soil organismsand

their beneficial & harmful roles

Introduction

They are Several types of micro organisms in the soilWhich benefits and also effects the soilThese soil organisms are responsible for nutrient recyclingSoil consists both micro and macro organismsThey make immense population of living organisms

Classification of soil organisms

Soil organisms

Intermediate substancesb/w living & non-living eg ; virus

living

procaryotic

eucaryotic

Mostly single celled

Monera kingdom (bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes)

Mostly multicellular organisms,some are single celled

Mostly sigle celled

Protista kingdom (Protozoa,Slime moulds)

Virus associated RNA(Ribonuclicacid)

Virus associated with DNA(Deoxyribonuclic acid

multicellular organisms

Fungi Kingdom (tube, fungi, rusts,molds,yeasts,mushrooms,smmuts

Plantae kingdom (algae ,diatoms ,bryophita , tracheophyta)

Animalia Kingdom (nematodes,worms,insects,centipeds,rodents,snails,moles

Benefits of micro organismsThey are several types of micro organisms the benefit plantsEx .bacteria , Fungi, Protozoa's ,Actinomycets, Algae Etc.They also give back are perform another function that benefit higher plantsThey consume amino acids vitamins and other soil compounds

BacteriaThey are small single celled organisms that make single most abundant type of microbeThey multiply rapidly under proper conditionsIf the conditions are wrong for one species, it is Wright for another spicesBENEFITSThey can perform degradation of organic matterAnd nutrient transformation inside roots

FungiIt is the largest microbe group in terms of massIt is the organism with out the use of ability of sun for energy It is an pathogen fungiFungi is composed of filaments and mass cells known as myceliumIt is classified into three typesYeast , moulds mushroom

PROTOZOAThe single cellular microbes that feed on bacteriaThey of protozoa and bacteriaArcadian or amoeba (10 to 30µm)Amoeba is of two types Testate and naked divided in to three groups based on their shapeSpecies of mastigophora or flagellates (5 to 20µm)They feed on bacteriaCillophora or ciliates are the largest(10 to 80µm)They eat other two types

Actinomycets and Algae

Actinomycets are gram positive bacteria belongs to monera kingdomThey are characterized by branched myceliaBeneficial group such as blue-green algae, yellow-green algae and diatomsThey can produce Their own energy through photosynthesis

HARMFUL BACTERIA

Bacteria that enters through damage in leaves, stems, roots of the plantThey are thousands of bacteria that cause disease in mammalsBut hundred types of bacteria infect and damage plantsThese harm full bacteria are called proto bacteriaProto bacteria can also effects human Ex. Vibro, cholera

Types of harmful bacteria

Xanthomonas campestris it works in soil to fix nitrogenIt causes black rot Arabidopsis and brassicasBacteria that cause rot in plants they bock the vessels that carry water to various parts of plantsBacteria can remain in the soil for years after plant have been destroyedBacteria ,viruses do not enter in to plant cells they develop in spaces between the cells

Nematodes

Some soil nematodes are beneficial to plants ,others can be deadlyHarmful nematodes act as parasites and feed on plants

They cause plants to wilt, yellow, drop leaves and diedSolarisation is the way to kill nematodesThis kill beneficial nematodes, but they recover quickly

VIRUSESViruses consist rose mosaic virus,

leaf spot and tobacco mosaic virusThey are very difficult to treatInsects also transmit in to virus if they suck on multiple plantsThis viruses can be cleared by removing diseased parts of plants and control insectsAnd good sanitation with gardening tools

Functions In Beneficial Bacteria

Fixation of atmospheric nitrogenDecomposition of organic wastesRecycled and improved ability of plant nutrientsProduction of simple organic moleculesDegradation of toxicants including pesticidesProduction of poly sacchareds to improve soil aggregation

FUNCTIONS IN HARMFUL ROLES

Immobilization of plant nutrientsInhibition of seed germinationInhibition of plant growth and developmentProduction of phototoxic substancesInduction of plant diseases

Soil is an important resource for agriculture, food and nutritional securityIt helps to maintain social lifeIt is a home of micro organisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and ActinomycetsMacro organisms like insects, earth worm etc.These organisms present in the soil is beneficial and harmful

Yours hemanth

kumar