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SOC. SCIENCE

SECTION II

1.The Course of the Wara.The Imbalance of Military Capabilities

i. Roughly equal in the beginning, economicallyEntente was ahead.

ii. Russian left war, but U.S joined rebalancingiii. Germany was better trained, better equipped, and

had better transportation. Central Powers were

clustered allowing pressure to be relieved.

b.Early Battlesi. The Western Front

1.Strategya.France underestimated the number of

divisions Germany would send through

Belgium

b.JoffresPlan 17 looked to deploytroops to take Alsace-Lorraine

2.The German Attack and the Battle of theFrontiers

a.Germany loses precious time in Belgiumb.Battle of Frontiers (Aug 14-Sept 6, 1914)

i. Largest battle in human historyii. ~equal forces fightingiii. 200,000 in casualties in a week.iv. French/British retreatv.

Moltkesends two corps (sevendivisions) to Eastern Front to

combat quicker-than-expected Rus.

3.The First Battle of the Marne and the Raceto the Sea

a.French/Belgian troops disrupted supplylines for German by destroying rail/bridges

b.First Battle of the Marnei. Marked end of Schlieffen Planii. 35 German generals resignediii. Casualties by Dec. 600,000iv. Race to the Seav. Erich von Falkenhayncommands Ger.

c.First Battle of Ypresi. Germany vs. BEF, Germany almost winsii. Belgium opens sluice gates flooding

lands, halting German advance.


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ii. The Eastern Front1.Necessary to mobilize quickly to stop German

advances in Western Front

2.Aimed to break through minimal defenses in Ger.3.The Russian-German Battles: Gumbinnen,

Tannenberg, Masurian Lakes

a.Russia didnt all in Germany, tried toknock out Austria to help Serbia

b.Russia wanted to achieve imperial goalsc.1stArmy under Rennenkampf 2ndSamsonovd.Battle Of Gumbinnen

i. Russian victory, Germany loses8000 men.

ii. Erich Ludendorffin commande.Russia failed to encode messages-

>generals didnt communicate->1stArmy

fails to receive call for help

f.Battle of Tannenbergi. German troops engaged, flanked,

captured, and destroyed 2ndArmy.

g.Battle of Masurian Lakesi. German troops confronted and won

against 1stArmy

4.Austria-Hungary: Attack on Serbia and theRussian Invasion of the Austrian Province ofGalicia

a.Logical Strat. to leave minimal forcesin South for Serb. and focus on Rus.

b.Conrad (Aus.) decides to attack Serbia,Germany orders him to attack Russia.

c.Single track railroads delay movement ofAustrian troops for first weeks of war

d.Underestimated Serbian military and lostdespite better weapons

e.Battle of Lvivi. Considered first major Entente

victory.

ii. Diverse Austrian Army defected/surrendered according to some

sources


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iii. Stalemate: Trench Warfare on theWestern Front

5.Machine Gunsa.First developed in the 1880s-90s.

i. 1914 cooling systems, reduction inweight, high rate of fire

ii. storm of steelb.Artillery became essential to war

i. No-mans land was wired and heavilydefended

ii. Cavalry and tanks were too vulnerable1.Horses required fodder

iii. Brakes eliminated the need toreposition after firing artillery

c.German Krupp and Austrian Skoda6.Deep Trench Systems

a.Falkenhayn proposed seeking peace treatyi. Recognized unwinnable war

b.Ordered the construction of sophisticatednetwork of trenches and defenses

c.Stacked lines of machine guns/trenches7.Belief in Artillery

a.Both sides were in a race to create thedeadliest weapons. Gasses, tanks,

airplane.b.Massive artillery bombardments were one of

the few ways people tried to win wars.

c.The Imperial Wari. The Ottoman Empire

1.Entry Into the Wara.Heavy loss of territory after 1st2ndBalkan

Wars

b.1908 Young Turk Revolutionsc.Turkish anger at Ententes meddling in

affairsi. Germany appealed as a militaristic

industrial powerhouse.

ii. Germany helped modernize 1913d.Sept. 1914, Renunciation of all unequal

treaties.


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i. Gave extensive privileges toforeigners

ii. Harbored two German warships,Goeben/Breslau, trapped in Med.

e.Diplomacy with Br. Fr. Centered onRussia not acquiring their land after

the war (for neutrality)

i. Unable to convince Russia to agreef.Oct. 1914 sank Russian ship

i. Declaration of war, Germany believed inglobal Muslim uprising.

2.The Ottoman Battles in the Caucasus, Gallipoli, anthe Middle East

a.Battle of Sarikamishi. Dec. 1914 Enver marches to Caucasus

1.Temperature and supply problems2.Disastrous opening for Ottoman

b.Battle of Gallipoli Feb-Dec. 1915i. Entente looked for opp. On other

fronts

ii. Looked to open Dardanelles andStraits for Russian supply.

iii. Br. Fr. Sent largest naval forcetowards Dardenelles. Landed April

1915iv. ANZAC forces held still for 8

months. Bulgaria joined in Sept.

1915 forcing Entente retreat.

v. Major strategic setback, despiteOttomans > casualties.

c.Sinai Peninsulai. Unsuccessful attacks on Suze Canalii. British offensives in Sinai and

Baghdad all failed

1.Largest Capitulation in BritishHistory

2.Charles Townshend Apr. 1916iii. Fear of Muslim mobilization kept

many colonial forces in place

1.Staved off Allied victory andprolonged war


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d.Erzerumi. Major fortress complex that Enver

deemed impregnable

ii. Feb. 1916 taken over, 5 days by Rus.iii. Contained almost all Turkish

artillery guns in Caucasus.

e.Faced defeats along Arabian Peninsula forsuspected bias against Muslim

ii. The Global War1.British and French Conquest of German Colonies

in Africa and Asia

a.Japan declared war on Germany Aug. 1914defeated German forces in China.

b.Overwhelmed troops at Tsingtao Nov. 1914and all of Germans Asian empire

c.African empires went to war. Paul vanLettow evaded a British force of 130,000

with 14,000 men. Askari natives aided

2.Colonial Dominion Troop mobilizations andParticipations in the War

a.Overall Britain had the greatest # of alltroops

i. Australian troops fought in Gal.Egy.ii. Canada brought 55,000 volunteers,

opposed to conscriptioniii. India 1,300,000 troops

b.Spurred Can. Aus. NZ towards full ind.i. National pride built,

disillusionment w/ Britain over

human/economic cost of war

c.Pushed India to national ind.d.Massive Rebellions in Central Asia

d.The Eastern Front1.German Offensives and the Great Retreat of

the Russian Army, May-October 1915a.Germany digs in West, pushes hard in Eastb.A-H army nearly disintegrated with many

co-ethnics surrendering.

c.Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive 1915i. Intense artillery bombardment broke

Russian shallow trench lines


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ii. Thin railways slowed transport ofreserves

iii. Thinly spread out army easilybroken, flanked, and captured.

2.Consequences of the Great Retreat and TotalWar for Russian Domestic Politics, Society,

and Empire.

a.Great Retreat1915i. Lost fortresses and stockpiles, 13%

of their population, industrialized

parts of Poland

ii. Russian pogroms attacked Jewsiii. 3-day Riots, Russia prepared for

total war economy

b.Germany had still not beaten Russiai. No separate peace was arranged.

Russia remained with Entente agrmnt.

c.Italy entered the war creating anotherproblem for Central powers

d.3rdBattle of Artois 1915i. Introduction of Chlorine gas by Br.

unsuccessfully

ii. Planes used to find artillery targetsiii. Fr. Br. Troops broke through 1stline

of trenches, slaughtered by 2

nd

e.Offensives were utterly pointless and

actually favored the defenders

f.Bulgaria joined Central Powers b/c Serbiag.Russian Winter shifted focus back to West.

e.Total War 1915-19171.Beginning in 1915, Germany focused back on

West, Entente needed to coordinate attacks.

2.Artillery recognized as the key to winning war.3.Larger conscriptions in Britain, exemptions

whittled downa.Led to Easter Uprising 1916 (Irish) led to

Irish Independence (1919, 21)

b.Petrograd Mutiny with less reliable ethnicgroups. Brought down the tsar (1917).


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4.Battle of Verduna.Falkanhayn lured Joffre into historical

city of Verdun.

b.War of Attrition won by whittling downeach others troops until surrender

c.Joffre didnt believe in strategic valueof Verdun, rather moral value.

d.Phosphene gas, flamethrowers introduce byGermany. Ger. Destroyed railways

i. French supply systems and foodtransport

e.Very few territorial gains, horrific deathtolls, trenching was too advanced for

artillery, new masks neutralized gasses,

charges through no-mans land were futile.

5.Brusilov Offensivea.Attacks needed to be coordinated in order

to relieve pressure on all fronts and to

force Germany to transfer its troops.

b.1916 Russia launches attack at Lake Naroczi. Heavily outnumbered Germans, faulty

artillery information, unmitigated

disaster, 100,000 casualties.

c.Sapper trenches dug close to enemy lines,aerial photography, misinformation oftroops location to A-H

d.Austria severely weakened by transfer ofGermany divisions back to Verdun.

Brusilov launched attack a month early

e.Simultaneous artillery strikes confused A-H reserves. Efficient and accurate

artillery cleared no-mans land.

f.Sapper trenches were so close, someRussians met Austrians in dugout

g.Considered highly successful in relievingpressure and causing Germany to redirect

troops from Verdun.

i. Unable to be full victory, Rus. Armyto North was dismal failure.

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