sociological theories and perspectives in understanding...
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Sociological Theories and Perspectives in
Understanding Health
Supriyati
Department of Health Behavior, Environment, and Social Medicine
Faculty of Medicine, UGM
What is sociology ?
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentangmasyarakat
Ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan antarindividu (perilaku sosial)
Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang fakta sosial
Paradigma Fakta Sosial
Teori fungsionalisme struktural
Teori konflik
Teori sistem
Teori sosiologi makro
Paradigma Definisi SosialAction theory
Simbolic interactionism
Phenomenology
Manusia adalah aktor kreatif dan kehidupan tidak statis
Paradigma fakta sosial
• Teori fungsionalisme structural
• Teori konflik
• Teori sistem
• Teori sosiologi makro
#1.Teori Fungsionalisme struktural (Konsensus)
• Focuses on how society is organized and how social institutions meet the needs of people living within a collectivity
• Like an organism
• As understanding human body ---- human social system (has many parts/institution such as education, religion, economy, politic) These institutions secure the evolution and growth of society
• The consensus focus upon the good of the overall society; sub-groups of society must be willing to sacrifice for the good of the whole
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
The characteristics of society
• Well planned uniformity
• Stability and equilibrium between different parts
• Consensus of the main values
• Every institution has a function which helps society to remain stable
• What is, is good – “natural selection” of good institutions/functions
4 key functions of social system
• production and distribution of goods and services: The economyAdaptation
• writing and enforcing of the rules: The policyGoal attainment
• procreation and socialization of children; integration of social activities: Family and educationIntegration
• a system of values and beliefs: ReligionLatency
- Unprepared to address changes that occur due to misuse of power- highly useful in understanding ongoing adjustments to social institutions in response to changes in the other institutions
Social action taken places as a dynamic
equilibrium
Dinamicequilibrium means society is always
changing
Social institution must adjust to changes in other
institution
Research question : Mapping, describing, and analysing
Positive function
Institution
The dysfunctions
Example :
Could you please explain the health seeking behavior pattern after the national health insurance ?
#2. Teori Konflik• the fundamental processes of society are competition and conflict,
rather than cooperation for the good of the whole
• All social systems have a small minority of powerful elites
• Social action takes place within an arena of conflict and exploitation between dominant and secondary segments of society must be anticipated
• Focus on the material condition such as clothing, education, access to health care
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
#2. Teori Konflik
Wewenang dan posisi
Distribusi kekuasaan tidak merata
Penyalahgunaan kekuasaan
Konflik secara sistematis
Teori fungsionalisme struktural - Teori konflik - Teori sistem -Teori sosiologi makro
4 fungsi konflik
Memelihara solidaritas
Membentuk aliansi
Mengaktifkan peran individu
Fungsi komunikasi
Conflict in modern sociology
Not only focusing on class struggle as Marx did, but on the overall power structure in society, such as conflicts between different groups of interests
Producers and consumers, employers and employed, among religions, teachers and students, parents and kids, personality and culture
Conflict cause social change
In every society there are conflicts; conflict is the driving force of social change
Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension, competition or disagreement about objectives and values, conflict of interests
Conflict cause social change
conflictSocial
change
Conflict does not necessary mean violence, rather tension, competition or disagreement about objectives and values, conflict of interests
Deklarasi Keparakan : a community deal
Kesepakatan bersama :
1.Tidak merokok di dalam pertemuan
2.Tidak merokok di dalam rumah
Research question
Mapping of power-relations
Someone is making benefit of the situation at the expense of someone else
How can we dissolve the conflict? Can there be a win-win solution?
Definisi sosial
Fokus pada tindakan sosial
Tindakan mengandung arti
Perlu penafsiran dan pemahamanuntuk merespon
Action theoryTindakan dilakukan untuk mencapai tujuan (subjek dan objek)
Bertindak menggunakan cara yang dianggap cocok mencapaitujuan
Kelangsungan tindakan dibatasi eksternal yang tak dapatdikendalikan
Manusia memilih, menilai dan mengevaluasi tindakannya
Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology
Action theory
• Keyakinan kelompok tertentu terhadap proses kehamilandan persalinan mengantarkan mereka pada perilaku pencaripertolongan persalinan
• Social capital yang tinggi mendorong persalinan di dukunbayi
• Masyarakat yang menganggap batuk berdarah (TB) terjadikarena santet dan guna guna, akan mencari orang pintaruntuk menyembuhkan
Interactionism symbolic
• Focuses on how individuals influence and are influenced by society. It guides investigations into how the rules of society are re-created everyday through our interactions with one another
• the symbolic meanings we attach to things and events
Action theory – Simbolic interasctionism - phenomenology
Some concepts…
Reality is socially constructed through our interactions with one another. Morality, ethics, and values, are not given; we create them through our interactions with one another
Social action is influenced by person's beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and negotiations of meanings
The rules are open for grabs. If you do not like your society: work hard to change it!
Conflict Vs Fuctionalist
• The conflict paradigm highlights parts of society where functionalists usually do not focus on
• The weakness of the conflict paradigm is that they miss the consensus- and balance in society
Paradigma perilaku sosial
Ketika perilaku menjadi terpola / tetap, makamenjadi perilaku sosial
Perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan, motivasi, dan tujuan
Apa yang menjadikeyakinan dan
motivasi ?
Exchange theory
• explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties
• posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives
• norm of reciprocity
Behavioral Sociology – Exchange theory – rational choice theory
Post Modernism / postStructuralism
• Deconstruction
• Discourse/discourse analysis
• Plurality of knowledge and method
• Power and knowledge; Relativism
Medical sociology
•Also known as health sociology
•The study of cause and consequences of health and illness (Cockerham, 2011)
Major area of investigation are
Social aspects of health and disease
Social behavior of patient and health provider
Social function of health organization and institution
Social pattern of the utilization of health services
Relationship of health care delivery systems to other social institution and social policies toward health
Why medical sociology is important?
Recognizes the critical role social factors play in determining or influencing the health of individuals, groups, or larger population
Why people have to do sexual intercourse just after their traditional circumcision in Timor Island?
• Sifon : Atoni Tribe in Timor island
• Sifon : a man is supposed to be engage in sexual relationship with at least 3 women
• Sifon : a social tool to form a man’s masculinity and the way to avoid disharmony in the family (Ungu, 2012)
• the sexual intercourse must be done before the wound from the circumcision has healed to discard “the heat of body”
• the community belief has influence their behavior related to health STD’s?
The development of Medical Sociology: Talcot Parsons
Publishes the social system in 1951
First major social theorist to deal with issues of health, illness, and the role of medicine
Structural-functionalist perspective
Introduced concept of the sick role
What is “Health”?
• A state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or injury (WHO)
• health as the capacity to carry out their daily activities ability to function
Contrasting idea about health and social behavior • Some people tended to rely on magic as the fundamental explanation
of disease and illness
What do you think ?
References
• Engman A & Cranford C., 2016. Habit and the Body: Lesson for social Theories of Habit from the Experiences of People with Physical Disabilities. Sociological Theory. 34(1):27-44
• Jovanovic M., 2014. Creating the “Dis-ease” of high cholesterol: A Sociology of diagnosis reception analysis. Social Science & Medicine: 101: 120-128
• Ritzer G. 2012. Sociological Theory. 8th ed. USA: McgrowHill