software defined radio, interference analysis, & hearing aid compatibility

TTEEMM CCoonnssuullttiinngg,, LLPP

© Copyright 2008 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation to the IEEE EMC Society Central Texas Chapter – Feb. 20, 2008 Rev 1.0 – 02/20/08 - HSB

Software Defined Radio, Interference Analysis,

&Hearing Aid Compatibility

Convergence of HAC, Wireless and Intelligent Networks

Stephen BergerTEM Consulting

(512) [email protected]


© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006 Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB

Overview• What are:

– Software Defined Radio– Policy Defined Radio– Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

• What is:– IEEE SCC41– IEEE 1900.2

• What does this mean for HAC?



Software Defined Radio (draft – IEEE 1900.1)

]

A type of Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are Software Defined.

Ant: Hardware Radio

NOTE 1: Radios in which the communications functions are implemented in software are considered Hardware Radios for regulatory purposes if the regulated emission or reception parameters cannot be changed in the field, post manufacture, without physically modifying the device. However, a device having regulated parameters that can be changed without physical modification is considered a Software Defined Radio, even if such change requires specialized equipment or proprietary procedures.

NOTE 2: This term represents an idealized abstraction that is useful in designating categories of radio devices (e.g., Hardware Radio, Software Defined Radio, and Cognitive Radio) to which certain regulatory provisions or functional capabilities may apply. The term is also useful in describing the general evolution in the software reconfigurability of radio devices with Hardware Radio not being software reconfigurable and Software Defined Radio being software reconfigurable. Software Defined Radios include software reconfigurable hardware such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, and field programmable gate arrays that are used with software to implement communications functions. The degree of software reconfigurability will depend on the radio implementation.



Software Defined Radio]

U.S. Federal Communications Commission Definition [1]: A radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either radiated or conducted), or the circumstances under which the transmitter operates in accordance with Commission rules, can be altered by making a change in software without making any changes to hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions.

ITU-R Definition (including the notes) [2] [3]:

A radio in which RF operating parameters including but not limited to frequency range, modulation type, or output power can be set or altered by software, or the technique by which this is achieved.

NOTE 1 – Excludes changes to operating parameters which occur during the normal pre-installed and predetermined operation of a radio according to a system specification or standard.NOTE 2 – SDR is an implementation technique applicable to many radio technologies and standards.NOTE 3 – Within the mobile service, SDR techniques are applicable to both transmitters and receivers.

[1] FCC Report and Order FCC 05-57, “Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologies,” ET Docket No. 03-108, March 11, 2005[2] ITU-R Report M.2064, “Software-Defined Radio in the Land Mobile Service.”[3] ITU-R Report M.2063, “The Impact of Software Defined Radio on IMT-2000, the Future Development of IMT-2000 and Systems Beyond IMT-2000.”



Policy-Based Radio(draft – IEEE 1900.1)

]

A type of Radio in which the behavior of communications systems is governed by a Policy-Based Control Mechanism.

Policy-Based Control Mechanism(draft – IEEE 1900.1)

]

A mechanism that governs radio behavior by sets of rules, expressed in a machine readable format, that are independent of the radio implementation regardless of whether the implementation is in hardware or software.



Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks(draft – IEEE 1900.1)

]

Wireless networks that employ dynamic spectrum access functionality.

Dynamic Spectrum Access(draft – IEEE 1900.1)

]

The real-time adjustment of spectrum resource usage in response to changing circumstances and objectives.

NOTE: Changing circumstances and objectives also include (and are not limited to) energy-conservation, changes of the radio’s state (operational mode, battery life, location, etc.), interference-avoidance (either suffered or inflicted), changes in environmental/external constraints (spectrum, propagation, operational policies, etc.), spectrum-usage efficiency targets, Quality of Service (QoS), graceful degradation guidelines and maximization of radio lifetime.



• Increasing demand for spectrum– General movement from human as the end point to data to devices as the end

point• Data load growing dramatically• Network increasingly important

– Increasing pressure to find spectrum for new services

• Spectrum management– Current “Command and Control” approach will not take us into the future

• Bosnia took 500 people 9 months to plan spectrum!• Must have faster ways to coordinate multi-service operations• Must be able to shift spectrum use to reflect local needs• Mobile devices must respect host countries during transit

• Dynamic Spectrum Access addresses these issues– Simulations show 80-100 X improved efficiency possible– DARPA XG project demonstrated 18 X improved efficiency

A Critical Issue



All Spectrum May Be Assigned, But…

…Most Spectrum Is Unused!

Developing the Technology and System Concepts to Harvest and

Utilize Available Spectrum

React

Formulate Best Course of Action

ReactReact

Formulate Best Formulate Best Course of ActionCourse of Action

Adapt

Transition network to new emission plan

AdaptAdapt

Transition Transition network to new network to new emission plan emission plan

Characterize

Rapid waveform determination

CharacterizeCharacterize

Rapid waveform Rapid waveform determinationdetermination

Sense

Real time, Low-power, wideband

monitoring

SenseSense

Real time, LowReal time, Low--power, wideband power, wideband

monitoringmonitoring

AutonomousAutonomousDynamic Dynamic SpectrumSpectrumUtilizationUtilization

Goal: Demonstrate Factor of 10 Increase in Spectrum Access

Maximum Amplitudes

Frequency (MHz)

Am

pli

du

e (

dB

m)

Heavy UseHeavy Use

Sparse UseSparse Use

Heavy UseHeavy Use

Medium UseMedium Use

Dynamic, AdaptiveSpectrum Management



EVOLUTION OF THE “RADIO OPERATOR”

… FROM MAN TO MICROCHIPS

1934 2025

NOW

1980’s

Manual Control ofSpectrumAccess

Dynamic Spectrum AccessWireless Internet

Multi-band

Wearable Wireless

Network-centricAdaptive



DoD Evolution Toward Dynamic Spectrum Access

• Specific Frequency Channel Assignments and Hop Sets

• Single Operating Band

• Fixed Modulation & Bandwidth

• Limited Data Rates or Analog Voice Channels

JTRS/SRW

• Multi-band, Multi-mode, Multi-Waveform

• Dynamic Channel Monitoring and Selection - Fixed Assignments

• Hybrid Wideband Waveforms and Frequency Hopping With Interference Mitigation

• Variable High/low Data Rate to Match the Channel

• Packet Network Radio - Packet Voice, Data, and Video

• Self-managing, Capable of Dynamically Sensing and Using Any Available Channels

• Capable of Negotiating Short-term Spectrum Leases

• Spectrum “Etiquette” for Interference Avoidance

• Flexible Waveforms & Data Rates Adapt to Available Spectrum, Interference and Threats

• Multi-network / Protocol Capable: WAN, LAN, PAN

• Self-forming / Healing Networking With Robust Routing

SINCGARS ASIPHave Quick

NTDR

EPLRS

SINCGARS

JTRS/WNWDMR

Cognitive Radio?

Non-Adaptive PartiallyAdaptive

FullyAdaptive

CONVENTIONAL LEGACY RADIOS SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIOS

TimeTime

XG


© Copyright 2008 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights ReservedPresentation to the IEEE EMC Society Central Texas Chapter – Feb. 20, 2008 Rev 1.0 – 02/20/08 - HSB

Development of International Standards

In 2005 the IEEE 1900 effort was created by a cooperative agreement between: IEEE Communications Society IEEE ElectroMagnetic Compatibility Society

March 22, 2007 the IEEE approved the advancement as in independent standards sponsorIEEE Standards Coordinating Committee SCC 41 Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)

April 20, 2007 is the inaugural meeting of SCC 41 SCC 41 developing international standards for DySPAN

for coordinated and dynamic use of spectrum by commercial, military, NASA and public safety.



IEEE 1900.2Recommended Practice for the Analysis of In-Band and Adjacent Band

Interference and Coexistence between Radio Systems

Scope and Purpose • Scope: This standard will provide technical guidelines for analyzing the

potential for coexistence or in contrast interference between radio

systems operating in the same frequency band or between different

frequency bands.

• Purpose: New concepts and technologies are rapidly emerging in the

fields of spectrum management, policy defined radio, adaptive radio and

software defined radio. A primary goal of these initiatives is to improve

spectral efficiency. This standard will provide guidance for the analysis

of coexistence and interference between various radio services.



1900.2 Standard Outline (1 of 2)

Introduction

1 Overview

2 References

3 Definitions

4 Key Concepts

5 Structure of analysis and report

6 Scenario definition

7 Criteria for interference

8 Variables

9 Analysis: modeling, simulation, measurement and testing

10 Conclusions and summary



Annex A (informative) Propagation modeling

Annex B (informative) Audio interference

Annex C (informative) Spectrum utilization efficiency

Annex D (informative) Sample analysis

– selection of listen-before-talk threshold

Annex D (informative) Sample analysis

– selection of listen-before-talk threshold

Annex F (informative) Sample analysis

– Low-power radios operating in the TV band

Annex G (informative) Sample analysis

- RF test levels for ANSI C63.9

Annex H (normative) Glossary

Annex I (informative) Bibliography

1900.2 Standard Outline (2 of 2)



• Interference and coexistence analysis

• Measurement event

• Interference event

• Harmful interference

• Physical and logical domains

IEEE 1900.2Key Concepts



IEEE 1900.2Structure of Analysis

Scenario definition

Interference event

Criteria for interference

Harmful interference

Variables and behaviors

Modeling and analysis

Conclusions

Clause 6

Clause 7

Clause 8

Clause 9

Clause 10

Measurement event

Cases for analysis

Measurementevent

Interference eventand

harmful interferencethresholds



IEEE 1900.2Analytical Process

Modeling, simulation and analysis

ScenarioDefinition

InterferenceCriteria


Matrix reduction


VariableSelection

VariableSelection

VariableSelection

Summation



IEEE 1900.2Scenario Definition

Define Study Question

Benefits/Impacts of Proposal

Scenario Definition

Scenarios

Use Cases Use Cases Use Cases

Baseline

Mitigation Options

Continue with Analysis

Baseline

Mitigation Options

Baseline

Mitigation Options

FrequencyRelationships



System

Relationships

System

Relationships

System

Relationships

Select Cases Selected for Analysis



IEEE 1900.2Types of Interference

Types of

Interference

In Band

Out of Band

Co-channel

AdjacentChannels

Band Edge

Far Out-of-Band

Non-AdjacentChannels

-



IEEE 1900.2Criteria for Interference

Case for Analysis

Measurement Event

Criteria for Interference

Threshold ofHarmful Interference

InterferenceType, Characteristics & Impact

Continue with Analysis

Interference Event



Measurement Events

Use

rs

Excessive G

raph

Widespread Graph

%

Users

% Events x

e

xw



In practice

Expected Interference Events

(>Z% of devices on average over measurement sample)

Widespread ExcessiveInterference Events

(>X% of devices in population experience Excessive Interference)

Widespread Interference Events

(> X% of devices in population at one time)

ExcessiveInterference Events

(>Y% of measurement sample for any one device)

Observed Interference Event

(Observed on 1 device in typical use)

Conceivable Interference Event

(Theoretically Possible)

Sin

gle

R

ece

ive

rA

gg

reg

ate

Excessive WidespreadInterference Events

(>Y% of measurement sample experience Widespread Interference)



Conceivable Interference Event

Observed Interference Event

Extended Interference

Widespread Interference

Widespread Excessive Interference

Probability of Interference

Overview



Scenario and Usage Model Selection

Harmful Interference Model Selection

Critical Variables Model Selection

software defined radio, interference analysis, & hearing aid compatibility

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