soil ecology (lecture 1)
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Soil Ecology
[Lecture No.1] . Soil formation
1 A long period of time for soil formation ( > hundred million years )
(1) Evolution process of life (F-1) (2) Soil formation process (F-2) (3) Soil texture (F-3)
2 Eects of plants, small animals and microe on
soil formation (1) Formation of soil areate un!er t"e meta#olism of oranicmatter #$ micro#e
(F-%)!"icroe in soil aggregate (F-&)# $iota in soil ('-1)
% Amount of microe in upland soil (F-)
'au$a *arumoto+".,.
SoilEco
lo$
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1 A long period of time for soil formation ( > hundred million years )
SoilEco
lo$
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2
irt"ofSea
S$
nt"esis
of/ranic
matter
irt"ofLife
0e
nerationofnaero#ic
#a
cteria
0e
nerationof
2$
ano#acteria
0enerationofEu)ar
$ote
ppearoft"eol!est
lae
,iscovere!t"eol!e
st
nimalFossil
acter
iamoe
#a
Funu
s
Lan!e!on
elease of
/x$en
4ncrease of
/x$en
ccumulation
of /x$enintmos "ere
(illion$ears)
-% -2 -1 -5.&
(+resent)
Fi.1 Evolution process of life
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1 A long period of time for soil formation ( > hundred million years )
&oc'
S
tone
+"$sicoc"emic
al6eat"erin*ineral-Flo7ecr$stalli8ation (
ormationof
)laymin
erals
/ranicmatterfrom +lants
*icro#ialction
*umus
(ormation*
icro#ialction
)lay+*u
mus
)omp
le,
Aggregate
(o
rmation
Soil(ormatio
n
Se-eralthousand million years
Se-eralthousand million years
Se-eraldecades hundredyears
Fi.2 Soil formation process
SoilEco
lo$
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1 A long period of time for soil formation ( > hundred million years )
1559la$
1559
San!San!
Fi.3 Soil texture ('rianle :ure of soil texture #$ international rule)
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2 Eects of plants, small animals and microeon soil formation
/rganicmatter
"icro
e0egradation*um
us
layminerals
N>% ? a*
@@
>
@
@@
@@
Aggregateformation
auna
"ycorrhia
AggregateSingle grain
Surface soil
(,evelopment ofareate),evelopment of plant rootLivin "ouse of soilmicro#eSu#soil(Sinle rain)
aterAir
/rganicmatterlaymineralsSoilmicroeSoil fauna
Fi.% Formation of soil areate un!er t"emeta#olism of oranic matter #$ micro#e
SoilEco
lo$
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Funi
0ramneative#acteria
Soil particle
0rampositive
#acteria
+roto8oa
*icro#e
*acroareate
*icroareate
!"icroe in soil aggregate
Fi.& *icro#e in soil areate
SoilEco
lo$
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# $iota in soil
'a#.1 iota in soil
*icro#e
*icro fauna
1Am sev.15Am
%Am 155 Am
acteria ( incl.ctinom$cetes )Funus
laeNemato!e+roto8oa(me#a Eulena)otifer
15 1515
1 15
15 1555
15 1555
*i!!lefauna
Lare fauna
155Am 2 mm
2mmsev.15mm
'ic Eart"7orm 6"ite antetc.Spi!er Eart"7orm*ollus0rass"opper *ole etc.
153 15&
1 15
No.B1m2
Si8e '$pe No.B1 !r$soil
SoilEco
lo$
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% Amount of microe in upland soil
*oonLent" of funal "$p"ae&C15m1=5timesof !istance #et7een t"e eart" an! moon
acteria 1%5 1=&?
Soil fauna D 3&?
Funi %;5 &2&?
'otal amount ofmicro#e per 15auplan! soil =55?
Fi. mount of micro#e an! fauna in 15a of uplan! soil
('emperate one *.Nis"io 1;