SOFTVERSKO INŽENJERSTVO 1 – SKRIPTA ZA VEŽBE (radna verzija) Autori: Doc dr Ljubica Kazi, prof. dr Dragica Radosav SADRŽAJ: I DEO – OSNOVE 1. OBLAST – UML PROVERA ZNANJA: grupni rad (dokumentovanje softvera) 2. OBLAST – C# sintaksa 3. OBLAST – OBJEKTNO ORJENTISANO PROGRAMIRANJE u C# PROVERA ZNANJA: Test poznavanja osnovnih pojmova II DEO – RAZVOJ APLIKACIJA 4. OBLAST – KLASE ZA RAD SA PODACIMA – BAZA PODATAKA, TEKSTUALNE DATOTEKE, XML, FILE/FOLDER 5. OBLAST – RAZVOJ WINDOWS I WEB APLIKACIJA 6. OBLAST – RAZVOJ VIŠESLOJNE APLIKACIJE PROVERA ZNANJA: 1. KOLOKVIJUM 7. OBLAST – MVC PRISTUP I ENTITY FRAMEWORK PROVERA ZNANJA: 2. KOLOKVIJUM PROVERA ZNANJA - OPCIONI SEMINARSKI RAD: OBJEDINJENA PRIMENA CELOKUPNOG ZNANJA III DEO – NAPREDNE TEHNIKE – informativno ovde, detaljnije: SOFTVERSKO INZENJERSTVO 2 7. DESIGN GUIDELINES – uputstva za pravilno osmišljavanje klasa 8. DESIGN PATTERNS – šabloni opšteprihvaćenih industrijskih rešenja klasa 9. REFACTORING – reorganizovanje koda radi unapređenja kvaliteta koda (čitljivosti, brzine rada, fleksibilnosti…) ----------------------- 10. KONKURENTNO PROGRAMIRANJE – niti, sinhronizacija OSNOVNA TROSLOJNA ARHITEKTURA

PREZENTACIONI SLOJ KORISNICKI INTERFEJS = WINDOWS APP, WEB APP, MOBILNA APP SLOJ POSLOVNE LOGIKE BIBLIOTEKE KLASA (DLL) ILI WEB SERVISI

VIŠESLOJNI PRISTUP – VIŠE BIBLIOTEKA KLASA SA PODELOM ZADUŽENJA SLOJ PODATAKA BAZA PODATAKA, XML FAJLOVI, JSON FAJLOVI, EXCEL FAJLOVI….

LITERATURA: OSNOVNI DEO I RAZVOJ APLIKACIJA: 1. Grady Booch, James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson: “The Unified Modeling Language User Guide”,Addison-Wesley, 1999. 2. Robin A. Reynolds – Haertle: “OOP sa Microsoft tehnologijama Visual Basic.NET I Visual C#. NET”, CET, 2002. 3. Jesse Liberty: “Programiranje na jeziku C#”, Mikro knjiga, 2007. 4. Microsoft: “Programming with C#”, MSDN training workbook, Microsoft, 2002. NAPREDNI DEO: 1. Arthur J. Riel: “Heuristike objektno-orjentisanog dizajna”, CET, 2003. 2. Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, John Vlissides: “Design Patterns”, Addison-Wesley, 1995. 3. Martin Fowler: “Refactoring – Improving the Design of Existing Code”, Addison-Wesley, 1999.

1. OBLAST – UML • Teorija • Case alat • Primer UML dijagrama sa vežbi • Generisanje programskog koda biblioteke klasa na osnovu modela u okviru CASE alata

Teorija UML (Unified Modeling Language) predstavlja prvenstveno grafički jezik modelovanja u svim fazama razvoja softvera, počev od specifikacije zahteva, sistemske analize, dizajna, dokumentovanja itd. Najčešća primena UML je u specifikaciji zahteva korisnika (use case dijagram) i dizajnu (dijagram komponenti, dijagram razmeštaja, dijagram klasa). Prva verzija UML 1.0 uključuje 9 vrsta dijagrama: use case dijagram, class dijagram, object dijagram, sequence dijagram, communication dijagram, activity dijagram, statechart dijagram, dijagram komponenti (component), dijagram razmeštaja (deployment). Druga verzija UML (UML 2.0) uključuje Package dijagram, interaction overview, composite structure.

• Use case diagram (Dijagram slučajeva korišćenja) – Namena: prikaz osnovnih funkcija koju sistem nudi korisniku, sa aspekta vrednosti ili radnih aktivnosti koje sistem rešava. Elementi: actor (profil korisnika), slučaj korišćenja, veze između actora I slučaja korišćenja, veze između samih slučajeva korišćenja. Pored samog dijagrama, radi detaljnijeg opisa koriste se I specifikacije pojedinih slučajeva korišćenja koje obuhvataju: preduslove (potrebno stanje sistema pre početka rada slučaja korišćenja), postuslove (rezultate rada), action steps (uključuje pseudokod opisa interakcije korisnika I sistema uz različite scenarije), exceptions (obrada grešaka), extension points (tačke proširenja na druge slučajeve korišćenja).

• Component diagram (Dijagram komponenti) – Namena: predstavlja osnovne elemente softverskog sistema I njihove međusobne zavisnosti, Elementi: paketi, komponente, fajlovi, veze zavisnosti

• Deployment diagram (Dijagram razmeštaja) – Namena: predstavlja raspored softverskih komponenti po čvorovima (serverima) u računarskoj mreži (iako se pod pojmom server podrazumeva zapravo računarski program koji obavlja određeni servis – obradu i fizički sve te komponente: serveri i ostale komponente softvera mogu biti na jednom računaru), elementi: čvorovi, softverske komponente, veze zavisnosti

• Class diagram (Dijagram klasa) – Namena: predstavlja klase softverskog rešenja i njihove zavisnosti, Elementi: Klase (atributi, metode), veze između klasa (asocijacija, agregacija, kompozicija, nasleđivanje). Kod opisa klasa bitno je podesiti modifikatore pristupa na nivou klase, atributa I metoda (private, public, protected, internal). Kod atributa važno je podesiti naziv I tip. Bitno je razlikovati “suštinske attribute” – polja (promenljive u okviru klase koje kod konkretnog objekta čuvaju vrednosti) i “svojstva” (javno dostupne “predstavnike” polja – samo za ona polja koja želimo da budu javno dostupna I to se realizuje putem get-set metoda). Obratićemo pažnju na veličinu slova u nazivima atributa, metoda I parametara metoda (camelCasing – prvo slovo malo, ostala prva slova reci velika,a ostala mala: privatni atributi (polja), parametri metoda, promenljive deklarisane unutar metoda; PascalCasing – Svako prvo slovo reci je veliko, ostala mala: naziv klase, metode…). Zaglavlje metode (naziv I lista parametara) naziva se signature (potpis) metode. Kod parametara metoda obratićemo pažnju da li su ulazni, izlazni ili ulazno-izlazni. Kod podešavanja karakteristika veza, bitno je u CASE alatu pravilno podesiti tip veze i osobine Navigable i Container Type.

• Sequence diagram (Dijagram sekvenci) – Namena: predstavlja vremenski sled komunikacije objekata klasa u realizaciji jednog slučaja korišćenja (odnosno jednog scenarija u okviru jednog slučaja korišćenja). Elementi: actor (može biti čovek ili drugi automatizovani-softverski sistem), objekti klasa, poruke (pozivi metoda klasa), aktivacija (vertikalni pravougaonik kojim se predstavlja dužina trajanja “života” jednog objekta, odnosno interacije putem razmene poruka).

Ostale vrste dijagrama: • Object diagram – predstavlja objekte klasa sa konkretnim vrednostima atributa radi ilustracije I

objašnjenja značenja klasa • State chart diagram – predstavlja različita stanja koje objekat jedne klase može da ima. Stanje objekta

određeno je vrednostima njegovih atributa u svakom trenutku. • Communication diagram – slično dijagramu sekvenci, predstavlja objekte klasa i razmenu poruka, bez

prikaza vremenske dimenzije toka razmene poruka (prikazuje se samo redni broj poruke).

• Activity diagram - može se koristiti u fazi specifikacije toka poslovnih procesa (sistemska analiza), predstavljanju action steps kod specifikacije jednog slučaja korišćenja ili predstavljanju načina realizacije neke metode jedne klase.

CASE Alat U okviru razvoja softvera radi povezivanja različitih faza razvoja, ubrzavanja I povećanja kvaliteta, koriste se posebni alati – CASE (Computer Aided Software Engineering) alati. Najčešće uključuju u sebe više alata koji mogu da razmenjuju podatke rezultata, kako bi naredna faza razvoja mogla efikasnije da se nastavi. Tako se na osnovu jedne vrste modela mogu generisati druge vrste modela ili čak upotrebljivi elementi prototipa rešenja: s jedne strane baze podataka, s druge strane izvorni kod programa. U okviru CASE alata Sybase Power Designer, u primeni UML modela koristi se Object Oriented Model, gde se može birati univerzalni-apstraktni objektni jezik Analysis ili konkretan programski jezik (npr. C#), kao I različite vrste dijagrama.

PRIMER UML DIJAGRAMA SA VEŽBI Analiziran je primer aplikacije koja uključuje 2 nezavisna projekta koji mogu biti smešteni I aktivni na različitim računarima na Internetu: ASPX web aplikaciju i Web servis (SOAP/XML) , čime se ilustruje aktuelni pristup razvoju softvera: servisno-orjentisana arhitektura, tj. razvoj softvera kao servis (“Software as service”). Navedeni pristup se zasniva na konceptu da jedna firma ne mora da razvija kompletan softver, već koristi usluge (besplatno ili plaća) realizovanog I javno dostupnog softvera druge firme putem interneta (pozivanjem odgovarajućeg URL gde se nalazi navedeni softverski servis). U toku izvršavanja softvera navedene firme, u određenom trenutku se poziva softverska funkcija udaljenog servisa, izvršava I dobija rezultat rada, a zatim navedeni softver dalje nastavlja sa radom. U okviru dokumentovanja postojećeg softverskog rešenja realizovani su sledeći dijagrami: USE CASE DIJAGRAM

DIJAGRAM KLASA

DIJAGRAM KOMPONENTI

DIJAGRAM RAZMEŠTAJA

DOPUNJENI DIJAGRAM KLASA

DIJAGRAM SEKVENCI

GENERISANJE PROGRAMSKOG KODA BIBLIOTEKE KLASA NA OSNOVU MODELA U OKVIRU CASE ALATA SLOJ KLASA 1. Kreirati CDM model. Racun -(1:M dependent) - stavke - roba Racun - kupac Kupac is a firma, osoba.

2. Generisati dijagram klasa iz CDM modela (Tools – Generate object oriented model). Podesiti karakteristike relacija: - asocijacija (obicna relacija) – podesiti Navigable, ukloniti ArrayList ako ima. - nasledjivanje (od is-a) - kompozicija (celina - deo) Dodati set/get metode.

3. Iz dijagrama klasa generisati C# kod biblioteke klasa.

OBICNA KLASA, GET I SET ZA REALIZACIJU PROPERTY public class Roba { private string POznakaRobe; private string PNazivRobe; private float PCena; private string PJedinicaMere; public string OznakaRobe { get { return POznakaRobe; } set { if (this.POznakaRobe != value) this.POznakaRobe = value; } }

• Objasnjenje za sva 3 najvaznija tipa veze sa dijagrama klasa – KAKO SE TO REALIZUJE U KODU: NASLEDJIVANJE public class Osoba : Kupac ASOCIJACIJA public class StavkaRacuna { public Roba roba; private float PKolicina; KOMPOZICIJA public class Racun { public System.Collections.ArrayList stavkaRacuna; public void AddStavkaRacuna(StavkaRacuna newStavkaRacuna) { ..

public void RemoveStavkaRacuna(StavkaRacuna oldStavkaRacuna) {

• Dodati namespace – DODAJEMO UZ NAZIV PROJEKTA ZA SVAKU KLASU, DA BI BILA UKLJUCENA U PROJEKAT I VIDLJIVA SPOLJA KAO DEO BIBLIOTEKE KLASA.

Generisati dll (Dynamic Link Library).

PREZENTACIONI SLOJ

1. KREIRATI KORISNICKI INTERFEJS WINDOWS APLIKACIJE sa formom za unos podataka o robi: OZNAKA, NAZIV, CENA, JEDINICA MERE, Tasteri za navigaciju: PRVI, PRETHODNI, SLEDECI, POSLEDNJI , Tasteri za azuriranje: UNOS, BRISANJE, IZMENA, SNIMI, ODUSTANI Povezati korisnicki interfejs sa kreiranom bibliotekom DLL.

2. OBLAST – C# SINTAKSA OSNOVE SINTAKSE

• Komentari • // za svaki red ili /* */ za blok • Na kraju svake naredbe ; • Case sensitive – nije isto naziv i Naziv • Oblast { }, Oblast važenja promenljivih, početak I kraj bloka naredbi, početak I kraj metode, klase, namespace

TIPOVI PODATAKA prosti, Standardni - strukture - promenljive tipa vrednosti (promenljiva ukazuje direktno na lokaciju gde se nalaze podaci): Integer, real, bool, enum, struct promenljive tipa reference (promenljiva sadrzi pokazivac na memorijsku lokaciju gde se nalaze podaci): klasa, interfejs, niz, string, objekat, delegat The variables in C#, are categorized into the following types:

• Value types • Reference types • Pointer types

Value Type Value type variables can be assigned a value directly. They are derived from the class System.ValueType. The value types directly contain data. Some examples are int, char, and float, which stores numbers, alphabets, and floating point numbers, respectively. When you declare an int type, the system allocates memory to store the value. The following table lists the available value types in C# 2010:

Type Represents Range Default Value

bool Boolean value True or False False

byte 8-bit unsigned integer 0 to 255 0

char 16-bit Unicode character U +0000 to U +ffff '\0'

decimal 128-bit precise decimal values with 28-29 significant digits

(-7.9 x 1028 to 7.9 x 1028) / 100 to 28 0.0M

double 64-bit double-precision floating point type (+/-)5.0 x 10-324 to (+/-)1.7 x 10308 0.0D

float 32-bit single-precision floating point type -3.4 x 1038 to + 3.4 x 1038 0.0F

int 32-bit signed integer type -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 0

long 64-bit signed integer type -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

0L

sbyte 8-bit signed integer type -128 to 127 0

short 16-bit signed integer type -32,768 to 32,767 0

uint 32-bit unsigned integer type 0 to 4,294,967,295 0

ulong 64-bit unsigned integer type 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 0

ushort 16-bit unsigned integer type 0 to 65,535 0

To get the exact size of a type or a variable on a particular platform, you can use the sizeof method. The expression sizeof(type) yields the storage size of the object or type in bytes. Following is an example to get the size of int type on any machine:

using System; namespace DataTypeApplication

{ class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Size of int: {0}", sizeof(int)); Console.ReadLine(); } } } When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Size of int: 4 Reference Type The reference types do not contain the actual data stored in a variable, but they contain a reference to the variables. In other words, they refer to a memory location. Using multiple variables, the reference types can refer to a memory location. If the data in the memory location is changed by one of the variables, the other variable automatically reflects this change in value. Example of built-in reference types are: object, dynamic, and string.

Object Type The Object Type is the ultimate base class for all data types in C# Common Type System (CTS). Object is an alias for System.Object class. The object types can be assigned values of any other types, value types, reference types, predefined or user-defined types. However, before assigning values, it needs type conversion. When a value type is converted to object type, it is called boxing and on the other hand, when an object type is converted to a value type, it is called unboxing.

object obj; obj = 100; // this is boxing Dynamic Type You can store any type of value in the dynamic data type variable. Type checking for these types of variables takes place at run-time. Syntax for declaring a dynamic type is:

dynamic <variable_name> = value; For example,

dynamic d = 20; Dynamic types are similar to object types except that type checking for object type variables takes place at compile time, whereas that for the dynamic type variables takes place at run time.

String Type The String Type allows you to assign any string values to a variable. The string type is an alias for the System.String class. It is derived from object type. The value for a string type can be assigned using string literals in two forms: quoted and @quoted. For example,

String str = "Tutorials Point"; A @quoted string literal looks as follows:

@"Tutorials Point"; The user-defined reference types are: class, interface, or delegate. We will discuss these types in later chapter.

Pointer Type Pointer type variables store the memory address of another type. Pointers in C# have the same capabilities as the pointers in C or C++. Syntax for declaring a pointer type is:

type* identifier; For example,

char* cptr; int* iptr; Razlikovati string i String. String je klasa , System.String Properties

Name Description

Chars[Int32] Gets the Char object at a specified position in the current String object.

Length Gets the number of characters in the current String object.

Methods

Name Description

Clone()

Returns a reference to this instance of String.

Compare(String, Int32, String, Int32, Int32)

Compares substrings of two specified String objects and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

Compare(String, Int32, String, Int32, Compares substrings of two specified String objects, ignoring or honoring their case, and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

Int32, Boolean)

Compare(String, Int32, String, Int32, Int32, Boolean, CultureInfo)

Compares substrings of two specified String objects, ignoring or honoring their case and using culture-specific information to influence the comparison, and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

Compare(String, Int32, String, Int32, Int32, CultureInfo, CompareOptions)

Compares substrings of two specified String objects using the specified comparison options and culture-specific information to influence the comparison, and returns an integer that indicates the relationship of the two substrings to each other in the sort order.

Compare(String, Int32, String, Int32, Int32, StringComparison)

Compares substrings of two specified String objects using the specified rules, and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

Compare(String, String) Compares two specified String objects and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

Compare(String, String, Boolean) Compares two specified String objects, ignoring or honoring their case, and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

Compare(String, String, Boolean, CultureInfo)

Compares two specified String objects, ignoring or honoring their case, and using culture-specific information to influence the comparison, and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

Compare(String, String, CultureInfo, CompareOptions)

Compares two specified String objects using the specified comparison options and culture-specific information to influence the comparison, and returns an integer that indicates the relationship of the two strings to each other in the sort order.

Compare(String, String, StringComparison)

Compares two specified String objects using the specified rules, and returns an integer that indicates their relative position in the sort order.

CompareOrdinal(String, Int32, String, Int32, Int32)

Compares substrings of two specified String objects by evaluating the numeric values of the corresponding Char objects in each substring.

CompareOrdinal(String, String) Compares two specified String objects by evaluating the numeric values of the corresponding Charobjects in each string.

CompareTo(Object)

Compares this instance with a specified Object and indicates whether this instance precedes, follows, or appears in the same position in the sort order as the specified Object.

CompareTo(String)

Compares this instance with a specified String object and indicates whether this instance precedes, follows, or appears in the same position in the sort order as the specified string.

Concat(IEnumerable<String>) Concatenates the members of a constructed IEnumerable<T> collection of type String.

Concat(Object) Creates the string representation of a specified object.

Concat(Object, Object) Concatenates the string representations of two specified objects.

Concat(Object, Object, Object) Concatenates the string representations of three specified objects.

Concat(Object, Object, Object, Object) Concatenates the string representations of four specified objects and any objects specified in an optional variable length parameter list.

Concat(Object[]) Concatenates the string representations of the elements in a specified Object array.

Concat(String, String) Concatenates two specified instances of String.

Concat(String, String, String) Concatenates three specified instances of String.

Concat(String, String, String, String) Concatenates four specified instances of String.

Concat(String[]) Concatenates the elements of a specified String array.

Concat<T>(IEnumerable<T>) Concatenates the members of an IEnumerable<T> implementation.

Contains(String)

Returns a value indicating whether a specified substring occurs within this string.

Copy(String) Creates a new instance of String with the same value as a specified String.

CopyTo(Int32, Char[], Int32, Int32)

Copies a specified number of characters from a specified position in this instance to a specified position in an array of Unicode characters.

EndsWith(String)

Determines whether the end of this string instance matches the specified string.

EndsWith(String, Boolean, CultureInfo)

Determines whether the end of this string instance matches the specified string when compared using the specified culture.

EndsWith(String, StringComparison)

Determines whether the end of this string instance matches the specified string when compared using the specified comparison option.

Equals(Object)

Determines whether this instance and a specified object, which must also be a String object, have the same value.(Overrides Object.Equals(Object).)

Equals(String)

Determines whether this instance and another specified String object have the same value.

Equals(String, String) Determines whether two specified String objects have the same value.

Equals(String, String, StringComparison) Determines whether two specified String objects have the same value. A parameter specifies the culture, case, and sort rules used in the comparison.

Equals(String, StringComparison)

Determines whether this string and a specified String object have the same value. A parameter specifies the culture, case, and sort rules used in the comparison.

Format(IFormatProvider, String, Object) Replaces the format item or items in a specified string with the string representation of the corresponding object. A parameter supplies culture-specific formatting information.

Format(IFormatProvider, String, Object, Object)

Replaces the format items in a specified string with the string representation of two specified objects. A parameter supplies culture-specific formatting information.

Format(IFormatProvider, String, Object, Object, Object)

Replaces the format items in a specified string with the string representation of three specified objects. An parameter supplies culture-specific formatting information.

Format(IFormatProvider, String, Object[]) Replaces the format items in a specified string with the string representations of corresponding objects in a specified array. A parameter supplies culture-specific formatting information.

Format(String, Object) Replaces one or more format items in a specified string with the string representation of a specified object.

Format(String, Object, Object) Replaces the format items in a specified string with the string representation of two specified objects.

Format(String, Object, Object, Object) Replaces the format items in a specified string with the string representation of three specified objects.

Format(String, Object[]) Replaces the format item in a specified string with the string representation of a corresponding object in a specified array.

GetEnumerator()

Retrieves an object that can iterate through the individual characters in this string.

GetHashCode()

Returns the hash code for this string.(Overrides Object.GetHashCode().)

GetType()

Gets the Type of the current instance.(Inherited from Object.)

GetTypeCode()

Returns the TypeCode for class String.

IndexOf(Char)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified Unicode character in this string.

IndexOf(Char, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified Unicode character in this string. The search starts at a specified character position.

IndexOf(Char, Int32, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified character in this instance. The search starts at a specified character position and examines a specified number of character positions.

IndexOf(String)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified string in this instance.

IndexOf(String, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified string in this instance. The search starts at a specified character position.

IndexOf(String, Int32, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified string in this instance. The search starts at a specified character position and examines a specified number of character positions.

IndexOf(String, Int32, Int32, StringComparison)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified string in the current String object. Parameters specify the starting search position in the current string, the number of characters in the current string to search, and the type of search to use for the specified string.

IndexOf(String, Int32, StringComparison)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified string in the current String object. Parameters specify the starting search position in the current string and the type of search to use for the specified string.

IndexOf(String, StringComparison)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence of the specified string in the current String object. A parameter specifies the type of search to use for the specified string.

IndexOfAny(Char[])

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence in this instance of any character in a specified array of Unicode characters.

IndexOfAny(Char[], Int32)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence in this instance of any character in a specified array of Unicode characters. The search starts at a specified character position.

IndexOfAny(Char[], Int32, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index of the first occurrence in this instance of any character in a specified array of Unicode characters. The search starts at a specified character position and examines a specified number of character positions.

Insert(Int32, String)

Returns a new string in which a specified string is inserted at a specified index position in this instance.

Intern(String) Retrieves the system's reference to the specified String.

IsInterned(String) Retrieves a reference to a specified String.

IsNormalized()

Indicates whether this string is in Unicode normalization form C.

IsNormalized(NormalizationForm)

Indicates whether this string is in the specified Unicode normalization form.

IsNullOrEmpty(String) Indicates whether the specified string is null or an Empty string.

IsNullOrWhiteSpace(String) Indicates whether a specified string is null, empty, or consists only of white-space characters.

Join(String, IEnumerable<String>) Concatenates the members of a constructed IEnumerable<T> collection of type String, using the specified separator between each member.

Join(String, Object[]) Concatenates the elements of an object array, using the specified separator between each element.

Join(String, String[]) Concatenates all the elements of a string array, using the specified separator between each element.

Join(String, String[], Int32, Int32) Concatenates the specified elements of a string array, using the specified separator between each element.

Join<T>(String, IEnumerable<T>) Concatenates the members of a collection, using the specified separator between each member.

LastIndexOf(Char)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence of a specified Unicode character within this instance.

LastIndexOf(Char, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence of a specified Unicode character within this instance. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string.

LastIndexOf(Char, Int32, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence of the specified Unicode character in a substring within this instance. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string for a specified number of character positions.

LastIndexOf(String)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence of a specified string within this instance.

LastIndexOf(String, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence of a specified string within this instance. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string.

LastIndexOf(String, Int32, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence of a specified string within this instance. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string for a specified number of character positions.

LastIndexOf(String, Int32, Int32, StringComparison)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence of a specified string within this instance. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string for the specified number of character positions. A parameter specifies the type of comparison to perform when searching for the specified string.

LastIndexOf(String, Int32, StringComparison)

Reports the zero-based index of the last occurrence of a specified string within the current Stringobject. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string. A parameter specifies the type of comparison to perform when searching for the specified string.

LastIndexOf(String, StringComparison)

Reports the zero-based index of the last occurrence of a specified string within the current Stringobject. A parameter specifies the type of search to use for the specified string.

LastIndexOfAny(Char[])

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence in this instance of one or more characters specified in a Unicode array.

LastIndexOfAny(Char[], Int32)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence in this instance of one or more characters specified in a Unicode array. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string.

LastIndexOfAny(Char[], Int32, Int32)

Reports the zero-based index position of the last occurrence in this instance of one or more characters specified in a Unicode array. The search starts at a specified character position and proceeds backward toward the beginning of the string for a specified number of character positions.

Normalize()

Returns a new string whose textual value is the same as this string, but whose binary representation is in Unicode normalization form C.

Normalize(NormalizationForm)

Returns a new string whose textual value is the same as this string, but whose binary representation is in the specified Unicode normalization form.

PadLeft(Int32)

Returns a new string that right-aligns the characters in this instance by padding them with spaces on the left, for a specified total length.

PadLeft(Int32, Char)

Returns a new string that right-aligns the characters in this instance by padding them on the left with a specified Unicode character, for a specified total length.

PadRight(Int32)

Returns a new string that left-aligns the characters in this string by padding them with spaces on the right, for a specified total length.

PadRight(Int32, Char)

Returns a new string that left-aligns the characters in this string by padding them on the right with a specified Unicode character, for a specified total length.

Remove(Int32)

Returns a new string in which all the characters in the current instance, beginning at a specified position and continuing through the last position, have been deleted.

Remove(Int32, Int32)

Returns a new string in which a specified number of characters in the current instance beginning at a specified position have been deleted.

Replace(Char, Char)

Returns a new string in which all occurrences of a specified Unicode character in this instance are replaced with another specified Unicode character.

Replace(String, String)

Returns a new string in which all occurrences of a specified string in the current instance are replaced with another specified string.

Split(Char[])

Splits a string into substrings that are based on the characters in an array.

Split(Char[], Int32)

Splits a string into a maximum number of substrings based on the characters in an array. You also specify the maximum number of substrings to return.

Split(Char[], Int32, StringSplitOptions)

Splits a string into a maximum number of substrings based on the characters in an array.

Split(Char[], StringSplitOptions)

Splits a string into substrings based on the characters in an array. You can specify whether the substrings include empty array elements.

Split(String[], Int32, StringSplitOptions)

Splits a string into a maximum number of substrings based on the strings in an array. You can specify whether the substrings include empty array elements.

Split(String[], StringSplitOptions)

Splits a string into substrings based on the strings in an array. You can specify whether the substrings include empty array elements.

StartsWith(String)

Determines whether the beginning of this string instance matches the specified string.

StartsWith(String, Boolean, CultureInfo)

Determines whether the beginning of this string instance matches the specified string when compared using the specified culture.

StartsWith(String, StringComparison)

Determines whether the beginning of this string instance matches the specified string when compared using the specified comparison option.

Substring(Int32)

Retrieves a substring from this instance. The substring starts at a specified character position and continues to the end of the string.

Substring(Int32, Int32)

Retrieves a substring from this instance. The substring starts at a specified character position and has a specified length.

ToCharArray()

Copies the characters in this instance to a Unicode character array.

ToCharArray(Int32, Int32)

Copies the characters in a specified substring in this instance to a Unicode character array.

ToLower()

Returns a copy of this string converted to lowercase.

ToLower(CultureInfo)

Returns a copy of this string converted to lowercase, using the casing rules of the specified culture.

ToLowerInvariant()

Returns a copy of this String object converted to lowercase using the casing rules of the invariant culture.

ToString()

Returns this instance of String; no actual conversion is performed.(Overrides Object.ToString().)

ToString(IFormatProvider)

Returns this instance of String; no actual conversion is performed.

ToUpper()

Returns a copy of this string converted to uppercase.

ToUpper(CultureInfo)

Returns a copy of this string converted to uppercase, using the casing rules of the specified culture.

ToUpperInvariant()

Returns a copy of this String object converted to uppercase using the casing rules of the invariant culture.

Trim()

Removes all leading and trailing white-space characters from the current String object.

Trim(Char[])

Removes all leading and trailing occurrences of a set of characters specified in an array from the current String object.

TrimEnd(Char[])

Removes all trailing occurrences of a set of characters specified in an array from the current Stringobject.

TrimStart(Char[])

Removes all leading occurrences of a set of characters specified in an array from the current Stringobject.

Fields

Name Description

Empty Represents the empty string. This field is read-only.

Enumeracija Enum Temperatura { TempSmrzavanja=0, TempKljucanja=100 } Koriscenje: (Int) Temperatura.TempSmrzavanja… transformacija tipova podataka

- Utvrdjivanje tipa: TypeOf( – implicitna transformacija (npr. dodela byte vrednosti u integer ili integer u long…automatski je prihvaceno)

- Eksplicitna: type casting Int.Parse ()…. Ili (int)Promenljiva… PROMENLJIVE

• Deklaracija promenljive - Tip NazivPromenljive; • Inicijalizacija promenljive- NazivPromenljive = PocetnaVrednost; • Definicija promenljive = Deklaracija + Inicijalizacija

KONSTANTA

Const int nazivkonstante=vrednost; OPERATORI I FUNKCIJE

• = dodela vrednosti • == upoređivanje vrednosti ( ... ==null)

C# provides many operators, which are symbols that specify which operations (math, indexing, function call, etc.) to perform in an expression. You can overload many operators to change their meaning when applied to a user-defined type. Operations on integral types (such as ==, !=, <, >, &, |) are generally allowed on enumeration (enum) types. The sections lists the C# operators starting with the highest precedence to the lowest. The operators within each section share the same precedence level. Primary Operators These are the highest precedence operators. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. x.y – member access. x?.y – null conditional member access. Returns null if the left hand operand is null. f(x) – function invocation. a[x] – aggregate object indexing. a?[x] – null conditional indexing. Returns null if the left hand operand is null. x++ – postfix increment. Returns the value of x and then updates the storage location with the value of x that is one greater (typically adds the integer 1). x-- – postfix decrement. Returns the value of x and then updates the storage location with the value of x that is one less (typically subtracts the integer 1). New – type instantiation. Typeof – returns the System.Type object representing the operand. Checked – enables overflow checking for integer operations. Unchecked – disables overflow checking for integer operations. This is the default compiler behavior. default(T) – returns the default initialized value of type T, null for reference types, zero for numeric types, and zero/null filled in members for struct types. Delegate – declares and returns a delegate instance. Sizeof – returns the size in bytes of the type operand. -> – pointer dereferencing combined with member access. Unary Operators These operators have higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. +x – returns the value of x. -x – numeric negation. !x – logical negation. ~x – bitwise complement. ++x – prefix increment. Returns the value of x after updating the storage location with the value of x that is one greater (typically adds the integer 1). --x – prefix decrement. Returns the value of x after updating the storage location with the value of x that is one less (typically adds the integer 1). (T)x – type casting. Await – awaits a Task. &x – address of. *x – dereferencing. Multiplicative Operators These operators have higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. x * y – multiplication. x / y – division. If the operands are integers, the result is an integer truncated toward zero (for example, -7 / 2 is -3). x % y – modulus. If the operands are integers, this returns the remainder of dividing x by y. If q = x / y and r = x % y, then x = q * y + r. Additive Operators These operators have higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. x + y – addition. x – y – subtraction. Shift Operators These operators have higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. x << y – shift bits left and fill with zero on the right. x >> y – shift bits right. If the left operand is int or long, then left bits are filled with the sign bit. If the left operand is uint or ulong, then left bits are filled with zero. Relational and Type-testing Operators These operators have higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. x < y – less than (true if x is less than y). x > y – greater than (true if x is greater than y). x <= y – less than or equal to. x >= y – greater than or equal to. Is – type compatibility. Returns true if the evaluated left operand can be cast to the type specified in the right operand (a static type).

As – type conversion. Returns the left operand cast to the type specified by the right operand (a static type), but as returns null where (T)x would throw an exception. Equality Operators These operators have higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. x == y – equality. By default, for reference types other than string, this returns reference equality (identity test). However, types can overload ==, so if your intent is to test identity, it is best to use the ReferenceEquals method on object. x != y – not equal. See comment for ==. If a type overloads ==, then it must overload !=. Logical AND Operator This operator has higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operator to go the details page with examples. x & y – logical or bitwise AND. Use with integer types and enum types is generally allowed. Logical XOR Operator This operator has higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operator to go the details page with examples. x ^ y – logical or bitwise XOR. You can generally use this with integer types and enum types. Logical OR Operator This operator has higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operator to go the details page with examples. x | y – logical or bitwise OR. Use with integer types and enum types is generally allowed. Conditional AND Operator This operator has higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operator to go the details page with examples. x && y – logical AND. If the first operand is false, then C# does not evaluate the second operand. Conditional OR Operator This operator has higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operator to go the details page with examples. x || y – logical OR. If the first operand is true, then C# does not evaluate the second operand. Null-coalescing Operator This operator has higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operator to go the details page with examples. x ?? y – returns x if it is non-null; otherwise, returns y. Conditional Operator This operator has higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operator to go the details page with examples. t ? x : y – if test t is true, then evaluate and return x; otherwise, evaluate and return y. Assignment and Lambda Operators These operators have higher precedence than the next section and lower precedence than the previous section. NOTE, you can click on the operators to go the detailed pages with examples. x = y – assignment. x += y – increment. Add the value of y to the value of x, store the result in x, and return the new value. If x designates an event, then y must be an appropriate function that C# adds as an event handler. x -= y – decrement. Subtract the value of y from the value of x, store the result in x, and return the new value. If x designates an event, then y must be an appropriate function that C# removes as an event handler x *= y – multiplication assignment. Multiply the value of y to the value of x, store the result in x, and return the new value. x /= y – division assignment. Divide the value of x by the value of y, store the result in x, and return the new value. x %= y – modulus assignment. Divide the value of x by the value of y, store the remainder in x, and return the new value. x &= y – AND assignment. AND the value of y with the value of x, store the result in x, and return the new value. x |= y – OR assignment. OR the value of y with the value of x, store the result in x, and return the new value. x ^= y – XOR assignment. XOR the value of y with the value of x, store the result in x, and return the new value. x <<= y – left-shift assignment. Shift the value of x left by y places, store the result in x, and return the new value. x >>= y – right-shift assignment. Shift the value of x right by y places, store the result in x, and return the new value. => – lambda declaration. PROGRAMSKE STRUKTURE SEKVENCA – naredba; {blok naredbi} SELEKCIJA –

- if (uslov) {} else {} - switch (izraz) { Case konstanta: Naredba; Naredbaskoka; NPR BREAK;

Default : AKO NIJE NIJEDAN OD IZBORA }

ITERACIJA

– while, While (uslov) { }

- do while Do { } while (i<10),

- for, for (int i=0; i<100, i++) { }

• foreach SKOK - goto, break, continue LABELA: … GOTO LABELA; STRUKTURE Enumeracija, struct Stek, red, Niz, lista, uredjena lista OBRADA GREŠAKA System.ApplicationException Tačka prekida – Debugger Try-catch –finally Try { DEO KODA KOJI JE OSETLJIV I MOZE DA NAPRAVI GRESKU } Catch (Exception greska) { OBRADA GRESKE – PRIKAZ TEKSTA GRESKE NPR. MessageBox.Show (Greska.Message); } Finally { BLOK KOJI SE SVAKAKO IZVRSAVA, BILO GRESKE ILI NE } Throw new Exception…

3. OBLAST – OBJEKTNO-ORJENTISANO PROGRAMIRANJE u C# Teorija Klasa je osnovni gradivni element objektno-orjentisanog programa. Opisuje se svojstvima (atributima) i ponašanjem (metodama). Objekat je konkretna pojava neke klase. Objekat se može smatrati promenljivom čiji je tip klasa. Da bi se kreirao objekat u memoriji, potrebno je da se prvo deklariše da je određenog tipa (da pripada klasi, tj. Da je objekat te klase), a zatim instancira (pozivom konstruktora klase) – pripremi prostor u memoriji za smeštaj njegovih atributa, čime se istovremeno i inicijalizuju svi atributi na početnu vrednost. Stanje objekta opisano je vrednostima njegovih atributa u svakom trenutku. Objekat može da menja stanje. Preporučljivo je da se objektu menja stanje na osnovu poziva odgovarajućih metoda, a ne direktnim pristupom atributima.

OOP u C# Standardne biblioteke klasa Using NazivBibliotekeKlasa;

Klasa:

Class NazivKlase { }

Konstruktor klase: Class NazivKlase { // konstruktor

public NazivKlase () { } }

Polje klase: Class NazivKlase { // privatni atribut, tj. polje private string m_prezime; // konstruktor public NazivKlase () { } }

Svojstvo klase (javni atribut) – readonly ima samo get, writeonly ima samo set:

Class NazivKlase { // privatni atribut, tj. polje private string m_prezime; // javni atribut, tj. svojstvo public string Prezime { get { return m_prezime;

} set { m_prezime=value; }

} // konstruktor public NazivKlase () { } }

Proširenje konstruktora inicijalizacijom promenljivih, tj. Privatnih atributa

Class NazivKlase { // privatni atribut, tj. polje private string m_prezime; // javni atribut, tj. svojstvo public string Prezime { get { return m_prezime;

} Set { m_prezime=value; }

} // konstruktor public NazivKlase () { } m_prezime=””; }

Kreiranje objekta: NazivKlase objNovaKlasa = new NazivKlase (); - deklaracija + instanciranje (poziv konstruktora ukljucuje i inicijalizaciju promenljivih, tj. privatnih atributa, polja). Uništavanje objekta objNovaKlasa.Dispose(); Destruktor – ne poziva se eksplicitno u kodu ~NovaKlasa(){ //naredbe } Korišćenje objekta – postavljanje vrednosti atributu: objNovaKlasa.Prezime = “Markovic”; OVDE SE POZIVA U SUSTINI METODA SET Dodavanje metode – modifikatori pristupa: private, public, protected, internal

Class NazivKlase { // privatni atribut, tj. polje Private string m_prezime; Private string m_ime; // javni atribut, tj. svojstvo Public string Prezime {

get { return m_prezime;

} Set { m_prezime=value; }

} Public string Ime { get { return m_ime;

} Set { m_ime=value; }

} // konstruktor public NazivKlase () { } m_prezime=””; m_ime=””; }

public string DajPrezimeIme() { return this.m_prezime + “ “ + this.m_ime; } KLJUČNA REČ THIS – ukazuje na trenutni objekat sa kojim se radi Korišćenje klase – poziv metode String PrezimeIme = objNovaKlasa.DajPrezimeIme(); Konstruktor sa parametrima

// konstruktor public NazivKlase (string pocetnoPrezime, string pocetnoIme) { } m_prezime=pocetnoPrezime; m_ime=pocetnoIme; }

Parametri metode Prosledjivanje po reference ili po vrednosti (ulazni, izlazni) – ref int Prom, in int prom, out int prom Poziv: ref Prom, out prom, in prom… Preopterećene(preklapajuće – OVERLOADING) metode – metode u okviru iste klase koje imaju isti naziv, a različite parametre public string DajPrezimeIme() { return this.m_prezime + “ “ + this.m_ime; }

public string DajPrezimeIme(bool prvoPrezime) { return this.m_prezime + “ “ + this.m_ime; } Nasleđivanje Public class DrugaKlasa: PrvaKlasa { } Poziv konstruktora osnovne klase: Public DrugaKlasa (): base () { } Zaštita osnovne klase – protected modifikator pristupa za atribute i metode Nadjačavanje (OVERRIDE) svojstava i metoda u izvedenoj klasi U osnovnoj klasi: Virtual public string ID... U izvedenoj klasi: Override public string ID Specifične varijante – sealed (zapečaćena) class ( ne može da se nasledi), new public void Metod (naglašava se da nije nadjačana metoda, ne ponaša se polimorfno), abstract (klasa, metoda, atribut) – mora biti nasleđena, nema objekte Polimorfizam – objektu osnovne klase dodeliti referencu na izvedenu klasu i tada treba da bude primenjena metoda izvedene klase. Može se videti kod kolecija (niz, liste) kada se napravi niz elemenata osnovne klase, a dodele kao reference elementi izvedenih klasa. Svaka treba da prilikom poziva istih naziva metoda da dobije svoj rezultat, kao rezultat nadjacavanja metoda. Statičke klase – imaju statičke atribute i metode. Ne instanciraju se, koriste se direktno putem naziva klase. Public static int Broj =5;

STRUKTURE SA OBJEKTIMA KLASA NIZ, UREĐENA LISTA (LIST, ARRAY LIST) NazivKlase [] nizklasa = {new NazivKlase(), new NazivKlase() }; List ArrayList Indekser INTERFEJSI – usluge jedne ili više klasa, sakriva implementaciju, ugovor da ce klasa koja implementira interfejs da se ponasa na odredjeni nacin Public Interface imeinterfejsa { } Svojstvo: Int Imesvojstva { Get; Set; }

Metod Void NazivMetode (parameter…); Klasa koja implementira interfejs Public class KlasaInterfejsa: NazivInterfejsa { }

NAPREDNI NIVO • UPRAVLJANJE DOGAĐAJIMA (EVENTS, ADD HANDLER, SYSTEM.EVENTARGS, DELEGATI) • META PODACI O KLASAMA • DINAMIČKO POVEZIVANJE DLL, PROGRAMSKI SKLOP (ASSEMBLY – MANIFEST) • GARBAGE COLLECTION – UPRAVLJANJE MEMORIJOM • SERIJALIZACIJA – SNIMANJE KLASA U FAJLOVIMA

----------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- KONVENCIJE NAZIVANJA:

• Casing: camelCasing – privatni atributi, parametri metoda, promeljive unutar metoda, PascalCasing – sve ostalo

• Privatni atributi- prefix m_, Property bez prefiksa RAD SA STRUKTURAMA

NIZ An array stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type stored at contiguous memory locations. Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables. A specific element in an array is accessed by an index. All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the highest address to the last element. Declaring Arrays To declare an array in C#, you can use the following syntax: datatype[] arrayName; where,

• datatype is used to specify the type of elements in the array. • [ ] specifies the rank of the array. The rank specifies the size of the array. • arrayName specifies the name of the array.

For example, double[] balance; Initializing an Array Declaring an array does not initialize the array in the memory. When the array variable is initialized, you can assign values to the array. Array is a reference type, so you need to use the new keyword to create an instance of the array. For example, double[] balance = new double[10]; Assigning Values to an Array You can assign values to individual array elements, by using the index number, like: double[] balance = new double[10]; balance[0] = 4500.0; You can assign values to the array at the time of declaration, as shown: double[] balance = { 2340.0, 4523.69, 3421.0}; You can also create and initialize an array, as shown: int [] marks = new int[5] { 99, 98, 92, 97, 95}; You may also omit the size of the array, as shown: int [] marks = new int[] { 99, 98, 92, 97, 95}; You can copy an array variable into another target array variable. In such case, both the target and source point to the same memory location: int [] marks = new int[] { 99, 98, 92, 97, 95}; int[] score = marks;

When you create an array, C# compiler implicitly initializes each array element to a default value depending on the array type. For example, for an int array all elements are initialized to 0. Accessing Array Elements An element is accessed by indexing the array name. This is done by placing the index of the element within square brackets after the name of the array. For example, double salary = balance[9]; The following example, demonstrates the above-mentioned concepts declaration, assignment, and accessing arrays: using System; namespace ArrayApplication { class MyArray { static void Main(string[] args) { int [] n = new int[10]; /* n is an array of 10 integers */ int i,j; /* initialize elements of array n */ for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { n[ i ] = i + 100; } /* output each array element's value */ for (j = 0; j < 10; j++ ) { Console.WriteLine("Element[{0}] = {1}", j, n[j]); } Console.ReadKey(); } } } When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result: Element[0] = 100 Element[1] = 101 Element[2] = 102 Element[3] = 103 Element[4] = 104 Element[5] = 105 Element[6] = 106 Element[7] = 107 Element[8] = 108 Element[9] = 109 Using the foreach Loop In the previous example, we used a for loop for accessing each array element. You can also use a foreach statement to iterate through an array. using System; namespace ArrayApplication { class MyArray { static void Main(string[] args) { int [] n = new int[10]; /* n is an array of 10 integers */ /* initialize elements of array n */ for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) { n[i] = i + 100; } /* output each array element's value */ foreach (int j in n ) { int i = j-100; Console.WriteLine("Element[{0}] = {1}", i, j); } Console.ReadKey(); } } }

ARRAY LIST

It represents an ordered collection of an object that can be indexed individually. It is basically an alternative to an array.

However, unlike array you can add and remove items from a list at a specified position using an index and the array resizes itself

automatically. It also allows dynamic memory allocation, adding, searching and sorting items in the list.

Methods and Properties of ArrayList Class

The following table lists some of the commonly used properties of the ArrayList class:

Property Description

Capacity Gets or sets the number of elements that the ArrayList can contain.

Count Gets the number of elements actually contained in the ArrayList.

IsFixedSize Gets a value indicating whether the ArrayList has a fixed size.

IsReadOnly Gets a value indicating whether the ArrayList is read-only.

Item Gets or sets the element at the specified index.

The following table lists some of the commonly used methods of the ArrayList class:

Sr.No. Methods

1 public virtual int Add(object value);

Adds an object to the end of the ArrayList.

2 public virtual void AddRange(ICollection c);

Adds the elements of an ICollection to the end of the ArrayList.

3 public virtual void Clear();

Removes all elements from the ArrayList.

4 public virtual bool Contains(object item);

Determines whether an element is in the ArrayList.

5 public virtual ArrayList GetRange(int index, int count);

Returns an ArrayList which represents a subset of the elements in the source ArrayList.

6 public virtual int IndexOf(object);

Returns the zero-based index of the first occurrence of a value in the ArrayList or in a portion

of it.

7 public virtual void Insert(int index, object value);

Inserts an element into the ArrayList at the specified index.

8 public virtual void InsertRange(int index, ICollection c);

Inserts the elements of a collection into the ArrayList at the specified index.

9 public virtual void Remove(object obj);

Removes the first occurrence of a specific object from the ArrayList.

10 public virtual void RemoveAt(int index);

Removes the element at the specified index of the ArrayList.

11 public virtual void RemoveRange(int index, int count);

Removes a range of elements from the ArrayList.

12 public virtual void Reverse();

Reverses the order of the elements in the ArrayList.

13 public virtual void SetRange(int index, ICollection c);

Copies the elements of a collection over a range of elements in the ArrayList.

14 public virtual void Sort();

Sorts the elements in the ArrayList.

15 public virtual void TrimToSize();

Sets the capacity to the actual number of elements in the ArrayList.

Example

The following example demonstrates the concept:

using System;

using System.Collections;

namespace CollectionApplication

{

class Program

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

ArrayList al = new ArrayList();

Console.WriteLine("Adding some numbers:");

al.Add(45);

al.Add(78);

al.Add(33);

al.Add(56);

al.Add(12);

al.Add(23);

al.Add(9);

Console.WriteLine("Capacity: {0} ", al.Capacity);

Console.WriteLine("Count: {0}", al.Count);

Console.Write("Content: ");

foreach (int i in al)

{

Console.Write(i + " ");

}

Console.WriteLine();

Console.Write("Sorted Content: ");

al.Sort();

foreach (int i in al)

{

Console.Write(i + " ");

}

Console.WriteLine();

Console.ReadKey();

}

}

}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Adding some numbers: Capacity: 8 Count: 7 Content: 45 78 33 56 12 23 9 Content: 9 12 23 33 45 56 78

TIPIZIRANA LISTA You have already learned about ArrayList in the previous section. An ArrayList resizes automatically as it grows. The List<T> collection is the same as an ArrayList except that List<T> is a generic collection whereas ArrayList is a non-generic collection.

List<T> can be initialized in the following two ways.

Example: List<T> Initialization

List<int> intList = new List<int>(); //Or IList<int> intList = new List<int>(); In the above example, the first statement uses List type variable, whereas the second statement uses IList type variable to initialize List. List<T> is a concreate implementation of IList<T> interface. In the object-oriented programming, it is advisable to program to interface rather than concreate class. So use IList<T> type variable to create an object of List<T>.

List<T> includes more helper methods than IList<T> interface. The table shown below lists important properties and methods of List<T>, which are initialized using a List<T>:

Property Usage

Items Gets or sets the element at the specified index

Count Returns the total number of elements exists in the List<T>

Method Usage

Add Adds an element at the end of a List<T>.

AddRange Adds elements of the specified collection at the end of a List<T>.

BinarySearch Search the element and returns an index of the element.

Clear Removes all the elements from a List<T>.

Contains Checks whether the speciied element exists or not in a List<T>.

Property Usage

Find Finds the first element based on the specified predicate function.

Foreach Iterates through a List<T>.

Insert Inserts an element at the specified index in a List<T>.

InsertRange Inserts elements of another collection at the specified index.

Remove Removes the first occurence of the specified element.

RemoveAt Removes the element at the specified index.

RemoveRange Removes all the elements that match with the supplied predicate function.

Sort Sorts all the elements.

TrimExcess Sets the capacity to the actual number of elements.

TrueForAll Determines whether every element in the List<T> matches the conditions defined by the specified predicate.

Add Elements into List:

Use the Add() method to add an element into a List collection. The following example adds int value into a List<T> of int type.

Add() signature: void Add(T item)

Example: Adding elements into List

IList<int> intList = new List<int>(); intList.Add(10); intList.Add(20); intList.Add(30); intList.Add(40); IList<string> strList = new List<string>(); strList.Add("one"); strList.Add("two"); strList.Add("three"); strList.Add("four"); strList.Add("four"); strList.Add(null); strList.Add(null); IList<Student> studentList = new List<Student>(); studentList.Add(new Student()); studentList.Add(new Student()); studentList.Add(new Student());

Try it

You can also add elements at the time of initialization using object initializer syntax as below:

Example: Add elements using object initializer syntax

IList<int> intList = new List<int>(){ 10, 20, 30, 40 }; //Or IList<Student> studentList = new List<Student>() { new Student(){ StudentID=1, StudentName="Bill"}, new Student(){ StudentID=2, StudentName="Steve"}, new Student(){ StudentID=3, StudentName="Ram"}, new Student(){ StudentID=1, StudentName="Moin"} };

Try it

AddRange:

The AddRange() method adds all the elements from another collection.

AddRange() signature: void AddRange(IEnumerable<T> collection)

Example: AddRange

IList<int> intList1 = new List<int>(); intList1.Add(10); intList1.Add(20); intList1.Add(30); intList1.Add(40); List<int> intList2 = new List<int>(); intList2.AddRange(intList1);

Try it

Note :The AddRange() method will only be applicable if you initialized with a List<T> variable. IList<T> doesn't include the AddRange() method.

Access List collection:

Use a foreach or for loop to iterate a List<T> collection.

Example: Accessing List

List<int> intList = new List<int>() { 10, 20, 30 }; intList.ForEach(el => Console.WriteLine(el));

Try it

If you have initialized the List<T> with an IList<T> interface then use seperate foreach statement with implicitly typed variable:

Example: Accessing List

IList<int> intList = new List<int>() { 10, 20, 30, 40 }; foreach (var el in intList) Console.WriteLine(el);

Try it

Output:

10

20

30

40

Access individual items by using an indexer (i.e., passing an index in square brackets):

Example: Accessing List

IList<int> intList = new List<int>() { 10, 20, 30, 40 }; int elem = intList[1]; // returns 20 Use the Count property to get the total number of elements in the List.

Example: Access List elements

IList<int> intList = new List<int>() { 10, 20, 30, 40 }; Console.Write("Total elements: {0}", intList.Count); Output:

Total elements: 4

Use for loop to access list as shown below:

Example: Accessing List using for loop example:

IList<int> intList = new List<int>() { 10, 20, 30, 40 }; for (int i = 0; i < intList.Count; i++) Console.WriteLine(intList[i]);

Try it

Output:

10

20

30

40

List<T> implements IList<T>, so List<T> implicitly type cast to IList<T>.

Example: Access List

static void Print(IList<string> list) { Console.WriteLine("Count: {0}", list.Count); foreach (string value in list) { Console.WriteLine(value); } } static void Main(string[] args) { string[] strArray = new string[2]; strArray[0] = "Hello"; strArray[1] = "World"; Print(strArray); List<string> strList = new List<string>(); strList.Add("Hello"); strList.Add("World"); Print(strList); }

Try it

Output:

Hello

World

Hello

World

Insert into List:

The Insert() method inserts an element into a List<T> collection at the specified index.

Insert() signature:void Insert(int index, T item);

Example: Insert elements into List

IList<int> intList = new List<int>(){ 10, 20, 30, 40 }; intList.Insert(1, 11);// inserts 11 at 1st index: after 10. foreach (var el in intList)

Console.Write(el);

Try it

Output:

10

11

20

30

40

Remove Elements from List:

The Remove() and RemoveAt() methods remove items from a List<T> collection.

Remove() signature: bool Remove(T item)

RemoveAt() signature: void RemoveAt(int index)

Example: Remove elements from List

IList<int> intList = new List<int>(){ 10, 20, 30, 40 }; intList.Remove(10); // removes the 10 from a list intList.RemoveAt(2); //removes the 3rd element (index starts from 0) foreach (var el in intList) Console.Write(el); OBRADA GRESAKA

An exception is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. A C# exception is a response to an exceptional

circumstance that arises while a program is running, such as an attempt to divide by zero.

Exceptions provide a way to transfer control from one part of a program to another. C# exception handling is built upon four

keywords: try, catch, finally, and throw.

• try: A try block identifies a block of code for which particular exceptions is activated. It is followed by one or more catch

blocks.

• catch: A program catches an exception with an exception handler at the place in a program where you want to handle

the problem. The catch keyword indicates the catching of an exception.

• finally: The finally block is used to execute a given set of statements, whether an exception is thrown or not thrown. For

example, if you open a file, it must be closed whether an exception is raised or not.

• throw: A program throws an exception when a problem shows up. This is done using a throw keyword.

Syntax

Assuming a block raises an exception, a method catches an exception using a combination of the try and catch keywords. A

try/catch block is placed around the code that might generate an exception. Code within a try/catch block is referred to as

protected code, and the syntax for using try/catch looks like the following:

try

{

// statements causing exception

}

catch( ExceptionName e1 )

{

// error handling code

}

catch( ExceptionName e2 )

{

// error handling code

}

catch( ExceptionName eN )

{

// error handling code

}

finally

{

// statements to be executed

}

You can list down multiple catch statements to catch different type of exceptions in case your try block raises more than one

exception in different situations.

Exception Classes in C#

C# exceptions are represented by classes. The exception classes in C# are mainly directly or indirectly derived from

the System.Exception class. Some of the exception classes derived from the System.Exception class are

the System.ApplicationException and System.SystemException classes.

The System.ApplicationException class supports exceptions generated by application programs. Hence the exceptions defined

by the programmers should derive from this class.

The System.SystemException class is the base class for all predefined system exception.

The following table provides some of the predefined exception classes derived from the Sytem.SystemException class:

Exception Class Description

System.IO.IOException Handles I/O errors.

System.IndexOutOfRangeException Handles errors generated when a method refers to an array index out of range.

System.ArrayTypeMismatchException Handles errors generated when type is mismatched with the array type.

System.NullReferenceException Handles errors generated from deferencing a null object.

System.DivideByZeroException Handles errors generated from dividing a dividend with zero.

System.InvalidCastException Handles errors generated during typecasting.

System.OutOfMemoryException Handles errors generated from insufficient free memory.

System.StackOverflowException Handles errors generated from stack overflow.

Handling Exceptions

C# provides a structured solution to the exception handling in the form of try and catch blocks. Using these blocks the core

program statements are separated from the error-handling statements.

These error handling blocks are implemented using the try, catch, and finallykeywords. Following is an example of throwing an

exception when dividing by zero condition occurs:

using System;

namespace ErrorHandlingApplication

{

class DivNumbers

{

int result;

DivNumbers()

{

result = 0;

}

public void division(int num1, int num2)

{

try

{

result = num1 / num2;

}

catch (DivideByZeroException e)

{

Console.WriteLine("Exception caught: {0}", e);

}

finally

{

Console.WriteLine("Result: {0}", result);

}

}

static void Main(string[] args)

{

DivNumbers d = new DivNumbers();

d.division(25, 0);

Console.ReadKey();

}

}

}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Exception caught: System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero. at ... Result: 0

Creating User-Defined Exceptions

You can also define your own exception. User-defined exception classes are derived from the Exception class. The following

example demonstrates this:

using System;

namespace UserDefinedException

{

class TestTemperature

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

Temperature temp = new Temperature();

try

{

temp.showTemp();

}

catch(TempIsZeroException e)

{

Console.WriteLine("TempIsZeroException: {0}", e.Message);

}

Console.ReadKey();

}

}

}

public class TempIsZeroException: Exception

{

public TempIsZeroException(string message): base(message)

{

}

}

public class Temperature

{

int temperature = 0;

public void showTemp()

{

if(temperature == 0)

{

throw (new TempIsZeroException("Zero Temperature found"));

}

else

{

Console.WriteLine("Temperature: {0}", temperature);

}

}

}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

TempIsZeroException: Zero Temperature found

Throwing Objects

You can throw an object if it is either directly or indirectly derived from the System.Exception class. You can use a throw

statement in the catch block to throw the present object as:

Catch(Exception e)

{

...

Throw e

}

ILUSTRACIJA OSNOVNIH KONCEPATA OBJEKTNO – ORJENTISANOG PROGRAMIRANJA

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Text; namespace Calculators { // NASLEDJIVANJE u odnosu na opstu klasu Exception public class clsCustomException: Exception { // ENKAPSULACIJA - SAKRIVANJE IMPLEMENTACIJE - ATRIBUTI SU PRIVATNI private string mTipGreske; private string mTekstGreske; // ENKAPSULACIJA - SAKRIVANJE IMPLEMENTACIJE - METODA JE PRIVATNA private string DajTekstGreske() { string tekstGreske=""; switch (mTipGreske) { case "OperacijaBezOperanda": tekstGreske="Operacija bez operanda"; break;

} return tekstGreske; } // KONSTRUKTOR SA PARAMETROM public clsCustomException(string noviTipGreske) { mTipGreske = noviTipGreske; mTekstGreske = DajTekstGreske(); } // NADJACAVANJE SVOJSTVA public override string Message { get { return mTekstGreske; // NE IDE PORUKA OD OPSTE KLASE EXCEPTION //return base.Message; } } } }

OBRADA GRESAKA private void btnSimbolDeljenje_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (sadrzajDispleja.Length == 0) { // instanciranje custom klase upisom u objekat opste klase // prikazuje se specificna custom greska - polimorfizam Exception greska = new clsCustomException("OperacijaBezOperanda"); MessageBox.Show("Greska:" + greska.Message); } else { char chrKarakter = '/'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } }

RAD SA NIZOVIMA, LISTAMA I TIPIZIRANIM LISTAMA

IZMENA POCETNE STRANICE – Program.cs

NIZ:

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace Calculators { public partial class frmNiz : Form { // atributi - globalne promenljive vidljive na nivou cele klase //private string sadrzajDispleja = ""; //private String sadrzajDispleja = ""; // 6. cas - rad sa nizovima - niz ima fiksan broj karaktera private char[] sadrzajDispleja = new char[10];

private int brojacKaraktera=0; // METODE // konstruktor public frmNiz() { InitializeComponent(); } // nase metode // 1. varijanta - globalna promenljiva ulazi ... neocekivano... //private void PrikaziSadrzajDispleja() //{ // txbDisplej.Text = sadrzajDispleja; //} // 2. varijanta - procedura sa parametrom ulaza - kontrola ulaza private void PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(string noviSadrzaj) { txbDisplej.Text = noviSadrzaj; } //3.varijanta - niz - OVDE ZADRZAVAMO OBE VERZIJE I PROGRAM SE NE BUNI, // TO JE OVERLOADING - preklapanje/preopterecivanje private void PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(char[] noviSadrzaj) { txbDisplej.Text = ""; for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { txbDisplej.Text = txbDisplej.Text + noviSadrzaj[i]; } } private void IsprazniSadrzajDispleja(char[] stariSadrzaj) { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { stariSadrzaj[i]=' '; } } // dogadjaji private void btnSimbol7_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { //1. nacin //txbDisplej.Text = "7"; // 2. nacin //sadrzajDispleja = sadrzajDispleja + "7"; //txbDisplej.Text = "7"; //3. nacin bolji... //sadrzajDispleja = sadrzajDispleja + "7"; //PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(); // 4. nacin //sadrzajDispleja = sadrzajDispleja + "7"; //PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); // 5. nacin - niz // ----- string u karakter //string strKarakter = "7";

//char chrKarakter = strKarakter[0]; // ----- direktno karakter char chrKarakter = '7'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol8_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { //sadrzajDispleja = sadrzajDispleja + "8"; //PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); char chrKarakter = '8'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol9_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '9'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbolDeljenje_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { if (sadrzajDispleja.Length == 0) { // instanciranje custom klase upisom u objekat opste klase // prikazuje se specificna custom greska - polimorfizam Exception greska = new clsCustomException("OperacijaBezOperanda"); MessageBox.Show("Greska:" + greska.Message); } else { char chrKarakter = '/'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } } private void btnSimbol4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '4'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol5_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{ char chrKarakter = '5'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol6_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '6'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbolMnozenje_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '8'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '1'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '2'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '3'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbolMinus_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '-'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++;

PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbol0_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '0'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbolZarez_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = ','; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnSimbolPlus_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { char chrKarakter = '+'; sadrzajDispleja[brojacKaraktera] = chrKarakter; // stavljamo kasnije jer krece od 0, pa za sledeci da je spremno brojacKaraktera++; PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void btnObrisi_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { //1. nacin //sadrzajDispleja = ""; //txbDisplej.Text = ""; //2.nacin //sadrzajDispleja = ""; //txbDisplej.Text = sadrzajDispleja; //3. nacin - otprilike IsprazniSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(sadrzajDispleja); } private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } } }

LISTA (ARRAYLIST)

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data;

using System.Drawing; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; // - DODATO: using System.Collections; namespace Calculators { public partial class frmLista : Form { // ATRIBUTI ArrayList lista = new ArrayList(); // METODE // konstruktor public frmLista() { InitializeComponent(); } // nase metode // prikaz iz ARRAY LISTE private void PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(ArrayList noviSadrzaj) { string strNoviSadrzaj = ""; // OVO SE MOZE PRERADITI NA WHILE ILI REPEAT (DO-WHILE) for (int i = 0; i < noviSadrzaj.Count; i++) { strNoviSadrzaj = strNoviSadrzaj + noviSadrzaj[i]; } txbDisplej.Text = strNoviSadrzaj; } private void IsprazniSadrzajDispleja(ArrayList stariSadrzaj) { // BRISE SADRZAJ IZ POSTOJECIH ELEMENATA, TJ. POSTAVLJA NA BLANKO for (int i = 0; i < stariSadrzaj.Count; i++) { stariSadrzaj[i] = ' '; } // UKLANJA ELEMENTE // ovako on kada ponovo uradimo add dodaje ispocetka elemente stariSadrzaj.Clear(); } // dogadjaji private void frmLista_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void btnSimbol7_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("7");

PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol8_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("8"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol9_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("9"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbolDeljenje_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("/"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol4_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("4"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol5_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("5"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol6_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("6"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbolMnozenje_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("*"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("1"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("2"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol3_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("3"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbolMinus_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("-");

PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbol0_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("0"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbolZarez_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add(","); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnSimbolPlus_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { lista.Add("+"); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } private void btnObrisi_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { IsprazniSadrzajDispleja(lista); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(lista); } } }

TIPIZIRANA LISTA

using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Data; using System.Drawing; using System.Linq; using System.Text; using System.Windows.Forms; namespace Calculators { public partial class frmTipiziranaLista : Form { // ATRIBUTI List<char> chrLista = new List<char>(); // METODE // konstruktor public frmTipiziranaLista() { InitializeComponent(); } // nase metode private void PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(List<char> noviSadrzaj) { string strNoviSadrzaj = ""; // OVO SE MOZE PRERADITI NA WHILE ILI REPEAT (DO-WHILE) for (int i = 0; i < noviSadrzaj.Count; i++)

{ strNoviSadrzaj = strNoviSadrzaj + noviSadrzaj[i]; } txbDisplej.Text = strNoviSadrzaj; } private void IsprazniSadrzajDispleja(List<char> stariSadrzaj) { // BRISANJE SADRZAJA SAMIH ELEMENATA for (int i = 0; i < stariSadrzaj.Count; i++) { stariSadrzaj[i] = ' '; } // BRISANJE LISTE - PROSLEDJENA JE PO REFERENCI // bez ovog bi stalno dodavao nove, a imao prazne na pocetku // ovako on kada ponovo uradimo add dodaje ispocetka elemente stariSadrzaj.Clear(); } // dogadjaji private void frmTipiziranaLista_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { } private void btnSimbol7_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { chrLista.Add('7'); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(chrLista); } private void btnObrisi_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { IsprazniSadrzajDispleja(chrLista); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(chrLista); } private void btnSimbol8_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { chrLista.Add('8'); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(chrLista); } private void btnSimbol9_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { chrLista.Add('9'); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(chrLista); } private void btnSimbolDeljenje_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { chrLista.Add('/'); PrikaziSadrzajDispleja(chrLista); } } }

Nasledjivanje public class clsOsoba { // ATRIBUTI private string mPrezime; private string mIme; private string mAdresa; // SVOJSTVA public virtual string Prezime { get { return mPrezime; } set { mPrezime = value; } } public virtual string Ime { get { return mIme; } set { mIme = value; } } public virtual string Adresa { get { return mAdresa; } set { mAdresa = value; } } // METODE // konstruktor public clsOsoba() { } // javna metoda public virtual string DajLicnePodatke() { return mPrezime + " " + mIme; } }

public class clsOsobaSrbija: clsOsoba { // ATRIBUTI private string mJMBG; // SVOJSTVA

public virtual string JMBG { get { return mJMBG; } set { mJMBG = value; } } // METODE // konstruktor public clsOsobaSrbija() { } public override string DajLicnePodatke() { return base.Prezime + " " + base.Ime + " JMBG:" + mJMBG; }

public class clsOsobaSvet: clsOsoba { // ATRIBUTI private string mZemlja; // SVOJSTVA public virtual string Zemlja { get { return mZemlja; } set { mZemlja = value; } } // METODE // konstruktor public clsOsobaSvet() { } public override string DajLicnePodatke() { return base.Prezime + " " + base.Ime + " Zemlja:" + mZemlja; }

Primena nasledjivanja – ima sve attribute I metode bazne klase I dodatne specificne attribute I metode:

Tipizirana lista objekata Klase

List<clsOsoba> ListaOsoba = new List<clsOsoba>();

Polimorfizam

clsOsoba objOsoba1 = new clsOsoba(); objOsoba1.Prezime = "Kazi"; objOsoba1.Ime = "Ljubica"; objOsoba1.Adresa = "4. juli 45"; clsOsobaSrbija objOsoba2 = new clsOsobaSrbija(); objOsoba2.Prezime = "Eremic"; objOsoba2.Ime = "Ivana"; objOsoba2.Adresa = "Majska 5"; objOsoba2.JMBG = "11111"; clsOsobaSvet objOsoba3 = new clsOsobaSvet(); objOsoba3.Prezime = "Markov"; objOsoba3.Ime = "Marko"; objOsoba3.Adresa = "Markova ulica bb"; objOsoba3.Zemlja = "Francuska"; objOsoba3. List<clsOsoba> ListaOsoba = new List<clsOsoba>(); ListaOsoba.Add(objOsoba1); ListaOsoba.Add(objOsoba2); ListaOsoba.Add(objOsoba3); for (int i = 0; i < ListaOsoba.Count; i++) { lbxListaStudenata.Items.Add(ListaOsoba[i].DajLicnePodatke()); }

Predlog pitanja za test poznavanja osnovnih pojmova: 1. Koja su tri osnovna sloja troslojne arhitekture softvera? 2. Koje su komponente sloja poslovne logike? 3. Kako se realizuje višeslojni pristup u okviru sloja poslovne logike? 4. Šta je UML? 5. Koje su vrste dijagrama uključene u UML 1.0? 6. Namena i elementi use case dijagrama? 7. Namena i elementi dijagrama komponenti? 8. Namena i elementi dijagrama razmeštaja? 9. Namena i elementi dijagrama klasa? 10. Namena i elementi dijagrama sekvenci? 11. Koje su vrste veza na dijagramu klasa? 12. Koji su elementi klase? 13. Koji su najčešće korišćeni modifikatori pristupa, objasniti značenje? 14. Koji načini imenovanja elemenata klase postoje i kada se koriste (tipovi Casing-a)? 15. Šta je signatura metode? 16. Šta je poruka? 17. Koje su prednosti korišćenja CASE alata? 18. Šta je server? 19. Šta znači servisno-orjentisana arhitektura softvera? 20. Koji je uobičajeni modifikator pristupa za polja (suštinske atribute) klase? 21. Šta predstavlja I kako se realizuje svojstvo (property)? Koja je razlika u odnosu na polja klase? 22. Kako se realizuje u programskom kodu odnos nasleđivanja? 23. Kako se realizuje u programskom kodu odnos asocijacije? 24. Kako se realizuje u programskom kodu odnos kompozicije? 25. Šta je namespace? 26. Šta znači skraćenica dll? 27. Kako povezujemo biblioteku klasa sa korisničkim interfejsom? 28. Koja je razlika izmedju promenljive tipa vrednosti I promenljive tipa reference? 29. Koji su tipovi podataka u C# za celobrojne vrednosti I realne brojeve? 30. Kako se spajaju stringovi u C#? 31. Sta znaci type casting? 32. Koja su 2 tipa transformacija tipova podataka? 33. Koja su 2 tipa eksplicitnog type castinga u C# - navesti primer? 34. Koja je razlika izmedju deklaracije, incijalizacije, definicije promenljive? 35. Koji simbol se koristi za dodelu vrednosti promenljive, a koji za proveru da li promenljiva ima neku vrednost? 36. Sta znaci “PROMENLJIVA++”? 37. Kako se oznacava NEGACIJA u C#? Sta znaci “!”? 38. Koji simboli se koristi u C# za logicko AND (2 vrste) iza logicko OR (2 vrste)? Objasniti razliku izmedju 2 vrste za

svaku od ovih operacija. 39. Kako se uslov u C# navodi u if delu kod uslovnog grananja? Navesti primer. 40. Kako se pise u u C# case struktura – visestruko grananje? Navesti primer. 41. Kako se piše ciklus sa preduslovom (while), a kako ciklus sa postuslovom (repeat until)? Navesti primer. 42. Kako se piše for i koja je razlika između for i foreach? Navesti primer. 43. Kako se piše blok za obradu grešaka? Navesti primer. 44. Šta znači finally u try-catch bloku? 45. Šta je konstruktor? 46. Koja je razlika atributa(polja) i svojstva? Kako se svojstvo implementira? 47. Koja je razlika set I get metode? 48. Kako se uništava objekat? 49. Šta znači this? 50. Šta znači base? 51. Razlika prosleđivanja vrednosti po vrednosti I po reference? 52. Razlika Overloading I Overriding? 53. Kako označavamo nasleđivanje?

54. Šta naslednik može da vidi I koristi u odnosu na baznu klasu? 55. Kako se implementira enkapsulacija? 56. Kako se implementira polimorfizam? 57. Koja je razlika između niza, Array Liste I Tipizirane liste? 58. Da li može pokazivač na nasledničku klasu da bude smešten u objektu bazne klase?