socw 671: week 9 discuss 3 rd assignment qualitative methods: action research field studies, case...
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SOCW 671: Week 9
Discuss 3rd
Assignment
Qualitative Methods: Action Research Field Studies, Case Studies & Survey
Research
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Qualitative Social Work Research
Goal is to find meaning, not quantify When in doubt, observe and ask questions No burden of proof, only want to experience
and understand
From Patton (2002)
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Phases: A Very Brief History Traditional (up to WWII) – influenced by positivism, objectivity
in fieldwork Modernist (to the 1970s) – emphasis on rigor and formalism Blurred Genes (1970-1986) – alternative approaches emerged Crisis of Representation – focus on issues of power, privilege,
race, gender. Undermined traditions of validity and neutrality Fifth Movement – triple crisis of representation, legitimization,
and praxis in which process was examined. Importance of perspective and how to evaluate
Postexperimental – boundaries includes creative nonfiction, autobiographical, ethnography, poetic representations, and multi media presentations Denzin & Lincoln (2000)
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Theoretical Underpinnings
Exploratory Lived experience Multiple realities Philosophical models
Constructivist – how people create reality Postmodernism – multiple realities and viewpoints
to oppression
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Themes to Consider with Qualitative Inquiry
Design Strategies Data Collection and Fieldwork
Strategies Analysis Strategies
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Design strategies
Naturalistic inquiry – real world situations as naturally unfold.
Emergent design flexibility – adapting inquiry as understanding deepens
Purposeful sampling – cases are selected because they are “information rich”
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Data collection & fieldwork strategies Qualitative data – observations detailed, depth, direct
quotes, etc.
Personal experience and engagement – researcher in close contact, personal experiences and insights useful
Empathic neutrality and mindfulness – seeks vicarious understanding without judgment
Dynamic systems – attention to process, change ongoing, system and situation dynamics
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Analysis strategies
Unique case orientation
Inductive analysis & creative analysis
Holistic perspective
Context sensitivity
Voice, perspective, and reflexivity
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Qualitative Methods
Action ResearchField StudiesCase StudiesFocus GroupsContent Analysis
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Action Research
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Foundations of Action Research
Involves Change experiments on real problems in social
systems Iterative cycles of identifying a problem, planning,
acting and evaluating Re-education, or changing patterns of current
thinking with participation of client Challenges to status quo Simultaneous contributions to basic knowledge
and social action
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Action Research Cycle
Pre-step: Context and purpose Main Steps
Diagnosing Planning action Taking action Evaluating action
Meta Learning Planning action Premise Taking action Process Evaluating action Content
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Rigor in Action Research
As the researcher, demonstrate how you: Engage in multiple and repetitious action research
cycles Challenge and tested own assumptions and
interpretations Access differing views
Confirming interpretations Contradictory interpretations
Ground interpretations and diagnoses in scholarly theory
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Experiential Learning in Action Research
As insider action researcher, you have a role in the organization, including: Experiencing Reflecting Interpreting Taking action
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Reflection in Action Research
Stepping back from experience to process what it means
Two critical elements of self-reflection Ability to critique own thought process Attend to your feelings
Two useful constructs Noticing personal inferences and checking them Becoming aware of your distorting of reality
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Journaling: Helps Action Researchers Develop Reflective Skills Helps reflect on own experiences Journal imposes discipline by providing a
Systematic record of events, dates & people Interpretative and self-evaluative account of
researcher’s experiences Way of dumping painful experiences Reflective account to tease out interpretations Analytic tool where data can be examined and
analyzed
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Researching Own Organization
Focus of researcher and system Differentiate between researcher and system Determine whether for self-study or not
Role, access and pre-understanding Learning by both the system and self You are engaged in both:
1st person research – using pre-understanding for personal development
2nd person research – working on practical issues for organization with colleagues and relevant others
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SOCW 671: Week 10
Field Studies Case Studies Focus Groups Survey Research
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Topics Appropriate for Field Research
Topics defying simple quantification Attitudes and behaviors best
understood within their natural setting Social processes over time Purposive sampling methods used,
including Quota sampling Snowball sampling Deviant cases Critical incidents sampling Maximum variation sampling Homogeneous sampling
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Case Study Research
Rationale for Case Study Research Having only one or a few cases, or
phenomenon that occurs rarely Investigating complex social phenomenon Finding how things are related in some
depth Discovering insights into the meanings
that people give to reality Embarking on a new line of inquiry
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Focus of Case Studies
Study of individualsTypes of role relationshipsHistorical eventsOccupational categoriesCommunities or neighborhoodsVarious organizational settingsCategories of behaviors, norms, or
beliefs
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Typically Choose This Design:
In settings where behavior takes place
Where you have collective or set of role relationships
Where you have thick descriptions or voluminous observational records
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Rationale for Case Study Research
When have only one or a few cases For phenomenon that occurs rarely To investigate complex social issues How things are related in some depth To find insights into the meanings
people give to reality When embarking on a new line of
inquiry
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Strengths of Case Studies
Greater detail about social phenomenon May lead to holistic & contextualized
characterization of a case Useful in exploratory research Useful in studying rare or inaccessible cases Less expensive than survey research Useful for detailed theoretical contrasts Allows for more dynamic process Useful for detailing a process over time
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Weaknesses of Case Studies
Cannot be generalized Usually cannot use statistical tools Lack of control for what happens in field May require too much effort and skill Difficult to measure latent variables or
constructs Gaining entry may be difficult
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Focus Groups
Typically includes 6 - 12 people Usually not representative of population Able to gather a large amount of
information in a brief period Commonly uses key informants Ask about 3 to 6 questions Record information
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Content Analysis
Refers to data reduction and sense-making effort that takes qualitative material and attempts to identify core consistencies and meanings
Includes Text searching Analysis of text such as interviews, transcripts,
diaries Visual analysis of images
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Topics Appropriate for Survey Research
Use individuals as the unit of analysis Collect original data on a population too
large to observe directly Measure attitudes and orientations in a
large population Use to describe, explore or explain Collect information with
Questionnaires Interviews
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Self-administered Questionnaires
Mail distribution and return Include a cover letter Monitor returns Send follow-up mailings
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Interview Surveys
Role of interviewer Rules for interviewing Appearance and demeanor Familiarity with questionnaire Follow question wording exactly Record responses exactly Probing for responses
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Interview Surveys (continued)
Coordination and control Training interviewers Supervising interviewers
Telephone surveys Pluses and minuses Computer assistance
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Comparing Self-administered Tests versus Interviews
Advantages of self-administered questionnaires
Cheaper and quicker Same cost for national or local survey Appropriate for sensitive issues Can offer anonymity
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Advantages of Interviews
Fewer incomplete answers Higher return rate Interviewer can observe Appropriate for complicated issues Can conduct with a sample of
addresses
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Strengths of Survey Research
Strengths Reliability Describes characteristics of a large
population Flexibility in analysis Same questions to all respondents Large samples
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Weaknesses of Survey Research
Weaknesses Validity Standardization may yield superficiality Doesn’t deal with context Cannot be modified in the field Its artificial, it cannot measure action