In cooperation with OhioDepartment of NaturalResources, Division of Soiland Water Conservation;Ohio Agricultural Researchand Development Center;Ohio State UniversityExtension; Wood Soil andWater ConservationDistrict; and Wood CountyCommissioners

Soil Survey ofWood County,Ohio

NaturalResourcesConservationService

United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided intogroups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planningthe use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identifythe name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to thesection General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of smallareas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to MapSheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are inthat area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name andshows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailedsoil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may addressyour specific needs.

i

How To Use This Soil Survey

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available onlinefrom the Natural Resources Conservation Service at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

ii

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effortof the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, Stateagencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The NaturalResources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) hasleadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1998. Soil names anddescriptions were approved in 2000. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in thispublication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1999. This survey was madecooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service; the Ohio Department ofNatural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation; the Ohio AgriculturalResearch and Development Center; Ohio State University Extension; the Wood Soil andWater Conservation District; and the Wood County Commissioners. The survey is part ofthe technical assistance furnished to the Wood Soil and Water Conservation District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of thesemaps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at alarger scale.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all itsprograms and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, andwhere applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexualorientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of anindividual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibitedbases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative meansfor communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) shouldcontact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaintof discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 IndependenceAvenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202)720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover (clockwise from upper left): Ponds and protective windbreaks are commonlyassociated with farmsteads in areas of Hoytville clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes; Sloansoils along the Maumee River provide areas of wetland habitat; a profile of Hoytville siltyclay, 0 to 1 percent slopes; urban expansion in northern Wood County in an area of Lattysilty clay, till substratum, 0 to 1 percent slopes.

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov

iii

Contents

How To Use This Soil Survey ....................................................................................... iForeword ..................................................................................................................... ixGeneral Nature of the County ...................................................................................... 1

Climate ..................................................................................................................... 2History ...................................................................................................................... 3Physiography, Relief, and Drainage ......................................................................... 4Natural Resources ................................................................................................... 5Glacial Geology ........................................................................................................ 5Bedrock Geology ..................................................................................................... 6Transportation Facilities ........................................................................................... 7Recreation................................................................................................................ 7

How This Survey Was Made ........................................................................................ 7Soil Survey Procedures ........................................................................................... 9

General Soil Map Units ............................................................................................ 151. Hoytville Association........................................................................................ 152. Latty-Fulton Association .................................................................................. 163. Urban Land-Fulton-Latty Association .............................................................. 184. Colwood-Kibbie-Granby Association ............................................................... 195. Mermill-Aurand-Hoytville Association .............................................................. 206. Wauseon-Ottokee-Spinks Association ............................................................ 217. Hoytville-Ottokee-Rimer Association ............................................................... 228. Millsdale-Castalia-Milton Association .............................................................. 23

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................................................................... 27AgA—Alvada loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes .............................................................. 29AmA—Aurand fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........................................... 30AnA—Aurand loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................................. 32AsA—Aurand-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ..................................... 34BeB—Belmore sandy loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes ................................................. 35BfB—Belmore loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes ............................................................ 37CaA—Castalia very cobbly loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........................................ 38CbB—Castalia-Marblehead complex, very stony, 0 to 6 percent slopes ................ 40CcA—Colwood fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ......................................... 44CdA—Colwood loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes .......................................................... 45CtA—Colwood-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ................................... 47CvA—Cygnet loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................................. 48CxB—Castalia-Marblehead-Urban land complex, very stony, 0 to 6 percent

slopes .............................................................................................................. 50DgA—Digby sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ..................................................... 52DhA—Digby loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................................... 54DrA—Dunbridge sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .............................................. 55DsA—Dunbridge-Spinks, deep to limestone, loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .............................................................................................................. 57DsB—Dunbridge-Spinks, deep to limestone, loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .............................................................................................................. 60EaA—Eel loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ..................................... 63

iv

EmA—Eel silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ............................... 64EnA—Eel silt loam, moderately deep to limestone, 0 to 2 percent slopes,

frequently flooded ............................................................................................ 66FcA—Flatrock silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally flooded..................... 68FuA—Fulton silty clay loam, till substratum, 0 to 2 percent slopes ........................ 70FuB—Fulton silty clay loam, till substratum, 2 to 6 percent slopes ........................ 72FzA—Fulton, till substratum-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............... 74GmA—Genesee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded .......................... 76GnA—Genesee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ...................... 77GpA—Granby loamy fine sand, till substratum, 0 to 1 percent slopes ................... 79HaA—Haney sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ................................................... 81HaB—Haney sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ................................................... 82HdA—Haney loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .............................................................. 84HdB—Haney loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes .............................................................. 85HeA—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, fine sandy loams, 0 to 2 percent

slopes .............................................................................................................. 87HeB—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, fine sandy loams, 2 to 6 percent

slopes .............................................................................................................. 90HfA—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes ................. 92HfB—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes ................. 95HgA—Hoytville clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes .................................................... 98HhA—Hoytville silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes .......................................... 101HvA—Hoytville silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes .................................................... 103HwA—Hoytville clay, shallow to carbonates, 0 to 1 percent slopes...................... 105HyA—Hoytville-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ................................. 107JoA—Joliet silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ................................................ 109KeA—Kibbie loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................ 111KfA—Kibbie fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................ 113KfB—Kibbie fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ............................................ 114KkA—Kibbie-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ..................................... 116LbB—Landes loamy fine sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes, frequently flooded............ 117LdA—Latty silty clay, till substratum, 0 to 1 percent slopes .................................. 119LgA—Latty, till substratum-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ............... 121MbA—Millgrove loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ........................................................ 122McA—Mermill fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ......................................... 124MdA—Mermill loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes .......................................................... 126MeA—Mermill sandy clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ........................................ 127MfA—Mermill-Aurand complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ......................................... 129MgA—Mermill-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes .................................. 132MhA—Millsdale silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes.......................................... 133MkA—Millsdale silty clay loam, stony, 0 to 1 percent slopes ............................... 136MmA—Millsdale-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ............................... 138MnA—Milton loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................................ 139MnB—Milton loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ............................................................ 141NmA—Nappanee sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .......................................... 143NmB—Nappanee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes .......................................... 145NnA—Nappanee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...................................................... 147NnB—Nappanee loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...................................................... 148NnB2—Nappanee loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded ....................................... 150NpA—Nappanee silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ....................................... 152NpB—Nappanee silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ....................................... 154NpB2—Nappanee silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded ........................ 156NsA—Nappanee-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes .............................. 159OsB—Oshtemo sandy loam, till substratum, 2 to 6 percent slopes ..................... 160

v

OtA—Ottokee-Spinks loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................ 162OtB—Ottokee-Spinks loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent slopes ............................ 164OzB—Ottokee-Spinks-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes ...................... 168Pt—Pits, quarry .................................................................................................... 170RbA—Randolph loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ....................................................... 170RbB—Randolph loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ....................................................... 172RdA—Randolph loam, stony, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................................. 174ReA—Randolph-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ............................... 176RfA—Rimer and Tedrow, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ............................................................................................................ 178RfB—Rimer and Tedrow, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ............................................................................................................ 181RgA—Rimer and Tedrow-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ................. 185RhA—Ritchey loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes .......................................................... 187RhB—Ritchey loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes .......................................................... 189RkA—Ritchey loam, stony, 0 to 2 percent slopes ................................................ 191RmA—Risingsun-Rollersville complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes .............................. 193RnA—Rollersville-Risingsun complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ............................... 196RsA—Rossburg silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ................... 200SdA—Seward and Ottokee, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ............................................................................................................ 201SdB—Seward and Ottokee, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent

slopes ............................................................................................................ 204SeA—Shawtown loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...................................................... 207SeB—Shawtown loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...................................................... 209SgA—Shoals loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ............................. 210ShA—Shoals silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ........................ 212SkA—Shoals silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently flooded ............... 214SmA—Shoals and Sloan complex, moderately deep to limestone, 0 to 2

percent slopes, frequently flooded ................................................................. 216SnA—Sloan silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded .......................... 220SoA—Sloan silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally flooded ............. 222SpA—Sloan silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded................. 224SrB—Spinks fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...................................................... 226SrC—Spinks fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes .................................................... 228SrD—Spinks fine sand, 12 to 18 percent slopes .................................................. 230SsB—Spinks loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes ........................................... 231SsC—Spinks loamy fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopes ........................................ 233StB—St. Clair loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ........................................................... 235StC2—St. Clair loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded .......................................... 237SuB2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded ............................ 239SuC2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded .......................... 241SuD2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes, eroded ........................ 243SuE2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 18 to 25 percent slopes, eroded ........................ 245TeA—Tedrow loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes .......................................... 247TeB—Tedrow loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopes .......................................... 249TfA—Tedrow-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes .................................... 251TpA—Toledo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes .............................................. 252TuA—Toledo-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes .................................... 254UcA—Udorthents, loamy, 0 to 2 percent slopes .................................................. 256UcE—Udorthents, loamy, 2 to 25 percent slopes ................................................ 256Ur—Urban land .................................................................................................... 257WbA—Wabasha silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded ................... 257WmA—Wauseon loamy fine sand, 0 to 1 percent slopes .................................... 260

vi

WnA—Wauseon fine sandy loam, deep to till, 0 to 1 percent slopes ................... 261WyA—Wauseon fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes...................................... 263WzA—Wauseon-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes ............................... 265

Important Farmlands ............................................................................................. 267Prime Farmland ................................................................................................... 267Unique Farmland.................................................................................................. 268Additional Farmland of Statewide Importance...................................................... 268Additional Farmland of Local Importance ............................................................. 268

Hydric Soils ............................................................................................................ 269Use and Management of the Soils ........................................................................ 271

Interpretive Ratings .............................................................................................. 271Rating Class Terms.......................................................................................... 271Numerical Ratings ........................................................................................... 271

Crops and Pasture ............................................................................................... 272Trends in Land Use .......................................................................................... 272Cropland Management .................................................................................... 272Specialty Crops ............................................................................................... 276Cropland Limitations and Hazards ................................................................... 277Crop Yield Index ............................................................................................... 279Land Capability Classification .......................................................................... 280Pasture and Hayland Management .................................................................. 281

Woodland Management and Productivity ............................................................. 284Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings............................................................ 287Recreation............................................................................................................ 287Wildlife Habitat ..................................................................................................... 289Engineering .......................................................................................................... 292

Construction Materials ..................................................................................... 293Building Site Development ............................................................................... 294Sanitary Facilities............................................................................................. 295Water Management ......................................................................................... 297

Agricultural Waste Management .......................................................................... 299Soil Properties ........................................................................................................ 303

Engineering Index Properties ............................................................................... 303Physical Properties .............................................................................................. 304Chemical Properties ............................................................................................ 306Water Features .................................................................................................... 306Soil Features ........................................................................................................ 308Physical and Chemical Analyses of Selected Soils .............................................. 308

Engineering Index Test Data ............................................................................ 309Classification of the Soils ..................................................................................... 311

Soil Series and Their Morphology ........................................................................ 311Alvada Series................................................................................................... 312Aurand Series .................................................................................................. 314Belmore Series ................................................................................................ 316Castalia Series ................................................................................................ 317Colwood Series................................................................................................ 318Cygnet Series .................................................................................................. 320Digby Series .................................................................................................... 322Dunbridge Series ............................................................................................. 324Eel Series ........................................................................................................ 325Flatrock Series ................................................................................................. 326Fulton Series ................................................................................................... 328Genesee Series ............................................................................................... 330Granby Series .................................................................................................. 331

vii

Haney Series ................................................................................................... 333Haskins Series ................................................................................................. 334Hoytville Series ................................................................................................ 336Joliet Series ..................................................................................................... 339Kibbie Series.................................................................................................... 340Landes Series .................................................................................................. 341Latty Series ...................................................................................................... 343Marblehead Series ........................................................................................... 344Mermill Series .................................................................................................. 345Millgrove Series ............................................................................................... 347Millsdale Series ............................................................................................... 348Milton Series .................................................................................................... 349Nappanee Series ............................................................................................. 351Oshtemo Series ............................................................................................... 352Ottokee Series ................................................................................................. 354Randolph Series .............................................................................................. 356Rimer Series .................................................................................................... 357Risingsun Series .............................................................................................. 360Ritchey Series ................................................................................................. 362Rollersville Series ............................................................................................ 363Rossburg Series .............................................................................................. 365Seward Series ................................................................................................. 366Shawtown Series ............................................................................................. 368Shoals Series .................................................................................................. 370Sloan Series .................................................................................................... 371Spinks Series ................................................................................................... 373St. Clair Series ................................................................................................. 375Tedrow Series .................................................................................................. 376Toledo Series ................................................................................................... 378Wabasha Series .............................................................................................. 379Wauseon Series .............................................................................................. 380

Formation of the Soils ........................................................................................... 383Factors of Soil Formation ..................................................................................... 383

Parent Material ................................................................................................ 383Climate ............................................................................................................ 384Living Organisms ............................................................................................. 384Relief ............................................................................................................... 385Time ................................................................................................................. 385

Processes of Soil Formation ................................................................................ 385References .............................................................................................................. 387Glossary .................................................................................................................. 389Tables ...................................................................................................................... 405

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ............................................................. 406Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ........................................................... 407Table 3.—Growing Season .................................................................................. 407Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils .................................... 408Table 5.—Prime Farmland ................................................................................... 411Table 6.—Hydric Soils (Major Components) ........................................................ 413Table 7.—Hydric Soils (Minor Components) ........................................................ 414Table 8.—Cropland Limitations and Hazards ....................................................... 417Table 9.—Crop Yield Index ................................................................................... 424Table 10.—Capability Classes and Subclasses ................................................... 429Table 11a.—Woodland Management ................................................................... 430Table 11b.—Woodland Management ................................................................... 440

viii

Table 11c.—Woodland Management ................................................................... 453Table 12.—Woodland Productivity ....................................................................... 465Table 13.—Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings .......................................... 490Table 14a.—Recreational Development ............................................................... 512Table 14b.—Recreational Development ............................................................... 529Table 15.—Wildlife Habitat ................................................................................... 543Table 16a.—Construction Materials ..................................................................... 552Table 16b.—Construction Materials ..................................................................... 564Table 17a.—Building Site Development ............................................................... 583Table 17b.—Building Site Development ............................................................... 597Table 18a.—Sanitary Facilities ............................................................................. 615Table 18b.—Sanitary Facilities ............................................................................. 633Table 19a.—Water Management .......................................................................... 650Table 19b.—Water Management .......................................................................... 665Table 20.—Agricultural Waste Management ........................................................ 682Table 21.—Engineering Index Properties ............................................................. 701Table 22.—Physical Properties of the Soils ......................................................... 741Table 23.—Chemical Properties of the Soils ........................................................ 755Table 24.—Water Features .................................................................................. 768Table 25.—Soil Features ...................................................................................... 779Table 26.—Classification of the Soils ................................................................... 787

Interpretive Groups ................................................................................................ 789

Issued 2007

ix

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in Wood County.It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey alsohighlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and theimpact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, andagronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the managementneeded for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,engineers, developers, builders, and homebuyers can use the survey to plan land use,select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure properperformance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation,wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to helpthem understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may imposespecial restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report isintended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or landtreatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the landusers identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. Thelandowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws andregulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils areseasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are toounstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils arepoorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soilpoorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soilsurvey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of eachsoil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described, andinformation on specific uses is given. Help in using this publication and additionalinformation are available at the local office of the Natural Resources ConservationService or the Ohio State University Extension.

Terry J. CosbyState ConservationistNatural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

1

WOOD COUNTY is in northwestern Ohio (fig. 1). It is bordered by Lucas County to thenorth, Henry County to the west, Hancock County to the south, and Ottawa,Sandusky, and Seneca Counties to the east. The Maumee River delineates thenorthwestern boundary between Wood County and part of Lucas County. WoodCounty has a total area of 397,108 acres, or 618 square miles. In 1990, the county’spopulation was 121,065 and Bowling Green, the county seat, had a population of29,636 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000).

Industry and farming are the major enterprises in Wood County. The countysupports strong manufacturing industries. The county has both light and heavyindustrial plants. In addition, the county has strong retail and service sectors. BowlingGreen State University provides local educational opportunities. The Maumee Riverprovides access to Lake Erie and access to marinas, sport fishing, and other touristindustries. Most agricultural land is used for cash grain crops. Soybeans, corn, wheat,and hay are the principal crops. Sugar beets and specialty crops, such as cabbage,tomatoes, and melons, also are grown. Dairy and livestock enterprises are importantsources of revenue. A small percentage of land is devoted to woodlands, generally onsteep slopes along major streams and in undrained areas.

This survey updates the soil survey of Wood County published in 1966 (Rapparlieand Urban, 1966). It provides additional information and has larger maps. It alsoprovides updated photoimagery.

General Nature of the CountyThis section provides some general information about the survey area. It describes

climate; history; physiography, relief, and drainage; natural resources; glacial geology;bedrock geology; transportation facilities; and recreation.

Soil Survey of

Wood County, OhioBy Rick A. Robbins and Aaron M. Lantz, Ohio Department of Natural Resources,Division of Soil and Water Conservation

Fieldwork by Mark M. Feusner and Rick A. Robbins, Ohio Department of NaturalResources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, and Donald N. McClure,Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Soil andWater Conservation; the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; OhioState University Extension; the Wood County Commissioners; and the Wood Soil andWater Conservation District

2 Soil Survey of

Climate

Wood County is cold in winter and hot in summer. Winter precipitation, frequently inthe form of snow, results in a good accumulation of soil moisture by spring andminimizes drought during the summer. Normal annual precipitation patterns areadequate for all of the crops that are adapted to the temperature and the growingseason in the survey area.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation for the survey area as recordedat Bowling Green in the period 1971 to 2000. Table 2 shows probable dates of the firstfreeze in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on the length of thegrowing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 27.0 degrees F and the average dailyminimum temperature is 19.3 degrees. The lowest temperature on record, whichoccurred at Bowling Green on January 19, 1994, is -20 degrees. In summer, theaverage temperature is 71.1 degrees and the average daily maximum temperature is82.5 degrees. The highest temperature, which occurred at Bowling Green on July 10,1936, is 110 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They are equivalent to “heat units.”During the month, growing degree days accumulate by the amount that the averagetemperature each day exceeds a base temperature (50 degrees F). The normalmonthly accumulation is used to schedule single or successive plantings of a cropbetween the last freeze in spring and the first freeze in fall.

The average annual total precipitation is 33.20 inches. Of this total, 19.23 inches, orabout 58 percent, usually falls in May through October. The growing season for mostcrops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of recordwas 4.49 inches at Bowling Green on July 10, 1979. Thunderstorms occur on about 37days each year, and most occur between May and August.

The average seasonal snowfall is 21.9 inches. The greatest snow depth at any onetime during the period of record was 20 inches recorded on February 6, 1978. On an

Figure 1.—Location of Wood County in Ohio.

Wood County, Ohio 3

average, 38 days per year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. The heaviest1-day snowfall on record was 10.0 inches recorded on March 5, 1993.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is about 58 percent. Humidity ishigher at night, and the average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines 65percent of the time possible in summer and 41 percent in winter. The prevailing wind isfrom the west-southwest. Average windspeed is highest, around 11 miles per hour,from December to April.

History

The earliest inhabitants of the survey area were the Native Americans of Wyandot,Ottawa, and Shawnee culture. These semi-nomadic people had permanent villagesalong the major rivers. They grew maize and wild rice in small clearings to supplementtheir diet. Their villages were generally high and dry, not in the “Black Swamp” thatmakes up most of Wood County.

Wood County is named for Col. Eleazer Derby Wood, who was the officer in chargeof building Ft. Meigs during the War of 1812. The area was first known as the GreatSwamp and was later known as the Black Swamp.

The diary of David Zeisberger, a Moravian missionary who traveled through thearea, provides an early description of the Black Swamp. He writes of “deep swampsand troublesome marshes,” the many miles “where no bit of dry land was to be seen,and horses at every step wading in the marsh up to their knees....” He also noted theclayey nature of the soil, “which is one reason why the water remains standing” (Bliss,1885).

Ground was broken for the Wabash and Erie Canal in 1832 and for its importantconnecting link, the Miami and Erie Canal, in 1833 (Kaatz, 1955). The advent of thesetrade routes along major watercourses, however, did little to help open up the BlackSwamp.

It is an easy oversimplification to state that the railroad was responsible for theeventual settlement of the Black Swamp merely because the peak period of railwayconstruction coincided with the peak period of settlement. The importance of therailroad cannot be denied, but were it not that railroad construction and thedevelopment of systematic drainage coincided, the rate of settlement would have beenmuch slower (Kaatz, 1955). Lumbering aided drainage operations, and the railroadshelped speed drainage construction by aiding lumbering. Drainage construction wouldhave been a heavy burden on the farmers had not the railroad “afforded a market forthe timber which formerly had no value, and rendered the ‘winter crop’ of timber almostas valuable as their summer crops” (Kaatz, 1955). In the 1860s, the railways of Ohioconsumed 1 million cords of wood annually for fuel alone and an unknown quantity forties.

The first 20 years of drainage construction (1860–1880) dealt mainly with clearing,deepening, and widening natural drainage channels. By 1880, drainage ditches hadbeen constructed along the perimeters of almost every section of land in the countiesof the Black Swamp (Wilhelm, 1984).

Ditching alone would not solve the problem of standing water in the fields. Artificialunderdrainage became a necessity. In the 20 years before tile mills were built insufficient numbers (before 1880), local farmers were using native lumber to build plankunderdrains. Two boards nailed together like an upside-down eave trough served asearly field drains. As farming got more profitable and more local clay tile plantsdeveloped, systematic clay tile replaced the old planks.

Agriculture has played a dominant role in the settlement and development of WoodCounty. The oil boom in the late 1800s was responsible for providing an influx ofinhabitants to the county. Even with the present-day economic dependence on industry

4 Soil Survey of

and manufacturing, Wood County still relies heavily on the economic base provided bythe agricultural industry.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

All of the physiographic features in the county are a result of the Wisconsinanglaciation. Wood County lies entirely within MLRA 99, the Erie-Huron Lake Plain(USDA, 2006). As an area of lake plain physiography, Wood County has a relativelyuniform, level and nearly level topography (fig. 2). The highest point in the county isabout 775 feet above sea level, along the Seneca County line, in Perry Township, nearFostoria. The lowest point in the county is about 575 feet above sea level, where theMaumee River enters Lucas County, near Rossford.

Glacial deposits cover the entire county (Rapparlie and Urban, 1966). This drift isthe parent material for most of the soils in the county. The glacial deposits range inthickness from less than 1 foot to more than 100 feet. Broad uniform flats where tillwas planed and modified by water currents and wave action characterize this level andnearly level lake plain. Most of the county has slopes of 6 percent or less. The steeperareas are associated with beach ridges, bedrock highs, eolian dunes, or stream andriver valleys dissected by modern-day streams.

Beach ridges typically mark the shorelines of various stages of Glacial LakeMaumee (Forsyth, 1961). There are beach ridges that mark the levels of three lakestages: Whittlesey (738 feet above sea level); remnants of Arkona in the eastern partof the county (685 to 709 feet above sea level); and Warren (666 to 680 feet above sealevel).

Figure 2.—A typical landscape in Wood County includes large, open areas of cultivated fields andsmall, scattered woodlots, generally less than 40 acres. Pictured is an area of Hoytville clayloam, 0 to 1 percent slopes.

Wood County, Ohio 5

Bedrock highs are primarily in the eastern two-thirds of the county. These areaswere reefs and islands during various stages of Glacial Lake Maumee. Most of thesebedrock areas occur east of the Bowling Green fault.

Eolian dunes are prominent landforms that are oriented from southwest tonortheast. They occur primarily as discontinuous bands in the central part of thecounty. These dunes are in close proximity to the Warren beaches, which are thesource of the eolian sands.

Modern-day streams and drainage patterns account for most of the relief in WoodCounty. Areas with the most dissection occur along the Maumee and Portage Rivers.

Wood County drains into Lake Erie by two principal watersheds—the Maumee andthe Portage. Although the Maumee is the larger river, the Portage drains more of thecounty. The smaller Cedar, Crane, and Toussaint Creek watersheds drain thenortheastern part of the county.

Natural Resources

Dolostone and limestone, sand, gravel, and clay have all been quarried in WoodCounty at one time or another. Most of these resources are of minor extent, mainlybecause of relatively thin high-quality deposits.

Dolostone and limestone are the major components of Wood County bedrock.These rocks compose the Salina, Tymochtee, Greenfield, and Lockport groups formedduring the Silurian and early Devonian Ages (Ohio Department of Natural Resources,1999). Limestone has been mined from these formations in several areas of thecounty; however, there are only four active sites. These are near the villages ofPortage, West Millgrove, Weston, and Lime City. Since limestone is at or near thesurface in Wood County, there are many small inactive limestone quarries scatteredthroughout the county. Most of the limestone is used for agricultural or industrial usesor for the transportation industry.

Small sand and gravel pits are scattered throughout the county, mostly along beachridges, rivers, and streams. No sites in the county are currently being mined. The sandand gravel deposits are of limited size, ranging from 1 to 10 acres. The largest gravelpit is along a beach ridge in the central part of the county. This pit was about 25 acresat the time it was abandoned.

Glacial Geology

Richard R. Pavey, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, assisted inthe preparation of this section.

Significantly late in geological time (about 2 million years ago), glaciers began tomove across the area in a southern and western direction. Many glacial advances,with ice as much as 1 mile in thickness, followed by subsequent melting andrecessions, filled valleys and low bedrock areas with glacial till and lacustrine sand,silt, and clay. The late Wisconsinan glaciers, approximately 15,000 to 24,000 yearsago, were the last glaciers to cover Wood County (Forsyth, 1961). The glacial icegouged out a pre-glacial river valley to form the Lake Erie basin. As sheets of iceadvanced uphill out of the basin, high bedrock areas obstructed glacial deposition,leaving the bedrock hills thinly covered with drift or completely exposed. Examples ofsoils that formed in a thin mantle of glacial material over bedrock include Joliet,Marblehead, Millsdale, Milton, Randolph, and Ritchey soils.

As the glacial ice was receding for the last time, the Erie Basin was filled by a seriesof different lakes that formed in front of the ice sheet. For a few thousand years, lakelevels varied in these lakes as drainage outlets were blocked or opened by thefluctuating ice front of the last glacier.

6 Soil Survey of

Six distinct lake levels of Glacial Lake Maumee inundated Wood County. The mainbody of the lake lies across the entire county. Fluctuating lake levels and wave actionsmoothed out shallow bottom areas, wave-planed the glacial till, and provided coarsesediments to form beaches. Beach ridges in the county are products of these earlierlake levels. Alvada, Belmore, Cygnet, Digby, Haney, Millgrove, Oshtemo, andShawtown soils formed in these materials. In the northwestern part of the county aresegments of old beach ridges and sand dunes. These provide evidence of thereworking of beach sediments during subsequent higher lake levels, caused by slightreadvances of the ice sheet far to the north. Granby, Ottokee, Spinks, Tedrow, andWauseon soils formed in these sandy deposits. In shallow water areas, wave actionwashed the finer sized particles out of the glacial material, leaving patches of coarsersediments on top of the glacial till. Aurand, Haskins, and Mermill soils formed in thiswater-modified glacial till material. In areas where a thin mantle of sand was left on topof the till, Rimer and Seward soils formed. Hoytville and Nappanee soils formed inareas where the till was wave-planed by shallow lake water. Lacustrine sedimentssettled out of the water at the lowest, most recent lake levels in the northern part ofWood County. Some soils in the county, including Fulton, Latty, and Toledo soils,formed in these lacustrine deposits.

Bedrock Geology

Richard R. Pavey, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, assisted inthe preparation of this section.

Wood County is in the eastern part of the Central Lowland Province. Proceedingfrom west to east in Wood County, the underlying bedrock dips and becomesprogressively younger. The bedrock within the county is of sedimentary origin,primarily Silurian limestone and dolostone (Ohio Department of Natural Resources,1947, 1981).

A narrow slice of the Dundee and Detroit River Groups underlies the westernmostpart of Wood County, especially in Grand Rapids and Milton Townships. The SalinaUndifferentiated Group underlies the western sections of the county, especially inPlain, Center, and Jackson Townships and the western half of Liberty and HenryTownships (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1999). The Tymochtee Groupunderlies an area in the central and south-central parts of the county, especially ineastern Center, Liberty, and Henry Townships. The Tymochtee Group lies west of theBowling Green fault that parallels Interstate 75 south of Bowling Green. East of thefault, the Greenfield and Lockport Groups are the dominant bedrock members. Thesegroups underlie virtually all of the rest of Wood County (Ohio Department of NaturalResources, 1999).

The Bowling Green fault is a major structural feature in northwestern Ohio. East ofthe fault was the primary location of numerous gas and oil wells during the late 1800s(Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1992).

During the Silurian to Mississippian times (420 to 350 million years ago), WoodCounty was covered by a large, tropical inland sea. In the deeper areas, sedimentsconsisting of deposits of carbonate precipitates, shells, and corals formed limestoneand dolostone. Silt and clay sediments formed shale, and quartz and other silicateminerals were deposited to form sandstone in shallow water areas. As sedimentationand cementation continued, the pressures generated by the tremendous weight of theoverlying sediments formed the bedrock of the county.

This depositional stage was followed by a prolonged period of geologic erosion thatleft a landscape of bedrock hills and stream valleys. Surface water drained northwardinto a large, eastward-flowing valley that occupied the present Lake Erie basin.Erosion left the oldest bedrock units exposed in the northwestern part of the countyand the youngest exposed towards the southeast.

Wood County, Ohio 7

Transportation Facilities

Wood County is accessible by land, water, and air. Interstate 75 crosses the countyfrom north to south and provides rapid access to Toledo and Cincinnati. Interstatespurs I-280 and I-475 also provide access to the Toledo area. The Ohio Turnpike (I-90)crosses the northern part of Wood County, providing access to Cleveland andChicago. Federal and State highways provide additional access. These highways anda system of well-paved county and township roads provide easy access to all areas ofthe county. Six major railroad lines traverse the county, and there are two majorswitching yards.

A shipping terminal to the Great Lakes is located in Rossford. The county has twoairports—Metcalf Field near Walbridge and Wood County Airport near Bowling Green.

Recreation

Wood County has more recreational opportunities than many of the other countiesin northwestern Ohio. The extensive Wood County Park District has a network of 11sites (including parks, hiking and bicycle trails, and nature preserves) throughout thecounty. The Ohio Division of Wildlife has 11 wildlife production areas totaling about 680acres. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources maintains two State parks in thecounty that are along the Maumee River. These are Ft. Meigs and Mary Jane ThurstonPark. Many educational and other seasonal activities scheduled for the public areavailable each year.

Bowling Green has several city parks and recreational facilities available for use bythe public. There are also village parks throughout the county, which provide athleticfields, swimming pools, playground equipment, and shelter houses. There are publicand private golf courses throughout the county. A wide variety of soils are used forrecreational development. Several of the county and village parks make use of floodplains for seasonal outdoor opportunities.

How This Survey Was MadeThis survey was made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The information includes a description of the soils andmiscellaneous areas and their location and a discussion of their suitability, limitations,and management for specified uses.

Soil scientists provided documentation for map units based on a work plan thatenabled the fieldwork to be completed within a 2-year period. This work plan detailedthe different levels of documentation to be collected on individual map units basedupon experience acquired from surrounding modernization surveys.

Prior to the start of fieldwork, an evaluation worksheet was developed for all mapunits in the existing survey to assist in determining which map units could be updatedwithin the project time frame of 2 years. Historical correlation documents for WoodCounty, the existing survey publication, and experience obtained in adjacent surveyareas within the MLRA were used to make this evaluation. Those map unitsdetermined to require a large expenditure of time were not fully updated during theproject and are referred to in this publication as “map units with minimum revision.”

On these map units with minimum revision, a single transect was conducted withinthe typical pedon delineation from the original soil survey publication. In some cases,multiple transects were conducted on certain map units with minimum revision. Thecomponent information acquired from these transects was added to the composition ofeach individual map unit.

Map units that had a relatively high confidence level for correlation purposes arereferred to as “modernized map units.” On modernized map units, the soil scientists

8 Soil Survey of

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the slopes; the general pattern ofdrainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. They dugmany holes to study the soil profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, orhorizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface down into the unconsolidatedmaterial in which the soil formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots andother living organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area are in an orderly pattern thatis related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area.Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind oflandform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneousareas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of thelandform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they were formed.Thus, during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with aconsiderable degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specificlocation on the landscape. On map units with minimum revision, the soil scientistsused acquired knowledge from adjacent modernization survey areas to assist in thedevelopment of these models within Wood County. A large amount of the data from theoriginal soil survey has been retained for these map units. Examples of this type ofdata are layer depths, horizon textures, water table depths, depth to bedrock, andslope range.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as theircharacteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soilscientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only alimited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by anunderstanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verifypredictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.

Original delineation boundaries from the previous survey were maintained for mostmap units. In some situations, the linework was shifted slightly to accommodate soilpatterns on the photobase, changes in land use, or other observable differences onthe photobase. Delineations were added for the purpose of separating areas of urbanexpansion and in areas disturbed by human activity. Photo interpretation and onsiteevaluations were conducted to accurately place new linework.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. Theynoted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rockfragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them toidentify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining theirproperties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soilcharacteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis forcomparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomicclassification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character ofsoil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soilscientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared theindividual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so thatthey could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience andresearch.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generallyare collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpretthe data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed characteristicsand the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under differentuses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soilsin different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations aremodified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meetlocal needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information,

Wood County, Ohio 9

production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data on cropyields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and fromfield or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also onsuch variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable overlong periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soilscientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have ahigh water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a highwater table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in thesurvey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs andidentified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.

Soil Survey Procedures

Wood County is the first survey in the State of Ohio for which a “mixed vintage”approach was used in the publication of soil survey information. This approachintegrates newly acquired soil survey data and information with existing soil surveydata from the original publication where applicable. The intent of this approach is toprovide the most current and critical soil information for local users within a reasonableperiod of time.

The general procedures followed in modernizing map units are described in the“National Soil Survey Handbook” (USDA, National Soil Survey Handbook) of theNatural Resources Conservation Service. The previously published survey of WoodCounty (Rapparlie and Urban, 1966) and U.S. Geological Survey topographicquadrangles were among the references used.

Prior to the soil survey modernization, a soil survey review team conducted anevaluation of the 1966 Wood County soil survey at the request of the Wood CountyCommissioners and the Wood Soil and Water Conservation District. A report of theevaluation was prepared and sent to the Soil Inventory Board for review. Afterreviewing the evaluation report, the Soil Inventory Board recommended a soil surveymodernization program and outlined the work to be completed for the soil surveymodernization.

Before the fieldwork was begun, a detailed study of all existing laboratory data, soilsurvey reports, and research studies was conducted by the Wood County soil surveystaff. U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, at a scale of 1:24,000, were used tohelp the soil scientists relate land and image features.

A project work plan was developed to provide a schedule for preliminary office workand actual fieldwork to be completed within a 2-year time frame. An evaluation wascompleted on each individual soil series and map unit within Wood County. Each mapunit was assigned a rating for reliability, meeting current NCSS standards, lab dataavailability, adjacent data from surrounding updated counties, and a document thattracked the correlation decisions from the original survey. Additional input on thequality of soil survey information for individual map units was acquired from the WoodSoil and Water Conservation District. After these information sets were developed andanalyzed, the soil scientists established priorities for modernizing map units within atime frame of 2 years. The 2-year scope of fieldwork eliminated the possibility ofupdating all map units within Wood County. The status of map units in Wood County isprovided at the end of this section.

Wood County includes a large number of soil series. The 1966 soil survey is avaluable historical document that was relied on extensively during the modernizationprocess. Patterns of soils on the landscape are typically complex. Modern soil surveyprocedures differ from those practiced in the earlier survey. Some soil series used in

10 Soil Survey of

the old report no longer apply to the soils that were mapped and correlated during thisupdate. Not all of the soil series that are currently in use were recognized at the timethe previous survey was made. Soil observations and evaluations during the 1966survey were made to a depth of 60 inches or less. During the modernization project,observations and evaluations were routinely made to a depth of 80 inches or tobedrock on the modernized map units. On the map units with minimum revision, atleast one 10-point transect and pedon description to 2 meters was recorded within thetypical pedon delineation from the original survey.

Recent aerial photographs, photographs from earlier flights, the QuaternaryGeology Map of Ohio (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1998), the GeologicMap of Ohio (Ohio Department of Natural Resources, 1981), and the U.S. GeologicalSurvey quadrangles were used in making the survey. The maps and soil descriptionsin the previously published survey of Wood County (Rapparlie and Urban, 1966) wereused as references in the correlation of soil series and map units. The old survey wasalso used to determine the areas of highest variability when mapping and transectintervals were planned.

Soil map units were traversed at various intervals, depending on the complexity ofthe soil types and patterns in the area. Map units that were targeted for transecting aspart of the modernization process were randomly assigned in the office for fieldinvestigation and documentation. Borings were made at selected intervals during thetransect to determine the composition of soil types within the map units. Soil scientistscompared existing map units with the soil types in the area to determine whetherearlier unrecognized soils with significant interpretive differences should be identifiedand separated during the survey modernization. Map unit boundaries were determinedon the basis of soil examinations, observations, and photo interpretation. Whennecessary, map units were redelineated so that new series could be included and soiltypes recognized earlier could be better differentiated. Some map unit delineationswere enlarged to include units previously mapped as another soil type when thedifferences in soil properties were not significant enough to require an additional mapunit delineation. A data location map denoting where transects and observations weremade is on file at the Northwestern Ohio Soil Survey Project Office in Findlay.

Representative pedon sites from the 1966 survey were located, and the soils atthese sites were examined in order to determine whether they would meet present-dayinterpretation needs. The classification of these pedons also was compared withmodern soil taxonomy standards. If the pedon was found to differ significantly incharacteristics, a new pedon site was located that had soil properties representative ofobservations made during this soil survey.

Most soils were examined using hand augers and soil tubes. Field notes were takenduring the evaluation process. Deeper samples were taken to document soil materialto a depth of 80 inches or to bedrock. These samples were obtained by taking soilcores using a probe truck or using a hand auger with extensions. Pedons described astypical were studied and documented in excavated pits. Samples for laboratoryanalysis were taken at these pits and at other locations in the county to obtainchemical and physical analyses and to determine engineering properties. Thisinformation was used in the classification, correlation, and interpretation of specific soiltypes.

The project staff located all typical pedon sites of map units with minimum revisionon the original publication map sheets. This decision was based upon the tenet that ifthese were the typical pedon sites, then they should represent the typical compositionof the map unit. Then, a single 10-point transect was conducted within the delineation.The project staff recorded map unit composition, pedon features to a depth of 80inches or to bedrock, land use, and other information typically recorded for amodernized map unit.

Wood County, Ohio 11

Data attributes for the map units with minimum revision have been populated to adepth of 60 inches (1.5 meters) or to bedrock. Layer depths for these map units reflectactual field observations from the original survey. In most cases, the layer depthsreflect the original typical pedon. In a few cases, the layer depths from table 3 of theoriginal 1966 publication were accepted. The layer depths in the current publicationhave been extended to depths greater than those observed during the originalpublication for most of the map units with minimum revision. The interpretive modelsthat were used to generate the tables for this publication require data populated to adepth of 60 inches. The data populated to a depth of 60 inches is typical for the typesof materials in these soils.

Samples for chemical and physical analyses were taken from representative sites ofseveral of the soils in the county that were modernized. The chemical and physicalanalyses were made by the Soil Characterization Laboratory, School of NaturalResources, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The results of the analyses arestored in a computerized data file at the laboratory. The analyses for engineeringproperties were made by the Ohio Department of Transportation, Division ofHighways, Testing Laboratory, Columbus, Ohio. The laboratory procedures can beobtained on request from the respective laboratories. The results of the analyses canbe obtained from the School of Natural Resources, Ohio State University; the OhioDepartment of Natural Resources, Division of Soil and Water Conservation; and theNatural Resources Conservation Service, State Office, Columbus, Ohio.

After completion of the fieldwork, map unit delineations were transferred by hand toanother set of planimetrically correct photographs. Surface features were recordedfrom observation of the maps and the landscape. Delineations from the original surveywere maintained on most map units. Modernized map unit delineations were modifiedbased on actual field observation. Aerial photo interpretation was conducted on allmap units during the compilation process. In some cases, linework was shifted fromthe original publication to meet soil patterns on the photos or to capture changes inland use. In other cases, linework was added to differentiate urban areas, disturbedareas, or areas where recently acquired lab data indicated an additional map unitshould be separated.

Additional information regarding the procedures used in preparing this report canbe obtained from the local offices of the Natural Resources Conservation Service.

The following lists indicate the overall status of the map units in Wood County.Briefly, modernized map units have soil attribute data extending to a depth of 2 meters(80 inches) or to bedrock. Map units with minimum revision have soil attribute dataextending to a depth of 1.5 meters (60 inches) or to bedrock.

List of Modernized Map Units

AgA—Alvada loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesAmA—Aurand fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesAnA—Aurand loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesAsA—Aurand-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopesCaA—Castalia very cobbly loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesCbB—Castalia-Marblehead complex, very stony, 0 to 6 percent slopesCvA—Cygnet loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesCxB—Castalia-Marblehead-Urban land complex, very stony, 0 to 6 percent slopesFcA—Flatrock silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, occasionally floodedFuA—Fulton silty clay loam, till substratum, 0 to 2 percent slopesFuB—Fulton silty clay loam, till substratum, 2 to 6 percent slopesFzA—Fulton, till substratum-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopesGpA—Granby loamy fine sand, till substratum, 0 to 1 percent slopesHgA—Hoytville clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesHhA—Hoytville silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes

12 Soil Survey of

HvA—Hoytville silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopesHyA—Hoytville-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesLbB—Landes loamy fine sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes, frequently floodedLdA—Latty silty clay, till substratum, 0 to 1 percent slopesLgA—Latty, till substratum-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesMdA—Mermill loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesMfA—Mermill-Aurand complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesMgA—Mermill-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesOsB—Oshtemo sandy loam, till substratum, 2 to 6 percent slopesRmA—Risingsun-Rollersville complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesRnA—Rollersville-Risingsun complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesRsA—Rossburg silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedSeA—Shawtown loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesSeB—Shawtown loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesSoA—Sloan silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, occasionally floodedUcA—Udorthents, loamy, 0 to 2 percent slopesUcE—Udorthents, loamy, 2 to 25 percent slopesUr—Urban landW—WaterWbA—Wabasha silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently flooded

List of Map Units with Minimum Revision

BeB—Belmore sandy loam, 1 to 4 percent slopesBfB—Belmore loam, 1 to 4 percent slopesCcA—Colwood fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesCdA—Colwood loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesCtA—Colwood-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesDgA—Digby sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesDhA—Digby loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesDrA—Dunbridge sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesDsA—Dunbridge-Spinks, deep to limestone, loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent slopesDsB—Dunbridge-Spinks, deep to limestone, loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent slopesEaA—Eel loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedEmA—Eel silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedEnA—Eel silt loam, moderately deep to limestone, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently

floodedGmA—Genesee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedGnA—Genesee silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedHaA—Haney sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesHaB—Haney sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesHdA—Haney loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesHdB—Haney loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesHeA—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, fine sandy loams, 0 to 2 percent slopesHeB—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, fine sandy loams, 2 to 6 percent slopesHfA—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, loams, 0 to 2 percent slopesHfB—Haskins and Digby, till substratum, loams, 2 to 6 percent slopesHwA—Hoytville clay, shallow to carbonates, 0 to 1 percent slopesJoA—Joliet silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesKeA—Kibbie loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopesKfA—Kibbie fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesKfB—Kibbie fine sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesKkA—Kibbie-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Wood County, Ohio 13

MbA—Millgrove loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesMcA—Mermill fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesMeA—Mermill sandy clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesMhA—Millsdale silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesMkA—Millsdale silty clay loam, stony, 0 to 1 percent slopesMmA—Millsdale-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesMnA—Milton loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesMnB—Milton loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesNmA—Nappanee sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesNmB—Nappanee sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesNnA—Nappanee loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesNnB—Nappanee loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesNnB2—Nappanee loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, erodedNpA—Nappanee silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesNpB—Nappanee silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesNpB2—Nappanee silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, erodedNsA—Nappanee-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopesOtA—Ottokee-Spinks loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent slopesOtB—Ottokee-Spinks loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent slopesOzB—Ottokee-Spinks-Urban land complex, 0 to 6 percent slopesPt—Pits, quarryRbA—Randolph loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesRbB—Randolph loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesRdA—Randolph loam, stony, 0 to 2 percent slopesReA—Randolph-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopesRfA—Rimer and Tedrow, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent slopesRfB—Rimer and Tedrow, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent slopesRgA—Rimer and Tedrow-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopesRhA—Ritchey loam, 0 to 2 percent slopesRhB—Ritchey loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesRkA—Ritchey loam, stony, 0 to 2 percent slopesSdA—Seward and Ottokee, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 0 to 2 percent slopesSdB—Seward and Ottokee, till substratum, loamy fine sands, 2 to 6 percent slopesSgA—Shoals loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedShA—Shoals silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedSkA—Shoals silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently floodedSmA—Shoals and Sloan complex, moderately deep to limestone, 0 to 2 percent

slopes, frequently floodedSnA—Sloan silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently floodedSpA—Sloan silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, frequently floodedSrB—Spinks fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopesSrC—Spinks fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopesSrD—Spinks fine sand, 12 to 18 percent slopesSsB—Spinks loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopesSsC—Spinks loamy fine sand, 6 to 12 percent slopesStB—St. Clair loam, 2 to 6 percent slopesStC2—St. Clair loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, erodedSuB2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, erodedSuC2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, erodedSuD2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 12 to 18 percent slopes, erodedSuE2—St. Clair silty clay loam, 18 to 25 percent slopes, erodedTeA—Tedrow loamy fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes

14

TeB—Tedrow loamy fine sand, 2 to 6 percent slopesTfA—Tedrow-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopesTpA—Toledo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesTuA—Toledo-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopesWmA—Wauseon loamy fine sand, 0 to 1 percent slopesWnA—Wauseon fine sandy loam, deep to till, 0 to 1 percent slopesWyA—Wauseon fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopesWzA—Wauseon-Urban land complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes

15

The general soil map in this publication shows broad areas that have a distinctivepattern of soils, relief, and drainage. These broad areas are called associations. Eachassociation on the general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it consistsof one or more major soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils ormiscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas. Thecomponents of one association can occur in another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the suitability of large areas forgeneral land uses. Areas of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, areaswhere the soils are not suitable can be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for planning the management ofa farm or field or for selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. The soilsin any one association differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and othercharacteristics that affect management.

1. Hoytville AssociationVery deep, level, very poorly drained soils that formed in wave-planed till (fig. 3)

Setting

Landform: Extensive flats, depressions, and drainageways on lake plainsSlope range: 0 to 1 percent

Composition

Extent of the association in the county: 60 percentExtent of the soils in the association:Hoytville soils—83 percentSoils of minor extent—17 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

HoytvilleDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Very poorly drainedParent material: Wave-planed tillTexture of the surface layer: Silty clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, or claySlope: 0 to 1 percent

Soils of Minor Extent

• Aurand soils• Eel soils• Mermill soils• Millsdale soils• Nappanee soils

General Soil Map Units

16 Soil Survey of

• Rimer and Tedrow soils• Sloan soils• Udorthents

Use and Management

Major uses: CroplandManagement concerns: Seasonal wetness, ponding, high clay content in the surface

layer and subsoil, compaction, frost action

2. Latty-Fulton AssociationVery deep, level to gently sloping, very poorly drained and somewhat poorly drainedsoils that formed in clayey glaciolacustrine deposits over till (fig. 4)

Setting

Landform: Extensive flats, depressions, drainageways, rises, and knolls and dissectedareas along streams on lake plains

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Composition

Extent of the association in the county: 3 percentExtent of the soils in the association:Latty soils that have a till substratum—72 percentFulton soils that have a till substratum—15 percentSoils of minor extent—13 percent

Figure 3.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Hoytville association.

Wood County, Ohio 17

Soil Properties and Qualities

LattyDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Very poorly drainedParent material: Clayey glaciolacustrine deposits over tillTexture of the surface layer: Silty claySlope: 0 to 1 percent

FultonDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedPosition on the landform: Summits, shoulders, and backslopesParent material: Clayey glaciolacustrine deposits over tillTexture of the surface layer: Silty clay loamSlope: 0 to 6 percent

Soils of Minor Extent

• Nappanee soils• Toledo soils• Udorthents• Wabasha soils

Use and Management

Major uses: CroplandManagement concerns: Seasonal wetness, ponding, high clay content in the surface

layer and subsoil, compaction, tilth, erosion, frost action

Figure 4.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Latty-Fulton association.

18 Soil Survey of

3. Urban Land-Fulton-Latty AssociationUrban land, or built-up land, and very deep, level to gently sloping, somewhat poorlydrained and very poorly drained soils that formed in clayey glaciolacustrine depositsover till

Setting

Landform: Extensive flats, depressions, drainageways, rises, and knolls and dissectedareas along streams on lake plains

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Composition

Extent of the association in the county: 2 percentExtent of the components in the association:Urban land—27 percentFulton soils that have a till substratum—22 percentLatty soils that have a till substratum—16 percentSoils of minor extent—35 percent

General Description of Urban Land

• Urban land, or built-up land, includes areas that are covered by paved or graveledroads, parting lots, walkways, residential and commercial buildings, and cemeterystructures.

Soil Properties and Qualities

FultonDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedPosition on the landform: Summits, shoulders, and backslopesParent material: Clayey glaciolacustrine deposits over tillTexture of the surface layer: Silty clay loamSlope: 0 to 6 percent

LattyDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Very poorly drainedParent material: Clayey glaciolacustrine deposits over tillTexture of the surface layer: Silty claySlope: 0 to 1 percent

Soils of Minor Extent

• Aurand soils• Genesee soils• Sloan soils• St. Clair soils• Toledo soils

Use and Management

Major uses: Urban developmentManagement concerns: Seasonal wetness, ponding, high clay content in the surface

layer and subsoil, slow or very slow permeability, the shrink-swell potential, frostaction, low strength

Wood County, Ohio 19

4. Colwood-Kibbie-Granby AssociationVery deep, level to gently sloping, very poorly drained, poorly drained, and somewhatpoorly drained soils that formed in stratified loamy or silty glaciolacustrine deposits orin sandy glaciolacustrine deposits over till

Setting

Landform: Flats, depressions, drainageways, rises, and knolls on lake plains anddeltas

Slope range: 0 to 6 percent

Composition

Extent of the association in the county: 3 percentExtent of the soils in the association:Colwood soils—37 percentKibbie soils—17 percentGranby soils that have a till substratum—10 percentSoils of minor extent—36 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

ColwoodDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Very poorly drained and poorly drainedParent material: Stratified silty and loamy glaciolacustrine depositsTexture of the surface layer: Loam or fine sandy loamSlope: 0 to 1 percent

KibbieDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Somewhat poorly drainedPosition on the landform: Summits, shoulders, and backslopesParent material: Stratified loamy and silty glaciolacustrine depositsTexture of the surface layer: Loamy fine sand or fine sandy loamSlope: 0 to 6 percent

GranbyDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Very poorly drained and poorly drainedParent material: Sandy glaciolacustrine deposits over tillTexture of the surface layer: Loamy fine sandSlope: 0 to 1 percent

Soils of Minor Extent

• Aurand soils• Eel soils• Hoytville soils• Nappanee soils• Mermill soils• Ottokee and Spinks soils• Rimer and Tedrow soils• Seward and Ottokee soils• Sloan soils• Udorthents

20 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Major uses: CroplandManagement concerns: Ponding, seasonal wetness, wind erosion, droughtiness,

ground-water contamination, frost action

5. Mermill-Aurand-Hoytville AssociationVery deep, level or nearly level, very poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained soilsthat formed in loamy glaciolacustrine deposits and the underlying till or in wave-planedtill

Setting

Landform: Extensive flats, depressions, drainageways, rises, and knolls on lake plainsSlope range: 0 to 2 percent

Composition

Extent of the association in the county: 14 percentExtent of the soils in the association:Mermill soils—35 percentAurand soils—19 percentHoytville soils—13 percentSoils of minor extent—33 percent

Soil Properties and Qualities

MermillDepth class: Very deepDrainage class: Very poorly drainedParent material: Loamy glaciolacustrine deposits and the underlying tillTexture of the surface layer: Loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy clay loamSlope: 0 to 1 percent

AurandDepth class: Very dee