socio-economic assessment of fishermen affected by implementation of glover’s reef managed access...

8/13/2019 Socio-economic assessment of fishermen affected by implementation of Glover’s reef managed access license program

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September 2012

This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment. It was prepared by Wildlife Conservation Society.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OFFISHERMEN AFFECTEDBY IMPLEMENTATIONOF GLOVER’S REEFMANAGED ACCESSLICENSE PROGRAM



SOCIO-ECONOMIC

ASSESSMENT OFFISHERMEN AFFECTEDBY IMPLEMENTATIONOF GLOVER’S REEF

MANAGED ACCESSLICENSE PROGRAM

Contract No.: EPP-I-00-04-0020-00 Task Order No. 5Subcontract No.: EPP-I-05-04-0020-00-WCSPeriod of Performance: November 24, 2010 to September 15, 2014

The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the UnitedStates Agency for International Development or the United States Government.



v

CONTENTS

Preface................................................................................................................................. 1

List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................ 2

Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 3

Introduction and Objectives ................................................................................................ 4

Background ......................................................................................................................... 5

History of Managed Access in Belize ........................................................................... 5

Description of Glover’s Reef Marine Reserve.............................................................. 6

The Fishing Communities ................................................................................................... 9

Sarteneja ........................................................................................................................ 9

Dangriga ........................................................................................................................ 9

Hopkins ....................................................................................................................... 10

Methodology for Socio-economic Survey ........................................................................ 11

Socio-economic Survey Results ....................................................................................... 11

Demographics ............................................................................................................. 11

Resource Use .............................................................................................................. 13

Fleet Composition ....................................................................................................... 14

Lifestyle ...................................................................................................................... 15

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 17

References ......................................................................................................................... 18

Annex 1 ............................................................................................................................. 19



GLOVER’S REEF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 1

PREFACE

The USAID Regional Program for the Management of Aquatic Resources and EconomicAlternatives, financed by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and

implemented by Chemonics International, with the Wildlife Conservation Society as asubcontractor, builds on previous projects in Central America to support and promote marine andcoastal conservation through rights-based access and market-driven mechanisms in concert withlocal partners from both the private and public sectors. The program will achieve these goalswith a focus on four key trans-boundary watershed areas and seven key focal species. The fourtrans-boundary regions are the Gulf of Honduras, Moskitia Coast, Cahuita-Gandoca-Bocas delToro, and Gulf of Fonseca. The focal species for the program are divided into species withcommercial importance, namely mangrove cockle, queen conch, grouper, snapper, and spinylobster, and two groups of endangered species: sharks and sea turtles.

The Program will employ multiple strategies to positively affect its target species within its

regional points of focus including the promotion of rights-based legislation and programs,establishment of marine protected areas and no-take reserves, promoting specific protections andmanagement regimes for threatened species and by providing economic alternatives to localcommunities where resource extraction threatens marine and coastal natural resources.



2 GLOVER’S REEF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

LIST OF ACRONYMS

EDF Environmental Defense Fund

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GRMR Glover’s Reef Marine Reserve

MAC Managed Access Committee

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

SFI Belize Sustainable Fisheries Initiative

TAC Total Allowable Catch

TIDE Toledo Institute for Development and Environment

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society




ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Wildlife Conservation Society would like to express its gratitude to all the hardworkingfishermen from Glovers Reef Marine Reserve (GRMR) who have not only embraced the

managed access program and this particular project but took the time off from their fishingactivities to assist us by filling out the survey forms.

We are also grateful to the Belize Fisheries Department for sharing the socio-economic databasewith us so that we could carry out this analysis and report on the results for the GRMR.

We also are very grateful to our donors, the Oak Foundation, Summit Foundation and theUSAID Regional Program for the Management of Aquatic Resources Program and EconomicAlternatives for their financial support to this work.




INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

In mid-2011, the Government of Belize established a managed access program for the country’s

fisheries at two pilot sites, the Glover’s Reef and Port Honduras Marine Reserves, as part of its

Sustainable Fisheries Initiative (SFI). In addition to monitoring the health of the stocks beingfished at GRMR, the Managed Access Task Force overseeing the national implementation of the program felt strongly that there was also the need to monitor the socio-economic status of thefishermen in an effort to determine whether the program was having a positive or negative effecton their livelihoods and general standard of living. The collection of socio-economic data was,therefore, incorporated as part of the new licensing process under the managed access program.

The socio-economic survey was carried out when the fishers were issued their special managedaccess licenses in July 2011 and seeks to establish a baseline of data of the socio-economic statusof the traditional fishers using the two pilot site reserves that can be compared with results fromfuture years. The survey seeks to document the current living standards of the fishers, their level

of education and that of their dependents, and their economic reliance on these reserves.

The survey results will also help to inform future efforts aimed at providing alternativelivelihood opportunities for the fishermen, as well as the potential impacts of existing alternativeeconomic projects, such as the tour-guiding and pig-farming activities in the largest fishingcommunity of Sarteneja.




BACKGROUND

History of Managed Access in Belize

In Belize, as in all Central American countries until very recently, fisheries have been operating

under a completely open-access system. In Belize, any Belizean aged 18 or older may obtain acommercial fishing license to fish nearly anywhere in Belize's territorial waters. With theexception of conch, none of the species targeted for commercial or recreational fishing aremanaged through a quota system. Belize uses a number of tools to manage its fisheries,including controls on gear, seasonal closures, and a world-renowned system of marine reserves.As a result, Belize's fisheries have not experienced the same catastrophic collapse as many of thefishery stocks it shares with its regional neighbors. Nevertheless, open access poses a majorthreat to the long-term sustainability of the commercial and recreational fisheries that support thefishery and tourism industries on which Belize relies heavily for its GDP. Therefore, theGovernment of Belize has partnered with a range of NGOs and fishermen and fishermen’sassociations to end open access management and introduce a system of managed access aimed at

evolving into catch shares1.

Under open access, commercial fishermen are driven to race to fish. They catch as much as possible in order to maximize profit in a “fishing derby” at the opening of lobster and conchseasons. This system encourages illegal fishing because management under open access doesnot provide fishermen with the individual incentives to be good stewards and sustain thefisheries. Moreover, it is harder and harder for fishermen to make a living because there has been a steady increase of licensed commercial fishermen targeting two fully exploited fishspecies, conch and lobster. Increasing numbers of fishermen targeting the fisheries translates tounsecure livelihoods for fishermen, including unstable income and a diminishing local,sustainable source of protein. It also results in an increase demand of product for less profit.

A successful system of fisheries management would ensure that individual fishermen or tightlyorganized groups of fishermen benefit from actions to conserve and protect the resources – as thestatus of the resource improves, so would the livelihoods of fishermen. Managed access andcatch shares can accomplish this goal. As a first step to end open access, managed access is asystem that will end the unsustainable growth in the number of fishermen by balancing thenumber of fishermen with the carrying capacity of the resource. It will also control the numberof fishermen in Belize's system of marine reserves so that these ecological jewels will haveabundant fisheries that will benefit the entire fishermen population. Catch shares will establish asystem of quotas for the key commercial species in Belize in order to ensure that the importantfishing industry continues to thrive and grow into the future.

Managed access and catch shares have a proven record of restoring fisheries and improvingfishermen livelihoods in 35 countries for approximately 800 species. In Belize, as a first step toending open access, managed access will provide traditional fishermen a secure, dedicated access

1 1 “Catch Shares,” also known as Limited Access Privilege Programs (LAPPs), is a system under which ascientifically derived sustainable catch limit, or Total Allowable Catch (TAC), is allocated as “shares” to an

individual fisherman, community or fishery association, who is held accountable for restricting the catch to thosespecific “share” levels.




to a fishing area. Managed access will encourage fishermen and local communities to becomestewards of the resources, by ensuring that they benefit by conserving the resources. Withsupport from NGO and government partners, managed access will also strengthen and improvecommunity-based management, monitoring, and enforcement of fisheries. Fishermen will be partners in the decision-making process for fisheries.

The Belize Fisheries Department, with the support of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS),Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), and Toledo Institute for Development and Environment(TIDE) – who together comprise a national ad hoc Managed Access Task Force – isimplementing a limited or managed access program at two pilot sites: Glover’s Reef MarineReserve and Port Honduras Marine Reserve.

Both the Glover’s Reef and Port Honduras marine reserve regulations provide for rights-basedmanagement under a special license system for traditional users; however, such a system had not been implemented due to the lack of human and financial resources and formal infrastructure forthe program. Three years ago, the Belize Fisheries Department, EDF, TIDE and WCS entered

into a partnership to find a feasible way to implement such a rights-based management, as provided for by law, with a view to optimizing present and future benefits for fishermen andmaintaining biodiversity at the two pilot sites.

Managed Access aims to end the open-access fishery in Belize by ensuring that only traditionaland responsible fishers who rely on the reserves for their livelihoods have access to these areas.Managed Access aims to reduce overfishing, reduce fishing capacity, improve catch per unit ofeffort (CPUE), increase economic yield through value-added and improved marketing, andreduce illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. An integral part of Belize’s managed access

program is to determine a total allowable catch (TAC) for spiny lobster ( Panulirus argus).

Managed Access is a result of a comprehensive series of consultations over a two-year periodwith various groups of stakeholders, including fishers, fishermen associations, governmentdepartments and government ministers. These meetings were very important in laying thefoundation for developing a national “Framework and Design for Managed Access” andgarnering support from fishermen. The Framework addresses issues such as issuance of licenses,data collection, catch reporting, monitoring, enforcement, and establishment of managed accesscommittees, including their Terms of Reference.

Description of Glover’s Reef Marine Reserve

Glover’s Reef Marine Reserve (GRMR) encompasses approximately 36,067 hectares andincludes the entirety of Belize’s southernmost atoll, Glover’s Reef. The marine reserve was

designated in 1993 and is managed by the Belize Fisheries Department, which operates a rangerstation on Middle Caye, which is owned by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Themarine reserve management team is comprised of a manager, a biologist, and three rangers and is




responsible for with patrolling the entireatoll, collecting visitors’ fees, conducting

biological monitoring, collecting catch log books, and deploying mooring anddemarcation buoys, among other tasks.

The atoll is an important fishing groundfor fishermen from Sarteneja, Hopkins,Belize City, Dangriga and, to a lesserextent, Placencia. These fishers depend onthe area for resources such as lobster,conch, and finfish. The atoll is also used by tourists for sport fishing, kayaking,diving and snorkeling and by localrecreational fishers.

The marine reserve is zoned for multiple uses and divided into 5 management areas (see map

below).

The General Use Zone is thelargest of the four zones,covering an area of 26,170 ha,and is divided between twoareas: the main section locatedin the northern half of the atolland a smaller section located inthe southern end. Althoughfishing is permitted in theGeneral Use Zone, gearrestrictions, such as prohibitionof the use of gillnets, traps, andlong lines, are in effect. This isthe area in which the managedaccess fishers are allowed to fish.

The Seasonal Closure Zone

encompasses the Nassau grouperspawning bank located on thenortheast corner of the atoll; it isclosed to fishing from the 1st ofDecember to the 31st March ofthe following year. It spans anarea of 1,550 ha, which includesthe channel in the reef andstretches out to the deep water ofthe fore reef and drop-off. Thiszone also overlaps with the more




recently declared North-east

Spawning Aggregation Site, whichis permanently closed to fishingyear-round, and is particularlyimportant for Nassau grouper.

The Conservation Zone is thesecond largest zone, comprisingabout 7,077 ha or 20.2% of thesouthern part of the atoll. Noextractive activities are permittedwithin this zone.

The Wilderness Zone, equivalent to a "Preservation Zone", is the smallest of the zones,encompassing an area of only 270 ha. It is located within the Conservation Zone, just south ofMiddle Caye, lying along the southeastern reef tract. No activities are allowed within the

Wilderness Zone.




THE FISHING COMMUNITIES

The majority of fishermen using the GRMR are from the fishing communities of Sarteneja,Hopkins and Dangriga (see map below).

Sarteneja

The Village of Sarteneja is located ca. 40 miles eastof the town of Corozal in northern Belize. It has a population of approximately 1,800 and is the largestfishing village in Belize, with 80% of householdsdependent on fisheries resources (Wildtracks 2008).It overlooks the Corozal Bay Wildlife Sanctuary.Sarteneja was established in 1854 by Mayan peoplefrom Mexico who were fleeing persecution by theSpaniards in Mexico (G. Verde, pers. comm. 2011).

The people of Sarteneja were predominantlyagriculturists until 1955 when Category 5 HurricaneJanet completely destroyed the village and then wasfollowed by a long drought, which forced residents tochange their primary source of livelihood to fishing.Although English is the official language of Belizeand used in the schools, Spanish is the dominantlanguage spoken in the village.

Men here are generally employed in fishing, traveling throughout the length of the barrier reefand atolls for conch and lobster. They use 21 – 38 ft. sailboats powered by sail and

outboard/inboard engines, with a crew of 7 to 12 fishers, and carry 7 – 14 dories (Grant 2004).More recently, there has been a slight shift in the target catch, which now includes fin fish andsea cucumber. Sarteneja can be accessed by air, sea and land; however, the most economical andcommon mode of transport is via public bus. The road conditions are very poor, which haslimited the village’s economic development.

Dangriga

Dangriga is the largest town in the Stann CreekDistrict and is located at the mouth of the NorthStann Creek River. The town has a population

of 8,814 (CSO 2003). Agriculture and tourismare the key drivers behind the economy ofDangriga. Access to Dangriga is via theHummingbird Highway or daily commercialflights. The population is predominantlyGarifuna and Creole, with a recent influx ofCentral American Mestizo migrants, who workon the citrus and banana farms. Dangriga

Map showing the location of Sarteneja, Dangriga, Hopkins and Glover’s Reef




fishers limit their fishing activities mainly to the Tobacco Range and South Water Caye Area,with a few also using the GRMR (Gibson et al. 2005).

They fish using skiffs with small outboard engines ranging from 40 to 115 horse power. Morerecently, however, larger skiffs with larger engines have been observed. The Dangriga fishers

use mainly hand lines (drop and set lines) and nets to capture fin fish. They also use hook sticksto capture lobster and dive for conch (Grant 2004).

Hopkins

Hopkins is a small Garifuna fishing village on one ofthe few mainland beaches in Belize, located ca. 30minutes’ drive south of Dangriga. It was establishedin 1942 to replace the village of New Town, whichwas devastated by a hurricane (Hopkins TourismMaster Plan, 2010). The village has a population ofapproximately 1,000 inhabitants (CSO 2003), who are primarily Garifuna with a strong fishing tradition. TheHopkins fishers use the Glovers Reef, South WaterCaye and Gladden Spit marine reserves. They fishmainly for snapper and grouper with handlines, and

were traditional fishers at the Nassau grouper spawning site at the northeast point of the GRMR.They also free-dive for lobster and conch. Their fishing is very seasonal; they fish a particularsite depending on the quadrant of the moon and time of the year. Similar to the fishermen fromDangriga, they use mainly skiffs, ranging in size from 20 to 26 ft, with outboard engines.Several of the skiffs carry one or two dories, with two to four crew members; the fishersgenerally remain two to three nights at sea (Grant 2004).




METHODOLOGY FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

Belize’s Sustainable Fisheries Initiative (SFI) Managed Access Task Force designed a surveyform (see Appendix 1) using the Socioeconomic monitoring guidelines for coastal managers in

the Caribbean: SocMon Caribbean (Bunce & Pomeroy 2003) as a guide. The survey wasdesigned to answer the following questions:

1. Are there traditional fishers at GRMR?2. Does the marine reserve provide a good standard of living for the fishers and their

dependents?3. What is the level of education of fishers and their dependents?

The survey was self-administered and issued to every fisher who obtained a managed accesslicense. Upon request, staff of the Fisheries Department and Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS) assisted fishers in filling out the survey forms. The survey consisted of 17 questions,

mostly with ‘yes or no’ answers. A total of 146 fishers were interviewed from the communitiesof Belize City, Sarteneja, Hopkins and Dangriga. The data were entered in an Excel spreadsheet,an analysis was carried out, and the results are presented in the pages that follow.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY RESULTS

Total Number of persons interviewed: 146 Number of Males: 144

Number of Females: 2Average Age of Fisher using GRMR: 38Age of Youngest Fisher using GRMR: 18Age of Oldest Fisher using GRMR: 68

Demographics

A total of 146 fishers were interviewed between July and September 2011forcollection of this socio-economicinformation. This figure represents

90% of the total number of fishersusing GRMR. The overwhelmingmajority of fishers were males, withonly two female fishers, both fromDangriga.




The average age of fishermen using the GRMR is 38 years; 65% of the fishers are above 30years of age. The oldest fisher is 68 whilst the youngest is 18 years old. The average age in2004 was estimated to be 34 years (Gibson et al. 2005). This increase in average age over the past seven years indicates that fewer young men are entering the fishery. There are only fourfishers above the national retirement age of 65 still fishing in the area.

A very interesting finding was thatalthough the largest group offishers was from Sarteneja, severalfishers were from inland villages,such as Guinea Grass in theOrange Walk District and Valleyof Peace in the Cayo District.

Significantly, 71% of the fishersstarted to fish at GRMR before the ageof 18. It should be noted, however,that Statutory Instrument No. 1 of2010 introduced a minimum age of 18years to be eligible for a fisher license.This should reduce the number of persons entering the fishing industry atan early age.

Fishers from Glovers Reef have strongfamily ties. Eighty percent of thefishers are either married or in acommon-law relationship, and only 3% of them have been divorced or separated from theirspouses. A total of 371 persons are dependent on the fishers of GRMR indicating – in relation tothe total number of fishers – that average household size is relatively small.

Ninety-two percent (92%) of respondentsstated that they have a primary school orhigher-level education, which indicates theycan read and write at least at a basic level.This explains the project’s overall successwith data submission (although it should benoted that several fishermen who have notcompleted primary school experiencedifficulty completing their logbooks).




In 2006, approximately 62% of the fishermensurveyed had completed primary school or ahigher level of education (Lizama 2006 ).This suggests an advance in education of theaverage fisherman from five years ago.

From the survey, it was determined that thereare a total of 371 dependents of the fishers atGRMR. Sixty-seven percent (67%) of thefishers responded that their dependents haveat least a primary school education; 27% havea secondary school education; 6% havevocational training or tertiary education. Only13% of their dependents participate in fishing.

Eighty-six percent (86%) of respondents

stated that they have received no training inthe fisheries sector over the past five years. Asmall number received training in the areas ofsmall engine repairs, fish handling, CPR andfirst aid, use of navigation systems, survivalskills, tour- guiding, and ranger-training.

Resource Use

Forty-two percent (42%) of the fishers haveused GRMR for more than 20 years, while

only 12% started fishing within the past fiveyears. The survey also showed that therewere 12 persons that have spent up to 54 yearsfishing at Glovers Reef. This demonstratesthat most of the fishers at the site are well-experienced, and confirms a long history ofuse of GRMR by these fishers, thus, that theyare indeed traditional users of the Atoll.

The results revealed that these traditional

fishers rely heavily on the resources of GRMRas their main source of income, with 48% ofthe fishers indicating that they fish the area for16 – 20 days each month. These were mainlythe sailboat fishers. Furthermore, 96% of thefishers stated that they fish up to six or moremonths each year at GRMR.




Fleet Composition

The fishing fleet currently in operation at GRMR is small, totaling 16 artisanal boats: ninesailboats and seven skiffs. The sailboats are wooden and range in size from 21 to 38 feet, withauxiliary outboard engines. They also carry several dories or dugout canoes. The skiffs aremainly made of fiberglass and are 15 to 28 feet long and equipped with outboard engines.

In 2004, the size of the GRMR fleet was very similar, with 22 boats operating. Five of these boats, however, did not fish regularly on the Atoll (Grant 2004).

List of Boats Presently Operating in GRMR

Vessel_Name

Type of

Vessel Draft (ft) Beam (ft) Length (ft)Inri Sail 3.5 11.9 38

La Bonita Sail 3 8 21.5

Leonilda Sail 2.5 8 28

Princess sail 4 8 22

Sandy Noe Sail 2. 8 26

Tormento Sail 3 12 38

Ubafu Sail 4 8 24

Adileni P Sail 3.5 8 27

Gennie Sail 1 7.2 21

Jessie Skiff 2 4 23Julisa Skiff 4 23

Marisol Skiff 3. 8 28

Nixia A Skiff 3 8 26

Viviana Skiff 6 4 15

Chelsie Skiff 2 5 16

Chico Skiff

Sailboat with dories at Glover’s Reef Marine

Reserve (Photo: R. Coleman/WCS)Hopkins Fisher in skiff at Glover ’s Reef

Marine Reserve (Photo: J. Maaz/WCS)




Fishers indicated that an average fishing trip is 8.2 days, with a minimum duration of two daysand maximum of 18.5 days. However, this maximum trip duration, reported by one fisherman, isvery unlikely, and more realistically the longest trips last about 15 days.

One hundred and four (104) fishers

indicated that they only use up to20% of their catch for their personalconsumption, confirming that thegreat majority of them are indeedtraditional commercial fishermen.Only 36 of the fishers interviewedindicated that they have analternative source of income, suchas from carpentry, masonry, taxi-driving, tour-guiding, farming, ormiscellaneous jobs around the

villages where they live. Thisexplains the fact that 98 (67%)fishers stated their catches fromGRMR represent between 81 and

100% of their income.

Surprisingly, of the 98 fishers who indicated that they derived 81-100% of their income fromfishing at Glovers Reef, 29% indicated that their annual income from GRMR is not more thanBZ$ 5,000.00. The level of confidence in the results of this section of the survey is consideredvery low in the light of fishers’ reluctance to provide any financial information to governmentthat might be used as a justification to collect more taxes from them. One fisher, however, statedthat he makes up to BZ$ 90,000.00 per year.

The average cost per fishing trip is BZ$ 783.30, where the maximum cost is BZ$ 4,800.00 andthe minimum cost is of BZ$85.00.

Lifestyle

As fishermen are generallyreluctant to provide financialinformation on their fishingoperations, it is often best to use

another measure of wealth as a proxy. The survey used aselection of household assets andservices as this measure.

The survey results on a selectionof basic needs or services showthat 104 fishermen or 71% own




their own homes. This has increased since 2006, when it was estimated at 64% (Lizama 2006).Eighty-five to ninety percent (85 – 90%) stated that they have indoor toilets, potable water andelectricity.

As regards ownership of household

items, most fishermen (89%) havea television and access to cableservices. The majority also own awashing machine (80%),refrigerator (84%), and a telephone(59%). Several fishermen (26%)also reported owing a motorvehicle.

In comparison to a 2006 survey,the ownership of this ‘basket’ of

household items appears to havedeclined slightly for a couple ofassets. For example, five years ago 95% of fishermen surveyed stated that they owned atelevision, 92% owned a refrigerator, 80% owned a telephone, and 30% owned a vehicle. On theother hand, only 55% owned a washing machine. The decline in telephone ownership can nodoubt be attributed to a shift towards owning cellular telephones.




CONCLUSION

Are There Traditional Fisheries at GRMR?

The managed access licensed fishers have a long tradition of fishing at the GRMR, and

many of them are highly dependent on the resources of the reserve.

Does the Marine Reserve Provide a Good Standard of Living for the Fishers and Their

Dependents?

In general, the fishermen that use GRMR are relatively affluent, with the majorityowning their own homes that have basic services.

The majority also own additional assets that improve their quality of life, such asrefrigerators, televisions, telephones, and washing machines.

What is the Level of Education of Fishers and Their Dependents?

As regards level of education, most fishers have only a primary school level of education,although the situation appears to have improved as compared with five years ago.

An encouraging sign is that fishers’ dependents have a higher level of education, with33% having secondary, tertiary, or vocational education, compared to only 17% of thefishermen themselves. Thus, fishermen are investing in the education of their children,and fewer of the latter are entering the fishery.

Lessons Learned

As fishermen remain skeptical about revealing their financial information to data collectors, thesurvey included proxies as measures of wealth. The survey methodology can be improved to

gather more precise data but must avoid infringing on the fishers’ right to privacy.

The survey results can be an important source of information for guiding any alternativelivelihood activities. For instance, the low level of education, particularly for older fishermen, isa limiting factor in their learning other skills and needs to be taken into account. Marine tour-guiding is an obvious choice, as it builds on their existing skills. Language, for example forfishers from Sarteneja, is another constraint that must be considered.




REFERENCES

Anon. 2010. Hopkins Tourism Master Plan. 7pp.http://www.iica.int/Eng/regiones/central/belice/IICA%20Office%20Documents/Agro-Eco-

Cultural-Tourism%20Hopkins%20Master%20Plan%202010.pdf Belize Fisheries Department. 2011. Managed Access Framework and Design. 2011.Bunce, L. and R. Pomeroy. 2003. Socioeconomic monitoring guidelines for coastal managers in

the Caribbean: SocMon Caribbean. WCPA, NOAA, Cermes and GCRMN. 88pp.Central Statistical Office (CS). 2003, Abstract of Statistics, 2003.Gibson, J., D. Lizama, and R. Pomeroy. 2005. Establishing a Socio-economic Monitoring

Program for Glover’s Reef Atoll, Belize. Wildlife Conservation Society. 58pp.Grant, S. 2004. Glover’s Reef Marine Reserve Fisheries Boat Census 2004. Wildlife

Conservation Society and Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Secretariat, Belize. 38pLizama, D. 2006. Report on the Socio-economic Monitoring Survey for Glover’s Reef Atoll,

Belize. Wildlife Conservation Society. 56pp.

Wildtracks & Wildlife Conservation Society. 2008. Management Plan for Glover’s Reef MarineReserve World Heritage Site 2008-2013. http://www.gloversreef.org/grc/pdf/Glovers-Reef-Management-Plan_Final.pdf

Wildtracks, 2008. Sarteneja Tourism Development Plan. Prepared for the Sarteneja Alliancefor Conservation and Development and the Sarteneja Tour Guide Association, with supportfrom WCS. 54pp.

http://www.iica.int/Eng/regiones/central/belice/IICA%20Office%20Documents/Agro-Eco-Cultural-Tourism%20Hopkins%20Master%20Plan%202010.pdf



http://www.gloversreef.org/grc/pdf/Glovers-Reef-Management-Plan_Final.pdf










ANNEX 1

Managed Access SocioEconomic Form

Fisher’s Full Name:____________________________

Fishing Area: GRMR PHMR

Socioeconomic Information

1) How long have you been working as a fisherman? _____

At what age did you start fishing? _____

How many days per month do you participate in fishing? _____

How many months per year do you participate in fishing? _____

How long in days is your typical fishing trip? _____

2) What Percentage of your income comes from fishing?

1 - 20%

21% - 40%

41 - 60 %

61 - 80%

81 - 100%

3) What percentage of your catch do you use as a source of food?

1 - 20%

21% - 40%

41-60 %

61-80%

81-100%

4) What other source of income do you have?

What is the % of your income from this other job?

1 - 20%

21% - 40%

41-60 %

61-80%

81-100%




5) What is your approximate typical annual income from fishing? _________

What are your usual expenses per trip? (List Items in the spaces below)

Item

Fuel _____

Oil _____

Ice _____

Food _____

Other _____

6) What is the approximate annual income you would need to make ends meet in your household?

_____

7) Do you own your home?

Yes

No

8) Does your dwelling have? Toilet

Running Water

Electricity

Kitchen

Shower/Bath

Telephone

Sewage Removal

9) Do you have any of the following?

Telephone

TV

Washing Machine

Refrigerator

Motor Vehicle

10) Do you have access to basic health care?

Yes

No

11) Marital Status:

Married

Single

Divorced

Widow(er)

Separated

Common-law



12) No. of dependents:

Sons ___________

Daughters ______

Others __________

13) How many of your dependents have completed basic or primary education? _____

How many of your dependents have completed secondary education? _____

How many of your dependents have attended or completed university or certificate/vocational

programs? _____

14) How many of your dependents participate in fishing? _____

15) Fisherman Education Level:

No Education

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Vocational Studies Other

16) Have you received any training related to the fishery sector in the last five years?

Yes

No

17) If so, what type?

18) In case of emergency contact person:

- Name

Ms. ________________ Mrs.________________

Mr._________________

- Relationship

Wife

Husband

Son

Daughter

Nephew

Niece

Common-law

Other relatives_______________________

- Address (Street address/ Community/ District).________________________

- Telephone/Cellular No.___________________________