay loamover

non-sodicclay

33222443422

333333

3222223232

444333

4444444444444

Loam tosandy loamover sodic

clay

33332443422

333444

3333234232

444444

5444454444444

LO£

11111111111

111111

2122122111

111111

1111111111145

56

Wetness

Effects and ApplicationWaterlogging may reduce plant growth by impeded oxygen to roots and disease.Machinery operation may also be affected.

Attributes and attribute assessmentSoil mottling and colour give an indication of drainage problems which may causeexcessive wetness.

Subclass determinationSubclasses are based on relating yield reduction by poor aeration to soil drainageindicators (mottling, gley colours).

Diagnostic land attributescolourmottles

57

CropCrop

irrigated roragsForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed Temperate

irrigated urainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestry

uryiana orainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassic.CruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

nomottlesno gleycolour

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111113

0-10%mottle

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

2222222222223

10-20%mottle

11111221211

111111

111122122CM

111111

3333333333332

20-50%mottle

33221343422

333233

3322343333

333233

5544444444442

>50%mottlegley

colour

44443444433

444444

4444444343

444444

5555555555552

58

Flooding (crop damage)

Effects and applicationInundation during flooding may cause crop damage by depriving the plants ofoxygen.

Attributes and attribute assessmentAssessment is made by landscape position and local knowledge of flooding andinundation.

Subclass determinationLimitation subclasses are based on loss of crop. The actual extent of damage willdepend on depth of the crop, and the depth of inundation.

59

Crop

Irrigated ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed TemperateIrrigated GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestryDryland GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassicCruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

noflooding

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111111

flooding< 12hrs

11211222212

111122

1121221122

111122

4343433443341

flooding12-24 hrs

33433444533

444344

3343444333

444344

5454544554451

inundation

55555555555

555555

5555555553

555555

5555555555551

60

Flooding (water erosion)

Effects and applicationFlooding may cause crop damage and erosion due to moving water.

Attributes and attribute assessmentAssessment is made by landscape position and local knowledge of flooding.

Subclass determinationLimitation subclasses are based on the magnitude of resultant soil erosion.

61

Crop

Irrigated ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed TemperateIrrigated GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestryDryland GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassic.CruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

noflooding

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111111

flooding>1 in 5yrs

22222222211

222222

2222222111

222222

2222222222221

flooding1 in 5 yrs

33333333311

333333

3333333111

333333

3333333333331

flooding<1in5yrs

44544555533

555455

4454555332

555455

5454444554451

62

Rockiness

Effects and applicationLarge percentages of rocks on the soil surface and in the soil profile may affect theuse of machinery operation, and affect the available moisture for plant growth.

Attributes and attribute assessmentAssessment is made from the percentage of coarse fragments on the surface andthe top 30cm of the soil profile.

Subclass determinationSubclasses are based on the increasing percentage of coarse fragments whichresults in decreasing utility of machinery.

Diagnostic land attributessize and content of coarse fragments

63

Crop

Irrigated ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed TemperateIrrigated GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestryDryland GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassic.CruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

nocoarsefrags.

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111111

0-10%coarsefrags.

12222123211

232122

1222123111

232222

1111111113331

10-20%coarsefrags.

33333334333

343333

3333334332

343333

3343333333334

20-50%coarsefrags.

44444445433

454444

4444444332

444444

4444444444445

>50%coarsefrags.

55555555555

555555

5555555553

555555

5555555555555

64

Frost

Effects and applicationFrosts can incur substantial damage in many crop groups, though pasture and othercrop groups may suffer minimal damage. Risk of frost damage may be pronouncedon southerly slopes.

Attributes and attribute assessmentAssessment is made from landscape position and aspect.

Subclass determinationSubclasses are based on crop damage caused by frosting.

Diagnostic land attributesreliefaspect

* With correct farm management practices the summer growing crops would not beaffected by frost.

65

Crop no seasonal seasonalfrosts frosts

Irrigated ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed TemperateIrrigated GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestryDryland GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassic.CruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111111

3*3*1113*3*3*13*1

3*3*3*3*11

3*3*113*3*3*3*32

3*3*3*3*11

3333444444443

66

Salinity

Effects and applicationExcessive amounts of salt within the soil profile may lead to poor crop growth andearly death. Excessive rrigation of areas of high salinitymay exaberate the initial problems

Attributes and attribute assessmentAssessment is made from EM measurements and soil conductivity measurements.

Subclass determinationSubclasses are established by dividing the EM measurements into low, medium,high or very high ranges. These reflect increasing crop damage and decreasing cropgrowth.

Diagnostic land attributesConductivity measurementsEM measurements

af alluvial flatsfs footslopes

67

Crop

Irrigated ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed TemperateIrrigated GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestryDryland GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassc.CruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

lowaf

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111111

fs

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111111

mediumaf

11111111111

111111

1111111111

111111

1111111111111

fs

22323333322

333222

2222222222

222222

3333232233322

af

23333433333

333333

2232433332

332222

3333333333332

highfs

44545555544

554444

4454555332

554444

4444444444443

veryaf

44545555544

554444

4454555553

554444

5555555555554

highfs

55555555555

555555

4454555553

554444

5555555555555

68

Soil surface conditionand soil adhesiveness

Effects and applicationCertain crops have machinery requirements which may determine the types of soilssuitable for crop growth. Heavy clay soils may cause problems for timeliness orease of harvesting. Lighter surface textures may cause excessive drying out of thesurface soil affecting germination and general crop performance.

Attributes and attribute assessmentAssessment is made from soil surface texture.

Subclass determinationSubclasses are based on clay content and the varying effects this has on cropperformance.

Diagnostic land attributessoil texture

69

Crop

Irrigated ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleRyeLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansLucerneTropical GrassMixed TemperateIrrigated GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

Dryland ForageForage sorghumMilletOatsTriticaleLablab beanCowpeaSoybeansTropical GrassMixed TropicalAgroforestryDryland GrainsMaizeSoybeansSunflowerGrain sorghumWheatBarley

PumpkinPotatoesOnionGarlicTomatoBeanBrassic.CruciferPeaCantaloupeCarrotsStrawberriesCucumberRice

loamy sandto clayloam

11111111112

222222

1111111111

333222

1111111111115

clay loamto light

clay

11111111112

111111

1111111111

111111

1111333333333

light clayto medium

clay

11111

. 111211

111111

1111111111

111111

3433554344541

mediumto heavy

clay

11111111411

111111

1111111111

111111

5555555555552

70

APPENDIX 4 SUMMARY OF UMA DATA

UMA Geology Soil 1 % Soil 2Slope

1 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

2 Walloon 4 Furnivall 100

3 Walloon 4 Churchbank 100

4 T.msyen 4 Hanson 100

5 Walloon 4 Churchbank 100

6 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

% Area Suitability Issues(ha) "

59.4181 Oats.l Triticale.l Rye,I Trap. Gmu.l Mixed Temp., poorI Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Trlticale, O Trop. Grass, InternalAgroforestry, D Wheat, D Barley structure,

wetness

9.921 I Trop. Grass,D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry hardsets

2.846 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,I Lablab.l CowpeaJ Lucerne.l Trop. Grass,! Mixed Temp., contourI Maize, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, banksD Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, O Lablab, requiredD Cowpea, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, ifD Maize, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., O Wheat, O Barley cultivated

6.187 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, i Rye, contourI Forage Soybean,I Lucerne,I Trop. Grass,I Mixed Temp., banksI Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., requiredI Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, ifD Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, 0 Forage Soybean, cultivatedD Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize,0 Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat,D Barley

11.261 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,1 Lablab, I Cowpea, I Lucerne,! Trop. Grass,I Mixed Temp., banksI Maize, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, i Barley, requiredD Forage Sorg., D Millet, 0 Oats, D Triticale, O Lablab, ifD Cowpea, D Trap. Grass, Agroforestry, cultivatedD Maize, D Sunflower, O Grain Sorg., D Wheat, O Barley

2.185 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize,I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, 0 Maize, D Grain Soybean,0 Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

7 Q.alluv. 0 Fassifern 100

8 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

9 T.msyen. 4 Hanson 100

adjoinssalinearea,needs tobestrictlymonitoredifirrigated

flooding

poorinternalstructure,wetness

excessivedeepdrainage,contourbanksrequiredifcultivated

4.244 I Trop. Grass, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

22.180 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp.,I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab,D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Wheat,0 Barley

14.443 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,1 Forage Soybean,! Lucerne.l Trop. Grass,! Mixed Temp.,I Maize, I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg.,I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats,D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean,D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Maize,D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat,0 Barley

3.522 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contourI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banksI Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, O Triticale, requiredD Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, ifAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, cultivatedD Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

11 Walloon 5 McGrath 90 Churchbank 10 5.581 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contourI Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banksI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, requiredI Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivatedAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean,D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

saline

10 T.msyen. 5 Pennell 100

12 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 3.801 Agroforestry

71

13 Walloon 6 Kulgun 100 21.630 i Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, sheetI Forage Soybean, I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, erosion,

14 T.basalt 3 Pennell 80 Churchbank 20

15 Walloon 4 Churchbank 100

16 T.msyen.5 Pennell 100

17 Walloon S McGrath 100

18 Walloon 1 Yeilunga 100

19 Walloon 5 Furnivall 100

20 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

21 Walloon 5 McGrath 100

I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, 0 Trap. Grass,Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean,D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

7.532 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,1 Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg.,I Wheat,! Barley,D Forage Sorg.,D Millet.D Oats,D Tritlcale.O Lablab.D Cowpea.D Trop.Grass,Agroforestry,D Sunflower,D Grain Sorg.,D Wheat.D Barley

1.374 Agroforestry

9.902 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,D Trop.Grass.Agroforestry.D Grain Sorg.,D Wheat, D Barley

30.681 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,D Trop.Grass.Agroforestry.D Grain Sorg.,D Wheat, D Barley

10.459 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

6.190 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,

Agroforestry

9.265 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

4.244 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

contourbanksrequiredifcultivated

shallow,contourbanks

Ifcultivated

saline

shallow,sheeterosion,contourbanksrequiredifcultivated

sheeterosion,contourbanksrequiredifcultivated

highsalinityreadings

surfacehardsetssheeterosion

highsalinityreadings

highsalinityreadings

22 Walloon 6 Kulgun 100

23 Walloon

24 Walloon

25 TQ.alluv.

26 TQ.alluv.

5

5

1

1

Furnivall

Yeilunga

Sartor

Evans

70

100

100

100

Yeilunga

27 TQ.alluv. 1 Sartor 100

28 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber

29 Walloon 3 Warumkarie 100

21.344 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contourI Forage Soybean, I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banksI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, requiredI Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if0 Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, necessaryAgroforestry, O Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower,D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

30 6.536 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass, hardsetsAgroforestry

18.088 I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsetsAgroforestry

8.578 Agroforestry watertable

2.216 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, hardsets1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Grain Soybean,I Sunflower, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

1.872 Agroforestry watertable

50 20.516 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, hardsetsAgroforestry

7.361 ! Forage Sorg., ! Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg.,I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats,D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry,D Sunflower, 0 Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

30 TQ.alluv. 4 Evans 80 Weber 20 3.009 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

shallow,soil con.measuresmay berequiredifcultivated

hardsets

72

31 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100 4.422 I Oats, I Triticale.l Rye.l Trap. Grass,! Mixed Temp.,I Wheat,! Barley, D Oats, D Triticale.D Trop.Grass,Agroforestry.D Wheat, 0 Barley

poorInternalstructurewetness

32 Walloon 3 Kulgun 100 2.883 D Trap. Grass, Agroforestry highersalinityreadings

33 Walloon 3 Kulgun 100

34 T.doler. 3 Dleckmann 80 Purdon

35T.doler. 5 Dieokmann 100

36 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber

37 TQ.alluv. 1 Sartor 100

38 TQ.alluv. 2 Evans 100

39 T.sedim. 5 Purdon 70 Dleckmann

40 Walloon 6 Weber 100

41 Walloon 5 Furnivall 100

42 Walloon 5 Weber 80 Furnivall

43 Q.alluv. 0 Misc. 100

44 T.doler. 5 Dleckmann 100

46 Walloon 5 McGrath 100

46 Walloon 1 Yellunga 100

47 Walloon 4 Kulgun SO McGrath

48 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber

49 Walloon 6 Weber 100

50 Walloon 5 Churchbank 100

2.109 D Trap. Grass, Agroforestry

20 5.179 I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trap. Grass,Agroforestry

4.978 I Trop, Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trap. Grass,Agroforestry

50 13.591 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

4.454 Agroforestry

8.636 I Trop. Grass, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

30 55.859 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

20

5.318 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

23.914 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

7.527 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

1.302 Agroforestry

7.701 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

highersalinityreadings

hardsets

hardsets

hardsets

watertable

hardsets

mixed .somerockiness,shallowsoils,smaller

suitableforcultivation

hardsets

hardsets

hardsets

flooding

hardsets,shallow

2.489 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contourI Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., banksI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat requiredI Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, ifD Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trap. Grass, cultivatedAgroforestry, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower,D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

1.462 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Forage Sorg., D Millet,D Oats, D Triticale, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

hardsets

50 13.701 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, higherI Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., salinityI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, readings,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, monitorD Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, watertableAgroforestry, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg.,D Wheat, D Barley

50 6.780 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass, hardsets -Agroforestry

4.314 I Trap. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trap. Grass, hardsetsAgroforestry

1.238 I Forage Sorg., ! Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,I Lablab,I Cowpea,I Trop.Grass,I Mixed Temp.,I Sunflower, contourI Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, O Forage Sorg., banksD Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, requiredD Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, ifD Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley cultivated

73

51 T.msyen.5 Pennell 100 6.886 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Sunflower, contourI Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, banks0 Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, 0 Trop. Grass, requiredAgroforestry, D Maize, 0 Sunflower, ifD Grain Sorg., 0 Wheat, 0 Barley cultivated

52 Q.alluv. 0 Fasslfem 100

53 Walloon 5 Furnivall 100

54 Q.alluv. 0 Misc. 100

55 Walloon 5 Churohbank 100

58 Walloon 8 Kulgun 100

57 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus 100

58 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100

59 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100

60 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus 100

7.651 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

6.825 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

34.274 Agroforestry

highsalinityreadings

handsets

flooding

1.388 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,I Lablab,I Cowpea.l Trop.Grass.l Mixed Temp.,I Sunflower, contourI Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, banks0 Oats, O Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea, D Trop. Grass, requiredAgroforestry, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., ifD Wheat, D Barley cultivated

3.440 D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

47.953 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass,I Mixed Temp., I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Triticale,D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, D Wheat,D Barley

3.590 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp.,D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

1.904 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry

highsalinityreadings

wetness,poorinternalstructure

flooding,sodseed

flooding,sodseed

61 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100

1.810 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, some areasI Forage Soybean,I Trop.Grass.l Mixed Temp.,I Grain of higherSoybean,! Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,l Barley, salinityD Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, D Cowpea, readingsD Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, 0 Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, 0 Grain Sorg.,D Wheat, D Barley

3.672 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding,Agroforestry sodseed

62 Q.alluv. 1 Normanby 100

63 Q.alluv. 1 Muller 100

64 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 50 Fassifern

65 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus 100

66 Q.alluv. 1 Muller

67 Q.alluv. 0 Misc.

68 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus

100

100

50 Fassifern

2.479 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding,Agroforestry sodseed

5.338 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding,Agroforestry sodseed

50 16.862 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize,I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,D Lablab, 0 Cowpea, 0 Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean,D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

77.657 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, i Rye,I Lablab, I Cowpea, I Forage Soybean, I Lucerne,I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean,I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, D Forage Sorg.,D Millet, 0 Oats, D Triticale, D Lablab, D Cowpea,D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry,D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg.,0 Wheat, D Barley

4.081 I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, flooding,Agroforestry sodseed

0.525 Agroforestry flooding

50 9.905 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, 1 Rye,1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize,I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,O Lablab, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Maize, 0 Grain Soybean, D Sunflower,D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

74

69 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 50 Fassifem

70 Q.alluv. 0 Fassifem

71 Q.alluv. 1 Cyrus

100

100

72Q.alluv. 0 Misc.

73 Walloon 5 McGrath

100

100

74 T.msyen. 5 Pennell 100

75 T.msyen. 5 Pennell 100

76 Walloon 5 McGrath 100

77 Walloon 4 Yellunga

78 Walloon 6 Kulgun

100

100

79 Walloon 5 McGrath 100

80 T.msyen. 3 Pennell

81 T.msyen. 4 Pennell

100

100

50 1.331 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Trltlcale, I Rye,I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize,I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, D Tritlcale,D Lablab, D Forage Soybean, O Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower,D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

5.945 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Tritlcale, I Rye, wetnessI Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,0 Trop. Grass, Agroforestry, O Maize,D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

7.809 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,1 Lablab, I Cowpea, I Forage Soybean, I Lucerne,I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, I Grain Soybean,I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, I Barley, 0 Forage Sorg.,D Millet, D Oats, D Tritlcale, D Lablab, D Cowpea,D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry,D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat,D Barley

1.731 Agroforestry flooding

5.454 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contourI Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banksI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, requiredI Barley, 0 Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, D Triticale, ifD Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivatedAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean,D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., O Wheat, 0 Barley

0.727 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contourI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banksI Barley, 0 Forage Sorg., D Millet, O Oats, D Triticale, requiredD Cowpea.D Forage Soybean.D Trop. Grass, ifAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, cultivated0 Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

4.470 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contourI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banksI Barley, O Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, required0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, O Trop. Grass, ifAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, cultivatedD Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., O Wheat, O Barley

23.403 I Forage Sorg., I Miilet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banksI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, requiredI Barley, O Forage Sorg., O Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, ifD Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivatedAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean,D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

7.885 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., O Trop. Grass, hardsetsAgroforestry

4.976 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, i Triticale, I Rye, contourI Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banksI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, requiredI Barley, O Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, O Trop. Grass, cultivatedAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean,D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, O Barley

3.961 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, contour1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, banksI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, requiredI Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, if0 Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, cultivatedAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean,D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

1.139 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., D Trop. Grass, rockiness,Agroforestry shallow

18.774 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, shallow,1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize, contourI Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat, banksI Barley, 0 Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale, requiredD Lablab, D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass, ifAgroforestry, D Maize, D Grain Soybean, cultivated0 Sunflower, D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

75

82 Walloon 5 Furnivall 50 Weber

83 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

84 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

85 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

86 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

50 2.619 I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., 0 Trap. Grass,Agroforestry

14.075 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp.,I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D triticale, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Wheat, D Barley

3.236 I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp.,D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

2.437 I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp.,D Triticale, D Trop. Grass, Agroforestry

hardsets

poorInternalstructure,wetness

flooding

flooding

5.339 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, wetnessI Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp.,I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,D Cowpea, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Grain Soybean, D Sunflower, D Grain Sorg.,D Wheat, D Barley

87 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

88 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 50 Fassifern

89 Q.alluv. 0 Cyrus 100

10.994 I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp.,I Wheat, I Barley, D Oats, D Triticale, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Wheat, 0 Barley

50 3.861 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,I Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize,I Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., D Millet, 0 Oats, D Triticale,D Lablab, D Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Maize, O Grain Soybean, D Sunflower,0 Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

16.682 I Forage Sorg., I Millet, I Oats, I Triticale, I Rye,1 Forage Soybean, I Trop. Grass, I Mixed Temp., I Maize,i Grain Soybean, I Sunflower, I Grain Sorg., I Wheat,I Barley, D Forage Sorg., 0 Millet, D Oats, D Triticale,D Cowpea, 0 Forage Soybean, D Trop. Grass,Agroforestry, D Maize, O Grain Soybean, D Sunflower,D Grain Sorg., D Wheat, D Barley

gilgai

Q.alluv. Quaternary alluviumTQ.alluv. Tertiary-Quaternary alluviumWalloon Jurassic Walloon Coal MeasuresT.msyen Tertiary microsyeniteT.basalt Tertiary basaltT.doler. Tertiary doleriteT.sedim. Tertiary sediments

I Irrigated0 DrylandSorg. SorghumTrop. Grass Tropical grassMixed Temp. Mixed temperate pasture

76

APPENDIX 5 METHODOLOGY / CALCULATIONS RELATED TOSALINITY, IRRIGATION AND DEEP DRAINAGE

Salinity Measurement and Calculations

All salinity measurements on the station lands were taken using an electromagneticinduction meter. This meter measures the strength of the magnetic field in the soil.The strength of the field is proportional to the electrical conductance of the soil,therefore providing an estimate of the salt store contained in the upper six metresof the earths surface.

The measurement unit is the electrical conductivity in mS/cm (1 mS/cm= 1 dS/m). Measurements were taken at ten metre intervals along selectedtransects. Transects were positioned at parallel intervals to transverse gully linesor alluvial flats, or to follow the direction of the slope aspect on the low hills.

The readings are interpreted and placed into four ranges of salinity hazard(after Shaw and Hughes 1988).

CodeABCD

Salinity Hazardlow

mediumhigh

very high

Reading (mS/cm)<100

100-150150-200

>200

Results from chemical analyses of several profiles sampled in areas of knownsaline outbreaks, and the three soil type profiles, were used to calculate thesaturation extract electrical conductivity (ECse (dS/m)) at intervals within the rootingzone (assumed to be 0.9 metres) of the soil profile. The calculations used for ECCIand ECse were those described in Section 4.1 of Shaw et al. (1987). Results forECse at the different intervals were averaged to give a mean root zone saturationextract electrical conductivity. The mean root zone ECse results and the readingsfrom the EM meter were compared so that the EM meter readings could be usedto give predictions of the possible effect on plant growth.

Irrigation Calculations

Plant available water capacity is defined as the difference between the wet profilemoisture content following irrigation and the dry profile moisture content of astressed mature crop summed over the measured rooting depth (Gardner 1985).Plant available water capacity was supplied by Agricultural Chemistry Branch foreach of the three soil type profiles sampled.

A Class A evaporation pan needs to be installed in areas to be irrigated. Assoon as the pan evaporation equals 66% of the plant available water capacity, it canbe assumed that the area requires irrigation (Shaw pers.' comm.). The amount ofirrigation water required is therefore 66% of the plant available water capacity (Table1)-

Soil

77

Hanson Sartor Purdon Cyrus McGrath WeberDieckmann

AWC 1 (mm)AWC 2 (mm)Pan Evaporation(66% of AWC 1)Irrigation (mm)

Deep Drainage

140102

9292

9685

6363

100109

6666

134152

8888

151147

100100

10277

6767

9092

6060

Deep drainage (Dd) was calculated using the three soil type profile chemicaland physical results. Soil Conservation Research have written a program in DBasewhich calculates the leaching fraction and deep drainage using clay percentage,cation exchange capacity, and air dry moisture % at 0-10cm, 20-30cm, 50-60cm and80-90cm, the exchangable sodium percentage of the soil at 90cm, rainfall, irrigation,and the electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water. The model used in theprogram is based on Shaw et al. (1987).

Differing amounts of irrigation and EC of the irrigation water were assumedand the results are shown in Table 2.

Soil

Hanson

Sartor

Purdon

Cyrus

McGrath

Weber

Dieckmann

Irrigation(mm)

0300600600

0300600

0300600

0300600

0300600

0300600

0300600

EC of waterdS/m

0.30.30.5

0.30.3

0.30.3

0.30.3

0.30.3

0.30.3

0.30.3

LeachingFraction

0.0364110.1716330.3057810.485652

0.0029820.0203240.036464

0.0059970.0342870.054061

0.003740.0261390.047633

0.007060.0460030.080148

0.0061280.0388750.066475

0.0047260.0250510.036842

Deep drainage(mm/year)

29.13188.80428.09679.91

2.3922.3651.05

4.837.7275.69

2.9928.7566.69

5.6550.6

112.21

4.942.7693.07

3.7827.5651.58