socio-economic baseline study agroforestry and sustainable vegetables production in southeast asian...

Socio-economic Baseline Study

Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetables Production in Southeast Asian WatershedCase Study: Nanggung Sub-district, Bogor, Indonesia

Suseno Budidarsono, Kusuma Wijaya and James Roshetko

World Agroforestry Centre – ICRAF Southeast Asia Regional OfficeBogor, Indonesia

Objective:

Provide a socio-economic data as a basis for socio-economic impact assessment of integrated vegetable-agroforestry system

Socio-economic data Farm characteristics Gender roles Household income and

consumption Labor availability

The scope of the study

The study site

KECAMATAN NANGGUNG

The study siteAttributes

Hambaro

Parakan

Muncang

Sukaluyu

Kecamatan Nanggung

Physical characteristics

1. Altitude (m above sea level)

400 – 700

300 – 400

300 – 700

200 – 1800

2. Area (ha)

~ Total Area 355.78 605.2 207.3 10,999.10

~ Agricultural Land (Excluded national park)

75.9% 85.4% 68.9% 63.8%

Demography

~ Population (person) 6,044 10,722 4,530 75,109

~ Number of households (hh) 1,268 1,536 1,047 19,321

~ Population Density (ps km-1) 1,699 1,772 2,185 683

~ Agriculture Density (ps ha-1) 22 21 32 11

Accessibility (km)

~ Distance to Nanggung Market

6.5 2 6

~ Distance to Leuwiliang Market

12 10 11

Household Survey Multistage Random Sampling with Propotional Stratification

3 Villages (Hambaro, Parakan Muncang, Sukaluyu village) 4,302 inhabitants (22.3% of total sub-district) 2,940 population of study (households who ‘controlling’ the

land) 185 households as respondent (households who practiced

vegetable farming)

Methods

HambaroParakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total

1. Inhabitants of Village 1,257 1,880 1,165 4,302

2. Population of the Study (Households controlling land) 577 1,545 818 2,940

3. Sample by Land Size (m2) n Popn

samplesn Pop

n samples

n Popn

samplesn Pop

n samples

5 – 100 33.6% 20 43.4% 26 15.6% 10 33.7% 56

101 – 1000 46.3% 28 40.1% 24 20.7% 12 35.9% 64

1001 – 2000 12.5% 7 9.6% 6 17.1% 10 12.3% 23

2001 – 4000 4.9% 3 4.6% 3 18.6% 11 8.5% 17

4001 – 6000 1.6% 2 0.8% 2 12.5% 8 4.2% 12

> 6000 1.2% 2 1.4% 2 15.5% 9 5.3% 13

Total 62 63 60 185

MethodsPopulation and Sample Size

Physical characteristics Socio Economic Characteristics Land ‘Ownership’Farming System Characteristics

Findings

Physical characteristics

Physical infrastructures and

Unit Ratio to the related significance unit.Public utilities of Nanggung Sub-District

Road network

- Paved/asphalted 70 km 636 m km-2,

- Gravelled 110.5 km 1,004 m km-2

- Dirt road 116.4 km 1,058 m km-2

Electricity supply (PLN) 7,619 houses in 9 villages 43.40%

Telephone line 1.010 households 5.22%

Education Facility

- Kindergarten 1

- Elementary school (SD/MI) 44 / 16

- Junior secondary school (SLTP/MT) 1/3

Health Facility

- Puskesmas - Public health centre 2

Marketing facilities

- Market 2

- Kios /warung 587

- Toko 39

- others 295

Socio Economic Characteristics

Nanggung

West Java Province

National

1. Population growth (% year-1) 0.4 2.2 1.5

2. Population density (ps km-1) 685 1100 114

3. Agricultural density (ps ha-1) 11 11 3

4. Working population (%) 66.10% 60.36% 65.72%

5. Working population engage in agriculture (%) 63.40% 32.90% 46.30%

6. Sex Ratio (male/female) 104.1 101.8 100.4

7. Average family member (ps hh-1) 5.2 3.5 3.8

8. Illiterate (%) 5.90% 9.07%

Comparing with Province and National Data


HambaroParakan Muncang

Sukaluyu Total

n = 62 n = 63 n = 60 n = 185

1. Total household members (persons) 343 328 289 960

2. Sex Ratio 111.73 105 97.95 105.13

3. Household Size

1 – 4 33.90% 33.30% 48.30% 38.40%

5 – 8 51.60% 63.50% 43.30% 53.00%

> 9 14.50% 3.20% 8.30% 8.60%

4. Range Household Size (persons/household) 2 – 11 1 – 12 2 – 10 1 – 12

5. Average family size 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.2

Age Structure

< 15 35.30% 24.10% 33.60% 30.90%

15 – 65 63.00% 72.30% 63.00% 66.10%

> 65 1.70% 3.70% 3.50% 2.90%

Labor Force

- Proportion of Labor Force 63.00% 72.30% 63.00% 66.10%

- Average labor force per household 3.5 3.8 2.9 3.4

Dependancy Ratio 58.80% 38.40% 58.80% 51.20%


Sources of Income


Sukaluyu Total

n Hh Total Income

n Hh Total Income

n Hh Total Income

n Hh Total Income

Total Agriculture Income 74% 22% 73% 9% 87% 14% 78% 14%

Off Farm

Off Farm Laborer 35% 14% 19% 6% 18% 5% 24% 8%

Trader/Merchant 65% 29% 68% 42% 43% 19% 59% 30%

Others Off Farm 53% 21% 40% 35% 47% 24% 46% 26%

Total Off Farm 94% 63% 95% 83% 95% 47% 95% 65%

Total Non-fixed Income 37% 15% 38% 8% 35% 39% 37% 21%

Household Income by Sources of Income


Income


n Rp 000 % n Rp 000 % n Rp 000 % n Rp 000 %

Total Agriculture Income 46 12,737 22 46 8,004 9 52 11,070 14 144 31,812 14

Average time spent in agriculture activities (hours/day)

5.1 5.31 5.11 5.16

Off Farm Income 58 37,554 63 60 73,529 83 57 36,866 47 175 147,948 65

Average time spent in off-farm activities (hours/day)

5.54 5.83 5.34 5.59

Non-fixed Income 23 8,937 15 24 7,525 8 21 30,523 39 68 46,985 21

Total Household Income 62 59,228 100 63 89,058 100 60 78,459 100 185 226,745 100

Household Income by Sources of Income


ExpendituresHambaro

Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total

n

Rp00

0 % N

Rp00

0 % n

Rp00

0 % n Rp 000 %

1. Food 62

21,730 66%

63

24,075 64%

60

18,733 56%

185

64,538

62%

2. Education 42

3,190 10%

33

2,983 8%

39

2,801 8%

114 8,974 9%

3. Health 28

1,084 3%

33

1,225 3%

38

1,455 4% 99 3,764 4%

4. Others 56

4100.3 12%

57

6,946 19%

46

6,367 19%

159

17,413

17%

5. Farm Inputs 60

3,059 9%

59

2,154 6%

53

4,084 12%

172 9,297 9%

Total Household Expenditure

62

33,163

100%

63

37,383

100%

60

33,440

100%

185

103,986

100%

Family Expenditure per household 535 593 557 562

Average Family Income 955 1,414

1,308 1,226

Household Expenditure



Sukaluyu

Sample

Villages

Number of surveyed household 62 63 60 185

Number of family member 281 265 229 960

Total family income (Rp 000/month) 59,228 89,058 78,459

226,745

Range (Rp 000/month)

Minimum 28 8 20 8

Maximum 9,306 12,967 3,95012,96

7

Average family income per household (Rp 000/month) 955 1,414 1,308 1,226

Income per capita (Rp 000/month) 173 272 271 236

Proportion of people below poverty line

~ of Indonesia (Rp 150,000 capita-1 month -1) 67.70% 38.10% 51.70%

52.40%

Poverty Line

Land ‘Ownership’


Sukaluyu Total

Total Land Size Surveyed (Ha)

20.60 27.05 29.22 76.87

Number of plot surveyed 103 102 105 310

Land Size Range (Ha) 0.003 - 3 0.002 - 20.003 -

1.80.002 - 3

Avg Land Size (Ha/Hh) 0.33 0.43 0.49 0.42

Avg Land Size (Ha/Fm) 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.1

Number of Plot Owned

57.1% 60.0% 58.9%

6.5% 4.8%

15.0%8.6%

100%100% 100% 100%

59.7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Hambaro Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total

Village

% o

f h

ou

seh

old 1 plot

2 plots

3 plots


Land Use Type

54%

35%

45%

10%

23%

1%

37%

20%22%

4%

16%

1% 0.1%1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

IrrigatedPaddyfield

RainfedPaddyfield

Dry Land MonocultureGarden

SimpleAgroforest

Complexagroforest

Shrub

Type of Land Owned n plot Type of Land Owned ha


Land holding size by household

37%

23%

12%8%

19%

5%

10%13% 12%

61%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

< 0.1 0.11 - 0.3 0.31 - 0.5 0.51 - 0.7 > 0.71

n household ha


Land Distribution All Villages Sample

1.21%5.42%

14.89%

38.23%

100%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Proportion of the surveyed households

% o

f L

and

ho

ldin

gs


Way Obtaining LandLand Status

Privatly Owned

Perhutani Land

National Park

Numpang

Total

Opened from Forest 2% 2%

Bought 21% 21%

Inheritage 65% 2% 67%

Using other persons land

3% 2% 0.3% 5% 10%

Total 89% 5% 0.3% 5% 100%

Way Obtaining Land by Land Status


Farming System Characteristics

Irrigated Paddyfield

Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land

Monoculture Garden

Simple Agroforest

1. Distance from Village (M2)

≤ 500 m 82% 83% 95% 78% 77%

500 - 1,000 m 5% 6% 0% 22% 19%

1,000m < 13% 11% 5% 0% 5%

2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes)

1 – 15 80% 84% 89% 83% 63%

16 – 30 16% 13% 10% 11% 35%

31 – 60 4% 3% 1% 6% 2%

> 60

3. Plot Fertility

Quite Fertile to Very Fertile 87% 53% 87% 83% 67%

Less Fertile 13% 47% 12% 17% 33%

Not Fertile 1%

Plot Characteristics


Irrigated

PaddyfieldRainfed

PaddyfieldDry

Land

Monoculture

Garden

Simple Agrofor

est

4. Plot Slope

Flat to Slightly Slope 88% 64% 93% 89% 47%

Gently Slope 12% 36% 5% 11% 40%

Slightly Step to Step Slope 0% 0% 2% 0% 14%

5. Water Source for Irrigation

Technical Drainage 14%

Simple Drainage 9% 2% 2%

Direct from River 17% 5% 4% 11% 2%

Water Spring 53% 8% 14% 6% 7%

Rain Fed 6% 86% 80% 78% 91%

Others 1% 6%

Plot Characteristics


Irrigated Paddyfield

Rainfed Paddyfield

Dry Land

Monoculture Garden

Simple Agroforest

Total

Pisang (Musa sp.) 0.6% 7.1% 1.0% 2.6% 11.6%

Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis) 0.6% 3.2% 1.0% 4.8%

Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim) 1.0% 2.6% 1.0% 4.5%

Kucai (Allium tuberosum) 1.0% 2.3% 3.2%

Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris) 0.3% 1.3% 1.0% 2.6%

Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) 1.9% 0.3% 0.3% 2.6%

Lengkuas (Alpinia galangal) 1.6% 0.6% 2.3%

Jagung (Zea mays L.) 1.3% 0.6% 1.9%

Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) 0.3% 0.3% 1.0% 0.3% 1.9%

Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea ) 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 1.6%

Top Ten Vegetables Species Cultivated (% of plot number)



n % n % n % n %

Household experienced 1 1.60% 3 4.80% 15 25.00% 19 10.30%

Household not experienced 61 98.40% 60 95.20% 45 75.00% 166 89.70%

Household experienced with Tree-annual crop Farming System

Farming System CharacteristicsTree Species Annual Crop Species

Alpukat (Persea Americana), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

Kucai (Allium tuberosum)

Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa), Durian (Durio zibethinus)

Kucai (Allium tuberosum)

Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa), Petai (Parkia speciosa)

Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)

Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape), Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria), Mangga (Mangifera indica)

Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)

Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King), Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria) Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon)


Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)

Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)


Petai (Parkia speciosa) Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim)

Pinus (Pinus sp) Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum), Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)

Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria) Kucai (Allium tuberosum), ,Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis,)Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim)

Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus)


Farming System CharacteristicsAverage Level of Labour Input by land use type (ps-day/ha/year)

Labor inputsIrrigated Paddyfiel

d

Rainfed Paddyfiel

dDry Land

Monoculture

Garden

Simple Agrofore

st

1.1 Land Preparation 121.5 117.2 160.3 78.6 57.2

1.2 Nursery 10.9 10.6 1.7 0.1 0.3

1.3 Planting 57 50.8 80.9 24.1 33.8

1.4. Maintaining 64.5 52.4 107.7 33.1 27.5

1.5. Fertilizing 13.5 14.9 20.8 10.1 6.7

1.6. Harvesting 66.6 56 49.1 19.1 16


Land size (ha) by household

Irrigated Paddyfiel

d

Rainfed Paddyfiel

d

Dry Land

Monoculture

Garden

Simple Agrofores

t

Average Labor Input (ps-day/ha)

< 0.1 483 433 580 274 185

0.11 - 0.3 234 215 261 93 118

0.31 - 0.5 128 59 160 19 124

0.51 - 0.7 113 45 30

> 0.71 254 45 73 21

Labor inputs by land holding size and land use type


Irrigated Paddyfiel

d

Rainfed Paddyfie

ldDry Land

Monoculture

Garden

Simple Agrofore

st

Chemical Fertilizer (%)

Urea 100 97 39 44 23

SP-36 91 94 54 56 35

KCL 24 16 20 39 16

NPK 2 22

Other 5 2 5 5

Organic Fertilizer (%) 21 16 52 78 30

Pesticide (%) 88 91 33 44 16

Level of External Farm Inputs by type of land use type (% of plot)


Irrigated Paddyfiel

d

Rainfed Paddyfiel

d Dry LandMonoculture Garden

Simple Agrofore

st

Chemical Fertilizer (Kg/Ha)

Urea 426.5 691.7 179.5 180.6 28.7

SP-36 160 228.8 105 117.8 17.7

KCL 30.6 22.1 72 48.7 4.3

NPK 1.5 11.9

Other 5.1 2.3 91.4 - 7

Organic Fertilizer (Kg/ha) 348.9 721.1

3,836.00 4,049.70 972

Pesticide (ml/ha)

6,368.60

2,402.50

10,214.10 1,087.50 364

Level of External Farm Inputs by type of land use type (ps-day/ha/year)


Commodity Unitn = plot

Price (Rp/unit

)

Average Yield

(per ha)

Income (Rp000/h

a)

Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim) kg 14 975 8,999 8,774

Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) kg 8 7,500 1,007 7,549

Jagung (Zea mays L.) kg 6 3,000 1,904 5,713

Caesin (Brassica rapa L.) kg 4 1,500 3,400 5,100

Kacang kedelai (Soya max piper) kg 1 2,000 2,500 5,000

Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas) kg 1 1,000 5,000 5,000

Bayam (Alternanthera amoena voss) bundle 1 500 9,000 4,500

Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) kg 6 2,167 1,735 3,759

Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L) kg 5 2,200 1,680 3,696

Kunyit (Curcuma longa) kg 5 833 3,824 3,187

Farm income by Species cultivated (per ha)


Commodity Market CollectorConsum

erWholes

eller

Bayam (Alternanthera amoena voss) 100%

Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) 33.30% 33.30% 33.30%

Caesin (Brassica rapa L.) 25.00% 75.00%

Jagung (Zea mays L.) 100%

Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) 75.00% 25.00%

Kacang kedelai (Soya max piper) 100%

Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L) 100%

Kunyit (Curcuma longa) 66.70% 33.30%

Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas) 100%

Marketable commodities and the marketing chain (in % by commodities)


Irrigated Paddyfie

ld

Rainfed Paddyfiel

d

Dry Land

Monoculture Garden

Simple Agrofo

restTotal

Land Preparation

~ Proportion of male (%) 99.70 99.20 99.20 100 99.60 99.40

~ Proportion of female (%) 0.30 0.80 0.80 0 0.40 0.60

Nursery

~ Proportion of male (%) 73.40 92.70 100 100 100 82.40

~ Proportion of female (%) 26.60 7.30 0 0 0 17.60

Planting

~ Proportion of male (%) 59.60 54.70 83.30 84.90 94.10 71.10

~ Proportion of female (%) 40.40 45.30 16.70 15.10 5.90 28.90

Maintaining



Average Level of Labour Input by land use type and gender (% plot)


Irrigated Paddyfiel

d

Rainfed Paddyfie

ld

Dry Land

Monoculture

Garden

Simple Agrofo

restTotal

Fertilizing



Harvesting



Total Labor Input



Average Level of Labour Input by land use type and gender (% plot)



Sukaluyu

Total

Family Head (%) 79.00 85.70 81.70 82.20

Wife (%) 17.70 4.80 6.70% 9.70

No agricultural expenditure (%) 3.20 9.50 11.70 8.10

Who control the expenditure for Agricultural inputs

Concluding Remarks1. The Kecamatan Nanggung includes 7,022.3 (63.8%) hectare of arable land.

The remaining area is housing and other infrastructures and other uses .

2. Population growth (since 2003-2006) was 0.40% per year, lower than West Java Province and National growth. Population density of the area is 683 persons per square kilometers (ps.km-2), lower than for West Java.

3. 63.4% of working population (economically active population) engages in agriculture, higher than national data (46.3%).

4. Largest proportion of family income were spent on food (62%)

5. Agricultural income contributed 14% to the total households’ income. In Term the poverty line, the study found that 52% of the surveyed households are below poverty line, and thus are categorized as poor.

6. Unequal land distribution is a characteristic of the study site, where the bottom 60% of the surveyed household controlled only 15% of total landholding size, while the top 20% controlling about 62% of the total landholding size.

Concluding Remarks7. Intensive agriculture (paddy field, dryland and monoculture garden) mostly

takes place in the relatively flat area, more than 80% of the plots are considered by the respondents as gently to slightly steep area.

8. The top five vegetables species found in of plots samples were : Pisang (Musa sp.), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum) and Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris). This species mostly cultivated in dryland and simple agroforest.

9. Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum) and Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), are the most common annual crops cultivated by farmer under Dudukuhan system.

10.The number of ps-days involve in land preparation is much higher than in other activities. Number of ps-days involved in nursery activities and fertilizing activities is the lowest compare with the others activities.

11.The use fertilizer common in all sample plots in the study site, except for complex agroforests and fallow lands. The fertilizer rate of every land use category varies according to land use category and varies among plot within the land use category.

Concluding Remarks12.Almost all commodities harvested in the plot were sold by the surveyed

households. Most of the harvested yields (89% or more) are sold for 22 annual commodities. Only 76.5% of corn yields are sold and 29.6% of rice. All (100%) of the sawi produced is consumed by households.

13.Data recorded from the surveyed household shows that high value species (Cabe, Caesin, Kacang kedelai ) mosly sold directly through consumer, this show that farmers lack adequate market information and market access.

14.Women involved in agriculture is limited to certain activities, in paddy field, women had proportion more than 15% of labor input only in nursery, maintaining, fertilizing, and harvesting activities. But for others land use, proportion of women labor very small.

Thank You

socio-economic baseline study agroforestry and sustainable vegetables production in southeast asian...

Documents

n plot

land size m2

land size range ha0

avg land size hahh0

population of study

respondent households

land185 households

nanggung subdistrict