sociology 5 social patterns · 4 types of social movements (aberle) •alternative– seek to alter...
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5. Social Patterns
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5.1 Population
5.2 Urbanization
5.3 Social Change
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5.1 Population
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Demography - study of size, composition, growth & distribution of populations
Malthus Theorem-population: geometrically-food supply: arithmetically
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New Malthusianspopulation: exponential growth curve
1800: 1 billion1930: 2 billion1975: 4 billion1999: 6 billion
•Won’t be enough food
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1. Birth/death rates –balanced2. Deaths decrease (explosion)3. Births decrease (stability)4. Deaths > Births (shrinkage)
Anti-Mathusians
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Figure 14.3 The Demographic Transition Note: The standard demographic transition is depicted by Stages 1–3. Stage 4 has been suggested by some Anti-Malthusians.
linking population change to technological development
Demographic Transition
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So, why are people starving?
—misdistribution of food
Africa- famine- not result of too many people
US - pay farmers to reduce
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Least Industrialized:
growing 13x rate of US
Why So Many Children?
• Status of Parenthood
•Community Support
• Economic Asset
Population Growth
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!Depict a population by age & sex.
!Varies by country
!females > males
Population Pyramids
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Figure 14.7 Three Population Pyramids Source: Population Today, 26, 9, September 1998:4, 5.
Population Pyramids
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1. Fertility: # of children a women bears (2.6)
-crude rate- annual births per 1,000
-most: Africa, least: Asia
Population Growth
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2.Mortality – annual deaths per 1,000 people
- most: Africa - least: oil-rich countries
3. Migration – #of immigrants & emigrants
-push/pull factors
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Births - Deaths + Net Migration
Growth Rate
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5.1.1 Immigration
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•Foreigners come to country for residence.
•3 patterns
•Government policy changes•Not uniform across country•Origin has changed
Immigration
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Foreign-Born Population
• 12% - foreign born
• 70% of immigrants: CA, NY, FL, TX, NY, IL
• 32.5 million from Latin America
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Forced vs. Voluntary
• Forced migration is when people are told to move
•Voluntary is movement upon self-interest- better opportunities
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Brain Drain
• skilled workers needed in home countries
• economic cost
Mixed-status Families
• one citizen and one non-citizen
• 10% U.S. families • 2 million families
nationwide
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Assimilation
takes on characteristics of dominant group.
! Eventually accepted as part of dominant group
! Must conform to dominant group
! Devalue minority culture and treasure dominant one.
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5.2 Urbanization
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City - large # of people
- permanent
- do not produce own food
•3500 B.C- Iraq & Iran
The Rise of Cities
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Urbanization:masses of people moving to cities
•77 % of Americans live in city
The Process of Urbanization
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1. Metropolis – Central city, smaller cities/suburbs
2. Megalopolis – 2+ metropolises, many suburbs
3. Megacity –10 million+ residents
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Farming towns:
Push: crime
Pull: safety, cheaper, space
Rural Rebound
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Human Ecology: how people adapt to environment
— 4 Models
Models of Urban Growth
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4 Models:
1. Concentric Zone Model – Burgess – cities expand outward from center – 5 zones
2. Sector Model – wedge shaped sectors– invasion succession cycle
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3. Multiple-Nuclei Model – several centers (food, stores)
4. Peripheral Model - highways impact movement of people away from cities
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Wirth - city undermines kinship-anonymous, aloof
Gans - urban village –area of city that people live, work, shop, play.
City Life
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Gans:
Who Lives in the City?
•Cosmopolites• Singles• Ethnic Villagers•Deprived•Trapped
City Life
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•Familiar World
•Personalizing Shopping
•Noninvolvement
•Diffusion of Responsibility
City Life
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•Suburbanization- city to suburbs
•Redlining- refusing loans in eroded areas
•Deindustrialization- manufacturers relocate
Urban Problems & Social Policy
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5.3 Social Change
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Shift in characteristics of culture over time.
4 Social Revolutions
(1) pastoral societies(2) agricultural(3) industrial revolution(4) information revolution
Social Change
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Gemeinschaft - daily life centers on personal relationships - face to face contact, tradition
Gesellschaft - impersonal relationships- others are means of advancing own goals
Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft
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1. Marx –capitalism- -thrown off land-exploited
2. Weber -religion - Protestant
Reformation
Why Capitalism Emerged?
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3. Modernization- larger, more urbanized, formal education
4. Technology changes- western medicine
Why Capitalism Emerged?
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World System Theory- Least depend on Most
G7: US, Canada, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia
G8: +Russia
Regulate global economic & industrial policy
Global Division
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5.3.1 Theories of Social Change
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•Cultural Evolution
1. Unilinear - all societies follow same path
2. Multilinear - different routes lead to same stage
Theories of Social Change
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•Natural Cycles –
-civilizations are born, mature and die
- Toynbee -fabric of society is ripped apart
- Spengler -Western civilization on the wane
Theories of Social Change
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Conflict
-Marx -Each Thesis (arrangement of power) contains antithesis (contradiction)-This leads to synthesis (new state)
Theories of Social Change
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Ogburn’s Theory
Social change based on technology
•Invention – combining existing materials to form new ones
•Discovery –new way to see reality
•Diffusion –spread of invention/discovery
** Cultural lag – some elements of a culture lag behind
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Technology is:
1. Tools - needed to accomplish tasks
2. Skills - to make and use those tools
-communicate, travel, store and analyze information.
Technology Changes Society
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Computers:
- Education - Distance Learning
- Medicine
- Business and Finance- Wire $
Cutting Edge of Change
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5.3.2 Social Movement Organization
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●Proactive–condition of society intolerable – goal of social change (NAACP)
●Reactive–threatened by condition of society –resist social change (KKK, NRA)
Organizations develop…
Social Movement Organizations
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4 Types of Social Movements(Aberle)
•Alternative– seek to alter specific behavior
•Redemptive – targets individuals but goal is total change
•Reformative – the goal is to reform specific aspect of society
•Transformative – seek to reform social order itself
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•manipulate media to influence public
• one-sided
• distorts reality in favor of who controls it.
•mass media -crucial role
Propaganda
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• Unrest and Agitation
• Resource Mobilization
• Organization
• Institutionalization
• Decline
Stages of Social Movements
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INTRODUCTORY SOCIOLOGY
Emily Restivo, Ph.D. New York Institute of Technology
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5.3.3 Environmental Problems
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Industrialization Problems:
•Fossil Fuels
•Greenhouse effect
•Global Warming
Environmental Problems
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Environmental Justice: minorities & poor suffer most from harmful effects
Environmental Sociology: examines relationship between human societies and the environment