Socio-Economic Empowerment through IT Education

K. Narayanan Associate Professor, Department of Humanities & Social

Sciences,IIT Bombay

E-mail: knn@hss.iitb.ac.in

Presentation

• IT Education• Public Support to IT Education• Developed and Developing Countries• Indian Experience• Role of State, Business Houses & NGOs• IT Education and Socio-Economic

Development

Role of Formal Education

• Formal Education is necessary but not sufficient for efficiently using technologies.

• Technology specific skills and learning are as much important as formal education is.

• Increasing the skill content of the potential workforce opens up a wide range of opportunities.

IT Education

• Better capabilities, especially in micro-electronic applications and use of information technology, for job-seeking brings about a change in the socio-economic structure of the society.

• The focus is more on the socially and economically underprivileged in developing countries.

Whose Responsibility is it?

• Can the skill formation be the responsibility of the govt. alone?

• Role of Market?

• Developed countries appear to worry about it more than the developing countries.

Reasons for Market Failure• (a) information gaps and uncertainty where the individuals

may not know of the future value of investments in education and training or of particular skills, and they may not know what skills are needed in future

• (b) even if the individuals can forecast the probability of getting returns on skill investments, they may prefer more certain short-term returns to available jobs

• (c) individuals may not be able to finance their learning costs and foregone earning, especially with their inability to afford two square meals a day and

• (d) high costs of educational services provided, especially in the case of private institutions and

• (e) danger of bureaucratic and rigid management especially in a publicly funded training institution.

Consensus

• There is a broad consensus of appreciation on the role of Non-Governmental Organizations, Private Charitable Trusts and Educational Investment of Business Houses in fostering the growth of supply in computer educated and qualified personnel.

Objectives• (1) takes up the case of subsidized computer education

programme of a particular Trust Organization, and aims to analyse the socio economic impact of such subsidized computer education programme, especially among the socially and economically under-privileged.

• (2) analysis carried out on the basis of information given in the enrolment form available with the training centres as well as the response of the beneficiaries.

• (3) compares the socio economic impact of this programme in select centres in two States of India: namely Maharastra and Rajasthan

Three Major Studies• ILO (1998) observed that the demand for professionals

and technicians has increased in all countries, as their analytical, cognitive and behavioural skills equip them better to adapt to more sophisticated technology.

• Tomlinson (1999) shows how these skills are enabling skilled workers in the UK to move into knowledge-intensive sectors more readily than worker without such skills.

• Skilled and experienced individuals can provide an economy with greater technological capabilities for fostering growth in output and social welfare [Bhalla, 1996].

Methodology

• Several questions pertaining to the socio-economic profile of the beneficiary households, the educational and vocational backgrounds, assessments of the training and infrastructure facilities available at the respective centres, course content and overall rating of the training received are recorded with the help of a questionnaire designed for the beneficiary level information acquisition.

Methodology..cont..• To establish the socio-economic context that the

beneficiaries of the computer training courses being taught by the Sterlite foundation, several items of household level information are incorporate within the questionnaire for beneficiary feedback including household size, head of household education and occupation, household income, residence locality and housing status, consumer durables ownership: television, refrigerator, two wheeler, car, personal computer, and telephone connection.

• A total of 264 beneficiaries have been incorporated as the respondents of the data acquisition exercise after having scrutinised and weeding out of incomplete and mutual inconsistencies.

Socio-economic impact

• The specific socio-economic impact of such computer training is viewed in terms of:

• a) The increased skill set available to the beneficiary and

• b) Gainful employment and educational opportunities resulting from the training.

Other attributes

• Perceptions of the benefit acquired by the beneficiaries is contrasted with the personal attributes such as educational attainment, communication skill and Socio-Economic status in order to analyse the observed variability within the socio-economic attributes as also the variability between Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Table 1 Structure of Computer Training Centers: Maharastra

CentreYear of Establishment

Number of Instructors

Number of Female Instructors Number of PCs

Number of Working

PCs

Akola 1995 4 1 6 6

Alibagh 2001 4 4 5 4

Amravati, Gadge Nagar 2000 3 1 5 5

Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 1997 4 2 10 10

Aurangabad 1996 2 0 5 5

Dhule 2000 2 0 5 5

Gargoti 2000 3 0 4 4

Kolhapur 1998 3 2 6 5

Latur 2001 2 0 5 4

Nagpur 2002 2 0 9 9

Pune 2000 1 1 6 6

Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 2000 2 2 4 2

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 1997 5 3 10 10

Sangli 2000 3 1 5 5

Satara 2001 3 1 5 5

Solapur 2000 3 1 7 7

Yavatmal 2000 2 0 9 9

Table 2 Location of and Infrastructure Facilities in the Training Centres: Maharastra

Centre LocationInfrastructure Index (On

a 10 Points Scale)Percentage of Students In Contact

With The Faculty

Akola M 6.25 2%

Alibagh M 6.25 20%

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. R 6.25 10%

Amravati,Rukmini Nagar M 6.25 0

Aurangabad R 6.25 15%

Dhule R 7.5 5%

Gargoti M 3.75 10%

Kolhapur M 5 10%

Latur M 3.75 20%

Nagpur R 6.25 5%

Pune O 6.25 15%

Ratnagiri, (Hostel) R 2.5 70%

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari M 6.25 30%

Sangli R 6.25 40%

Satara M 6.25 5%

Solapur M 6.25 10%

Yavatmal R 7.5 20%

Table 3 Dropouts and Placement: Maharastra

CentreEnrolment Rate

(%)Drop Out Rate

(%)

Number of Students

Placed By The Centre

Students In Contact With The Faculty

(%)

Akola 5 31.67 0 2

Alibagh 18.77 50.96 5 20

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 20 16.67 9 10

Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 34.88 29.07 0 20

Aurangabad 17.44 39.53 27 15

Dhule 72 0 0 5

Gargoti 8.75 11.95 2 10

Kolhapur 14.65 18.6 20 10

Latur 26.88 22.58 0 20

Nagpur 69.01 0 0 5

Pune 6.82 55.11 1 15

Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 12.4 26.45 70 70

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 6.88 12.57 15 30

Sangli 13.91 58.61 25 40

Satara 16.22 45.05 1 5

Solapur 11.11 25.99 5 10

Yavatmal 3.69 7.69 15 20

Table 4 Capacities and Utilisation: Maharastra

Centre Installed Capacity Effective CapacityCapacity Utilisation

Rate (%)

Akola 144 144 10.42

Alibagh 120 120 40.83

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 120 120 20

Amravati,Rukmini Nagar 240 240 37.5

Aurangabad 120 120 25

Dhule 120 120 15

Gargoti 96 96 31.25

Kolhapur 144 120 52.5

Latur 120 96 26.04

Nagpur 216 216 22.69

Pune 96 96 12.5

Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 96 48 62.5

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 240 240 40.83

Sangli 120 120 35

Satara 120 120 30

Solapur 168 168 33.33

Yavatmal 216 216 5.56

Table 5 Structure of Computer Training Centers: Rajasthan

Centre

Year of Establish

ment

Number of Instructor

s

Number of Female

Instructors Number of PCs

Number of Working

PCs

Alwar 2001 2 0 7 6

Beawar 2002 1 0 3 3

Bharatpur, Kotwali 2001 2 0 5 3

Bharatpur, Mandi 1997 2 1 7 7

Bikaner 1998 2 0 8 8

Chirawa 2002 1 0 3 2

Chomu 2000 1 0 2 2

Jaipur, Bajajnagar 1996 2 0 12 12

Jaipur, Murlipura 2001 2 0 4 4

Jaipur, Shastrinagar 2000 2 0 5 5

Jhunjhunu 2001 2 0 5 4

Jodhpur 1998 1 1 5 4

Kishangarh 1999 1 0 5 3

Mukundgarh 2002 1 1 3 2

Reengus 1996 1 0 3 3

Sri Ganganagar 1999 1 0 8 7

Udaipur 1997 2 1 4 3

Table 6 Location of and Infrastructure Facilities in the Training Centers: Rajasthan

Centre LocationInfrastructure Index on

a 10 Points ScalePercentage of Students In Contact

With The Faculty

Alwar R 7.5 30%

Beawar M 3.75 0

Bharatpur, Kotwali M 5 2%

Bharatpur, Mandi M 7.5 10%

Bikaner R 6.25 30%

Chirawa M 2.5 0

Chomu R 2.5 40%

Jaipur, Bajajnagar R 7.5 20%

Jaipur, Murlipura R 5 80%

Jaipur, Shastrinagar R 6.25 95%

Jhunjhunu M 6.25 30%

Jodhpur R 6.25 50%

Kishangarh R 6.25 25%

Mukundgarh R 2.5 0

Reengus R 5 20%

Sri Ganganagar R 6.25 10%

Table 7: Dropouts and Placement: Rajasthan

CentreEnrolment Rate

(%)Drop Out Rate

(%)

Number of Students Placed By The Centre

Students In Contact With The Faculty (%)

Alwar 27.43 17.71 27 30%

Beawar 80 0 0 0

Bharatpur, Kotwali 19.46 28.65 1 2%

Bharatpur, Mandi 19.42 33.66 25 10%

Bikaner 15.5 9.56 60 30%

Chirawa 333.33 0 0 0

Chomu 22.54 36.62 4 40%

Jaipur, Bajajnagar 17.14 11.79 3 20%

Jaipur, Murlipura 79.75 11.39 2 80%

Jaipur, Shastrinagar 23.44 33.59 0 95%

Jhunjhunu 45.45 12.12 1 30%

Jodhpur 9.34 48.64 4 50%

Kishangarh 8.2 57.86 0 25%

Mukundgarh 120 0 0 0

Reengus 20 82.22 0 20%

Sri Ganganagar 31.58 45.39 0 10%

Udaipur 6.98 48.37 50 50%

Table 8 Capacities and Utilisation: Rajasthan

Centre Installed Capacity Effective CapacityCapacity Utilisation

Rate (%)

Alwar 168 144 33.33

Beawar 48 48 16.67

Bharatpur, Kotwali 120 72 50

Bharatpur, Mandi 168 168 35.71

Bikaner 192 192 31.25

Chirawa 48 32 93.75

Chomu 32 32 50

Jaipur, Bajajnagar 288 288 16.67

Jaipur, Murlipura 96 96 65.63

Jaipur, Shastrinagar 120 120 25

Jhunjhunu 120 96 31.25

Jodhpur 80 64 37.5

Kishangarh 80 48 75

Mukundgarh 48 32 112.5

Reengus 48 48 37.5

Sri Ganganagar 128 112 42.86

Udaipur 96 72 41.67

Table 9.1

Centres in Maharastra

Name of Centre Frequency Share in the State (%) Share in Total Sample (%)

Alibagh 260 6.8 4.3

Pune 176 4.6 2.9

Aurangabad 172 4.5 2.9

Nagpur 71 1.9 1.2

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 120 3.2 2.0

Akola 138 3.6 2.3

Amravati,Rukmini Nagar 259 6.8 4.3

Yavatmal 325 8.6 5.4

Dhule 25 0.7 0.4

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 807 21.2 13.5

Ratnagiri, ( Hostel ) 151 4.0 2.5

Kolhapur 179 4.7 3.0

Gargoti 148 3.9 2.5

Sangli 303 8.0 5.1

Satara 137 3.6 2.3

Solapur 436 11.5 7.3

Latur 93 2.4 1.6

Total 3800 100.0 63.4

Table 9.2

Centres in Rajasthan

Name of Centre FrequencyShare in the State (%)

Share in Total Sample (%)

Udaipur 328 15.0 5.5

Bajajnagar, Jaipur 218 9.9 3.6

Shastrinagar, Jaipur 52 2.4 0.9

Murlipura, Jaipur 81 3.7 1.4

Chomu 50 2.3 0.8

Reengus 69 3.1 1.2

Kishangarh 316 14.4 5.3

Beawar 11 0.5 0.2

Bharatpur, Kotwali 47 2.1 0.8

Bharatpur, Mandi 86 3.9 1.4

Alwar 180 8.2 3.0

Jhunjhunu 71 3.2 1.2

Chirawa 7 0.3 0.1

Mukundgarh 31 1.4 0.5

Sri Ganganagar 111 5.1 1.9

Bikaner 387 17.7 6.5

Jodhpur 146 6.7 2.4

Total 2191 100.0 36.6

Figure 1

Gender Distribution of the Beneficiaries

30%

70%

Female Male

Figure 2

Gender Distribution of the Beneficiaries : Maharastra

34%

66%

Female Male

Figure 3

Gender Distribution of the Beneficiaries : Rajasthan

24%

76%

Female Male

Figure 4

Age Structure of the Beneficiaries

34.3%

42.3%

13.6%

8.9% 0.8%

15 to 20 Years 20 to 25 Years 25 to 30 Years

30 to 60 Years 60 Years and Above

Figure 5

Region-wise Distribution of Age Structure of the Beneficiaries

59.26 64.72 67.34 76.45

36.73

40.74 35.28 32.66 23.55

63.27

0

20

40

60

80

100

15 to 20 Years 20 to 25 Years 25 to 30 Years 30 to 60 Years 60 Years andAbove

Age Group

Perc

enta

ge

Maharastra Rajasthan

Figure 6

Age Structure of the Beneficiaries : Maharastra

31.8%

42.8%

14.3%

10.6% 0.5%

15 to 20 Years 20 to 25 Years 25 to 30 Years30 to 60 Years 60 Years and Above

Figure 7

Age Structure of the Beneficiaries : Rajasthan

38.8%

41.5%

12.4%

5.8% 1.5%

15 to 20 Years 20 to 25 Years 25 to 30 Years

30 to 60 Years 60 Years and Above

Table 10: Age Structure: Maharastra (All Figures are in Percentages)

CentreAge Groups (In Years)

15 to 20 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 60 60 and Above

Akola 38.64 38.64 15.15 7.58 0.00

Alibag 25.31 16.60 8.71 48.96 0.41

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 29.91 48.72 14.53 6.84 0.00

Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 35.80 40.47 15.95 7.78 0.00

Aurangabad 18.02 44.19 21.51 16.28 0.00

Dhule 52.00 40.00 8.00 0.00

Gargoti 27.21 63.95 3.40 4.08 1.36

Kolhapur 59.77 21.84 9.20 6.90 2.30

Latur 49.44 37.08 8.99 4.49 0.00

Nagpur 18.31 50.70 15.49 15.49 0.00

Pune 21.14 46.86 24.00 7.43 0.57

Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 24.00 50.67 13.33 11.33 0.67

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 25.31 49.00 15.84 8.98 0.87

Sangli 27.06 54.79 11.22 6.93 0.00

Satara 48.06 36.43 10.85 4.65 0.00

Solapur 34.64 42.03 16.40 6.93 0.00

Yavatmal 41.56 35.94 15.63 6.25 0.63

Table 11: Age Structure: Rajasthan (All Figures are in Percentages)

CentreAge Groups (In Years)

15 to 20 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 60 60 and Above

Alwar 6.67 57.78 30.00 5.56 0.00

Beawar 42.86 57.14 0.00 0.00 0.00

Bharatpur, Kotwali 58.54 36.59 0.00 4.88 0.00

Bharatpur, Mandi 67.14 30.00 1.43 1.43 0.00

Bikaner 53.17 30.03 9.92 5.79 1.10

Chirawa 71.43 28.57 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chomu 32.00 52.00 12.00 4.00 0.00

Jaipur, Bajajnagar 23.26 48.84 13.02 7.44 7.44

Jaipur, Murlipura 51.32 43.42 5.26 0.00 0.00

Jaipur, Shastrinagar 30.77 46.15 15.38 7.69 0.00

Jhunjhunu 55.71 32.86 5.71 5.71 0.00

Jodhpur 29.86 45.83 15.28 7.64 1.39

Kishangarh 38.31 38.96 13.31 7.14 2.27

Mukundgarh 62.07 34.48 3.45 0.00 0.00

Reengus 79.31 15.52 1.72 1.72 1.72

Sri Ganganagar 46.73 37.38 10.28 4.67 0.93

Udaipur 29.94 49.69 13.27 7.10 0.00

Figure 8

Educational Level of the Beneficaries

23.6%

40.4%

30.3%

4.8% 0.9%

SSC HSCGraduation Post GraduationDiploma

Figure 9

Region-wise Distribution of Educational Level of the Beneficiaries

56.0067.66 65.80

45.96

90.91

44.0032.34 34.20

54.04

9.09

0

20

40

60

80

100

SSC HSC Graduation Post Graduation Diploma

Educational Level

Perc

enta

ge

Maharastra Rajasthan

Figure 10

Educational Level of Beneficiaries : Maharastra

20.8%

43.1%

31.4%

3.4% 1.3%

SSC HSCGraduation Post GraduationDiploma

Figure 11

Educational Level of Beneficiaries : Rajasthan

28.4%

35.9%

28.4%

7.1% 0.2%

SSC HSCGraduation Post GraduationDiploma

Table 12: Educational Level: Maharastra (All Figures are in Percentages)

CentreEducational Level

SSC HSC Graduation Post Graduation Diploma

Akola 34.78 42.75 15.22 4.35 2.90

Alibag 12.69 39.62 44.23 3.46 0.00

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 25.83 48.33 17.50 4.17 4.17

Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 19.77 37.98 29.07 11.24 1.94

Aurangabad 36.05 37.79 20.35 5.81 0.00

Dhule 52.00 28.00 16.00 4.00 0.00

Gargoti 16.22 62.16 20.27 0.00 1.35

Kolhapur 39.66 39.11 17.88 3.35 0.00

Latur 36.56 35.48 25.81 2.15 0.00

Nagpur 19.72 46.48 21.13 12.68 0.00

Pune 21.02 52.27 25.00 0.00 1.70

Ratnagiri, ( Hostel) 17.22 57.62 21.19 3.31 0.66

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 14.50 40.52 39.28 2.73 2.97

Sangli 13.20 40.59 42.57 3.63 0.00

Satara 24.09 54.01 18.25 3.65 0.00

Solapur 17.66 47.25 35.09 0.00 0.00

Yavatmal 24.00 33.54 37.23 3.38 1.85

Table 13: Educational Level: Rajasthan (All Figures are in Percentages)

CentreEducational Level

SSC HSC Graduation Post Graduation Diploma

Alwar 0.00 16.67 56.67 26.67 0.00

Beawar 81.82 9.09 0.00 9.09 0.00

Bharatpur, Kotwali 23.40 36.17 31.91 8.51 0.00

Bharatpur, Mandi 48.84 38.37 11.63 1.16 0.00

Bikaner 46.25 36.69 10.08 6.98 0.00

Chirawa 14.29 71.43 0.00 14.29 0.00

Chomu 6.12 53.06 38.78 2.04 0.00

Jaipur, Bajajnagar 19.35 36.87 43.32 0.46 0.00

Jaipur, Murlipura 32.10 34.57 30.86 2.47 0.00

Jaipur, Shastrinagar 28.85 19.23 46.15 3.85 1.92

Jhunjhunu 0.00 52.11 32.39 15.49 0.00

Jodhpur 23.29 41.78 27.40 6.16 1.37

Kishangarh 17.21 35.06 44.48 2.60 0.65

Mukundgarh 22.58 25.81 32.26 19.35 0.00

Reengus 47.83 39.13 11.59 1.45 0.00

Sri Ganganagar 9.01 58.56 23.42 9.01 0.00

Udaipur 47.26 31.71 14.63 6.40 0.00

Figure 12

Income Level of the Beneficiaries

40.0%

34.3%

21.4%

4.3%

Less Than Rs.30,000 Rs.30,000 to Rs.60,000Rs.60,000 to Rs.1,00,000 Above Rs.1,00,000

Figure 13

Region-wise Distribution of Income Level of the Beneficiaries

86.54

61.61 58.7935.29

13.46

38.39 41.21

64.71

0

20

40

60

80

100

Less Than Rs.30,000 Rs.30,000 to Rs.60,000 Rs.60,000 toRs.1,00,000

Above Rs.1,00,000

Income Groups

Perc

enta

ge

Maharastra Rajasthan

Figure 14

Income Distribution of the Beneficiaries: Rajasthan

17.9%

43.6%

29.3%

9.2%

Less Than Rs.30,000 Rs.30,000 to Rs.60,000Rs.60,000 to Rs.1,50,000 Above Rs.1,50,000

Figure 15

Educational Level of Beneficiaries : Rajasthan

28.4%

35.9%

28.4%

7.1% 0.2%

SSC HSCGraduation Post GraduationDiploma

Table 14: Income Groups: Maharashtra (All Figures are in Percentages)

Centre

Income Groups

Less Than Rs.30,000

Rs.30,000 to Rs.60,000

Rs.60,000 to Rs.1,50,000 Above Rs.1,50,000

Akola 19.57 65.94 14.49 0.00

Alibag 13.75 23.33 47.50 15.42

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 67.50 30.00 2.50 0.00

Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 33.12 29.87 30.52 6.49

Aurangabad 57.56 38.95 3.49 0.00

Dhule 94.44 5.56 0.00 0.00

Gargoti 79.03 16.13 4.03 0.81

Kolhapur 46.54 35.22 17.61 0.63

Latur 48.91 45.65 4.35 1.09

Nagpur 60.98 14.63 21.95 2.44

Pune 68.71 25.17 5.44 0.68

Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 49.60 24.80 24.80 0.80

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 44.63 32.99 21.34 1.04

Sangli 56.95 25.17 17.55 0.33

Satara 54.46 28.57 16.07 0.89

Solapur 82.11 13.30 4.13 0.46

Yavatmal 23.69 44.31 29.54 2.46

Table 15: Income Groups: Rajasthan (All Figures are in Percentages)

Centre

Income Groups

Less Than Rs.30,000

Rs.30,000 to Rs.60,000

Rs.60,000 to Rs.1,50,000 Above Rs.1,50,000

Alwar 0.56 5.56 37.22 56.67

Beawar 9.09 90.91 0.00 0.00

Bharatpur, Kotwali 19.15 23.40 55.32 2.13

Bharatpur, Mandi 20.24 44.05 33.33 2.38

Bikaner N.A N.A N.A N.A

Chirawa 42.86 57.14 0.00 0.00

Chomu 40.00 44.44 13.33 2.22

Jaipur, Bajajnagar 18.38 39.46 37.84 4.32

Jaipur, Murlipura 8.64 64.20 25.93 1.23

Jaipur, Shastrinagar 17.65 64.71 17.65 0.00

Jhunjhunu 39.44 59.15 1.41 0.00

Jodhpur 10.32 60.32 28.57 0.79

Kishangarh 11.65 52.63 30.83 4.89

Mukundgarh 12.90 87.10 0.00 0.00

Reengus 72.31 23.08 4.62 0.00

Sri Ganganagar 11.21 45.79 40.19 2.80

Udaipur 26.26 40.40 33.33 0.00

Figure 16

Occupational Structure of the Beneficiaries

15%

18%

66%

1%

Employed UnemployedStudent Student And Employed

Figure 17

Region-wise Distribution of Occupational Structure of the Beneficiaries

77.6862.31 60.89 69.70

22.3237.69 39.11 30.30

0

20

40

60

80

100

Employed Unemployed Student Student AndEmployed

Occupational Status

Perc

enta

ge

Maharastra Rajasthan

Figure 18

Occupational Structure of Beneficiaries : Maharastra

17.8%

17.8%

63.8%

0.6%

Employed Unemployed

Student Student And Employed

Figure 19

Occupational Structure of Beneficiaries: Rajasthan

9.0%

18.8%

71.7%

0.5%

Employed Unemployed

Student Student And Employed

Table 16: Occupational Structure: Maharashtra

Centre

Occupational Structure

Employed Unemployed StudentStudent And

Employed

Akola 12.50 9.56 77.94 0.00

Alibag 39.62 17.31 42.31 0.77

Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 3.33 13.33 82.50 0.83

Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 14.79 9.73 75.49 0.00

Aurangabad 25.58 16.86 57.56 0.00

Dhule 20.00 4.00 76.00 0.00

Gargoti 4.73 1.35 93.92 0.00

Kolhapur 13.41 10.06 74.30 2.23

Latur 5.38 5.38 88.17 1.08

Nagpur 15.49 9.86 74.65 0.00

Pune 10.80 17.05 71.59 0.57

Ratnagiri ( Hostel ) 21.85 20.53 57.62 0.00

Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 21.30 29.57 47.49 1.63

Sangli 20.46 35.64 43.89 0.00

Satara 6.62 9.56 83.09 0.74

Solapur 21.10 3.44 75.46 0.00

Yavatmal 9.85 24.31 65.85 0.00

Table 17: Occupational Structure: Rajasthan (All Figures are in Percentages)

Centre

Occupational Structure

Employed Unemployed StudentStudent And

Employed

Alwar 18.89 13.44 67.67 0.00

Beawar 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00

Bharatpur, Kotwali 21.28 0.00 78.72 0.00

Bharatpur, Mandi 2.33 2.33 95.35 0.00

Bikaner 2.07 2.58 95.35 0.00

Chirawa 14.29 0.00 85.71 0.00

Chomu 14.29 10.20 73.47 2.04

Jaipur, Bajajnagar 9.05 18.57 72.38 0.00

Jaipur, Murlipura 18.52 1.23 80.25 0.00

Jaipur, Shastrinagar 7.69 13.46 76.92 1.92

Jhunjhunu 1.41 0.00 98.59 0.00

Jodhpur 13.01 9.59 75.34 2.05

Kishangarh 5.54 17.92 75.90 0.65

Mukundgarh 6.45 9.68 83.87 0.00

Reengus 7.25 4.35 88.41 0.00

Sri Ganganagar 6.31 20.72 72.97 0.00

Udaipur 13.56 31.55 53.94 0.95

Table 18: Profile of Sample Beneficiary’s Personal Attributes

BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT

EMPLOYMENT STATUS

YES NO

MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE

SSCCOMM. SKILL 5.50 . 4.84 4.91

AGE 33.00 . 16.55 16.91

HSCCOMM. SKILL 4.92 5.17 4.95 4.76

AGE 24.62 20.83 18.67 19.39

GRADUATECOMM. SKILL 4.75 4.94 5.16 5.17

AGE 26.25 23.39 22.16 22.86

POSTGRADUATECOMM. SKILL 5.29 5.80 5.00 4.00

AGE 29.71 23.80 22.6 29

DIPLOMACOMM. SKILL 3.00 . 5 .

AGE 52.00 . 15 .

Table 19: Beneficiary Educational Attainment and Socio Economic Attributes

STATE

BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT

SSC HSC GRADU-ATE

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA

MAHARASHTRA

PCAPINC 6921.83 9297.90 11218.30 16816.67

S-E STATUS 28.96 34.56 39.62 38.33 50.00

COMM. SKILL 4.69 4.94 5.03 5.66 6.00

RAJASTHAN

PCAPINC 12712.82 9487.05 10892.29 14896.30 10000.00

S-E STATUS 46.61 56.11 64.10 61.07 150.00

COMM. SKILL 5.17 4.85 5.10 5.00 3.50

Summary and Conclusions• To sum up, it could be stated that on the whole computer

education appears to have tremendous scope to enhance poor people’s opportunities.

• These opportunities are usually translated in the form of access to markets, and market access could be a part of the development initiatives in a world of information technology and could make the development initiatives inclusive.

• Provision of subsidised computer education could, therefore, be a major source of empowerment of people – especially those belonging to the socially and economically backward in a developing country like India.

• However, the models specified and tested in these research studies could not be directly applied in this study.

Cont.

• The real issue that emerges from studies on developing countries is that efforts should be made to close the digital gap through incorporating ICT directly in development work – not just include ICT in other projects.

• The holistic view makes it necessary to expand focus from macro-economic dynamics to include locally embedded approaches.

conclusion• A perusal of the Socio Economic Index

constructed for the beneficiaries of subsidized IT education offered by a business house in India indicates a rising trend in communication skills, socio economic status and per capita income for the State of Maharashtra as the educational [especially, IT] attainment increases, while there are mixed trends for Rajasthan.

• The results of the analysis could be of considerable use to the foundation and the policy makers and also provide directions for future research.

Initiatives in IIT B

• IRCC and Cell for Human Values• Creation of NSVK• Involving IIT B Students• Community Outreach• Tangible Economic Benefits• Social Empowerment• Social Responsibility

Study of Impact of IT Education among Muslims

• Hindrances:• 1. Limited access• 2. Familial pressure in career and

academic decisions• 3. Low competency in English and lack of

information• 4. Perceived discrimination• 5. Lack of funds and space for a home PC

Policy implications

• Indisputable role of ICT• Need to create a win-win situation for all IT

literates• Reduce rural-urban divide, as well as the

digital-divide• Public – private partnership as the best

solution• Public investment “crowds in” private

investment.

Thank You very much

For your attention