sociology ch 1
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The Sociological Perspectives
• Soc io logy i s the sys tem at ic s tud y o fhu m an so c iety. A t th e hear t o fso c io logy i s a sp ec ial po in t o f v iewcal led the so cio log ical Persp ect ive .
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• Society is viewed as a complex system of parts (structures) that interact to perform various necessary functions
• Shared values, norms, attitudes and beliefs (consensus)
• Seeing the general in the particular
• Macrosociology
Structural - Functional
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Conflict Theory
• Views society as a struggle for resources and power • Change is inevitable, often beneficial and can be violent
• Conflict between the classes determines social change • Some groups prosper at the expense of others • Conflict is universal; social consensus is limited and
inequality is widespread
• Macrosociology
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Symbolic Interactionism
• Studies society through interactions within individual and small groups
• Interaction between individuals is negotiated throughshared symbols, gestures and nonverbal communications
• Humans are social animals and require interaction • Asks the questions” “How do individuals experience
one another?” “How do they interpret the meaning of these interactions?” and “How do people construct a sense of self and the society as a whole?”
• Microsociology
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Sociological Theory
• The Structural Functional Approach • The Social -Conflict Approach•
Feminism and the Gender-Conflict Approach• The Race-Conflict Approach• The Symbolic-Interaction Approach• Humans are social animals and require interaction • “How do individuals experience
one another?” “How do they interpret the meaning of these interactions?” and “How do people construct a sense of self and the society as a whole?”
• Microsociology
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Auguste Comte(French)(1798-1857)
• Coined the term “sociology” • Believed society could be studied like any other science • Key concepts: positivism, sociology the “queen” of sciences,
social engineering
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Harriet MartineauEnglish (1802-1876)
• Translated A. Comte’s work into English • Concerned with social change and the plight of women
and children in English factories during the early phasesof industrialization
• First acknowledged female sociologist
• Examined emerging American society (c 1834)
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Émile Durkheim(French) (1858-1917)
• Founded sociology as an academic discipline
• Famous for his study on suicides (1897) • Use of statistics in sociology • Key concepts: social facts, social structure
social solidarity, collective conscience, mechanical andorganic solidarity, anomie
• Structural/functionalist theorist
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Karl Marx(German) (1818-1883)
• Founder of political / economic theory of socialism (communism) • Considered the founder of the conflict perspective • Wrote the Communist Manifesto and co wrote Das Kapital (with
Friedrich Engels)• Key concepts: proletariat, bourgeoisie, capitalists, social class,
dialectics (thesis, antithesis, synthesis)
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Max Weber(German) (1864-1920)
• Believed that sociologist could never capture the realityof society but should focus on ideal types that best capturethe essential features of aspects of social reality
• Key concepts: bureaucracy, verstehen , rationalization of the
modern world, people are becoming prisoners of newtechnology, loss of individuality
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Herbert Spencer(English) (1820-1903)
• Structural/Functionalist • Coined the term “survival of the fittest” in reference to human social arrangements (Social Darwinism)
• Advocated against social reform efforts to poor people because it disrupts the natural selection process of evolution
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Jane Addams(American) (1880-1935)
• Won the first Nobel Peace Prize (1931) given to anAmerican sociologist
• Founded Hull House for the poor in Chicago • Influenced the “Chicago School” of applied sociology
(social problems)• Pioneered the study of social problems
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W. E. B. DuBois(American) (1868-1963)
• First Afro -American PhD graduate of Harvard University• Concerned with the social position of African -Americans in US
society.• Wrote The Philadelphia Negro (1899) on race relations• Used statistics to examine racial discrimination against blacks
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Talcott Parsons(American) (1902-1979)
• Reintroduced the theories of European sociologists while teaching at Harvard University
• Structural/Functionalist • Abstract “ivory tower” theoretician
• Emphasis on empirical research --not social reform
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C. Wright Mills(American) (1916-1962)
• Taught at Columbia University • Marxist, structural/functionalist theorist • Key concepts: power elite, radical social change, social
injustices, applied sociology, the “sociological imagination”
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Robert K. Merton(American) (1910-2002)
• Taught at Columbia University • Sought to bridge the European “grand” theories and a
more focused research style• Structural/Functionalist • Key concepts: manifest & latent functions, “Strain Theory”
of deviance, dysfunctions
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George Herbert Mead(American) (1863-1961)
• Symbolic/Interactionist theorist • Believed that the self was a social product acquired by
observing and assimilating the identities of others• Key concepts: “I” & “me”, significant other, generalized other,
role taking, preparatory stage, play stage, game stage
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Charles Horton Cooley(American) (1864-1929)
• Symbolic interactionist theorist • We develop a sense of who we are in society based upon
interaction with others and how we feel others perceive us
• The “Looking Glass Self”
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Erving Goffman(American) (1922-1982)
• Symbolic interactionist theorist • Believed we play roles and present a “face” for public view • Key concepts: dramaturgical approach, frontstage & backstage
selves, presentation of self
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Sigmund Freud(German)(1856-1939)
• Psychoanalyst • Key concepts: unconscious, id, ego, superego, psycho -sexual
stages, psychoanalysis, ego defense mechanisms, free association.
dream interpretation, seduction theory, libido, libidinal energy
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Erik Erikson(German/American)(1902-1994)
• Psychologist • Eight Stages of Man (Psycho -social stages)• Focused on ego conflict through the life span and
how they are resolved
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Lawrence Kohlberg(American)(1927-1988)
• Psychologist • Expanded Piaget’s theory of moral development in children • Key concepts: Stages of Moral Development, the “Heinz scenario”
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Albert Bandura(American) (1925- )
• Social (cognitive) psychologist, performed classic study ofimitation and aggressive behaviors in children.
• Key concepts: social learning theory, imitation, models, vicarious reinforcement, expectancies self efficacy, reciprocal
determinism