Socializationserves two major functions:• On the one hand, it prepares the individual for the

roles he/she is to play, providing him with the necessary repertoire of habits, beliefs, and values, the appropriate patterns of emotional response and the modes of perception, the requisite skills and knowledge. On the other hand, by communicating the contents of culture from one generation to the other, it provides for its persistence and continuity.Chinoy, 1961: 75

Primary socialization• Primary socialization occurs when a child

learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. For example if a child saw his/her mother expressing a discriminatory opinion about a minority group, then that child may think this behaviour is acceptable and could continue to have this opinion about minority groups.

• Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning what is appropriate behaviour as a member of a smaller group within the larger society. It is

usually associated with teenagers and adults, and involves smaller changes than those occurring in primary socialization. E.g., entering a new profession, relocating to a new environment or society.

Gender SocializationThree Dimensions:•Social Interactionist•Cognitive•Unconscious

Social Interactionist Dimensions• Children imitate adult roles in their play• In taking gender-appropriate roles children

practise ‘doing gender’• In embracing the ‘generalized other’ they

embrace the gender order of their society• Children police one another into taking

gender-appropriate roles• Children’s toys and books offer gender roles

to follow• Children actively take part in their own

socialization and resist encouragement to subvert gender expectations

Cognitive Dimensions• Sensorimotor stage: handled differently by males and

females and become aware of the different smells and texture of the adults in their world

• Preoperational stage: become able to use language which genders the world and become aware of themselves as a boy or a girl

• Concrete operational stage: fully able to grasp gender as an abstract ordering principle. Able to view selves as gendered and see adults of different genders view world differently

• Formal operational stage: able to critically interrogate notion of gender. Able to make conscious choice about positioning themselves in gendered social world

Unconscious DimensionsThe unconscious is driven by fantasy representations of the world.Gender identity and difference has conscious dimensions but is also enmeshed in unconscious fantasies.• Freud: the early recognition of anatomical

difference is transformed into powerful fantasies about the father which are central to gender difference.

• Chodorow: separation from the early close relationship with the mother is achieved differently by girls and boys and is central to gender difference

•Developmental socializationDevelopmental socialization is the process of learning behaviour in a social institution or developing your social skills. •Anticipatory socializationAnticipatory socialization refers to the processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

----Resocialization refers to the process of discarding former behaviour patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. This occurs throughout the human life cycle. Resocialization can be an intense experience, with the individual experiencing a sharp break with their past, and needing to learn and be exposed to radically different norms and values. An example might be the experience of a young man or woman leaving home to join the military, or a foreign educational institution, or religious convert internalizing the beliefs and rituals of a new faith Cricketere Yohanna nowYousuf. An extreme example would be the process by which a transsexual learns to function socially in a dramatically altered gender role.

Organizational socialization is the process whereby an employee learning the knowledge and skills necessary to assume his or her organizational role. As newcomers become socialized, they learn about the organization and its history, values, jargon, culture, and procedures. They also learn about their work group, the specific people they work with on a daily basis, their own role in the organization, the skills needed to do their job, and both formal procedures and informal norms. Socialization functions as a control system in that newcomers learn to internalize and obey organizational values and practices.

Agents/units of SocializationIn the social sciences, institutions are the structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given human collectivity. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behaviour.

Types of institution include:•The Family •Religion •Education •Economic systems •Legal systems •Penal systems •Psychiatric hospitals and Asylums •Mass media and News media •Organizations (interest groups; political parties; Internet groups and Virtual communities) •Also (in an extended context):•Art and Culture •Language