social stratification chapter 7 - imperial valley...
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Social StratificationChapter 7
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Social Stratification:
• …is the structured inequality of access to rewards, resources, and privileges that are scarce and desirable within a society.
• …the inequality of entire categories of people, who have different access to social rewards as a result of their status in a social hierarchy.
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Dimensions of Social Inequality
• Max Weber – Multidimensional model• Wealth – Accumulated economic resources,
their economic status.• Power – Ability to achieve one’s goals,
even against the will of others. (Political status)
• Prestige – The admiration that a society confers on people. Their social status.
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Societies Based on Levels of Social Inequality
• Egalitarian Societies:• Ember…a society inn which all persons of a
given age-sex category have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
• …a society that recognizes few differences in status, wealth or power.
• Food-foraging peoples are characteristically egalitarian. (Achieved Status)
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Societies Based on Levels of Social Inequality
• Rank Societies-• Ember – (Page 109)• …have unequal access to prestige or status
but not unequal access to wealth or power.• …is usually a fixed number of high-status
positions. (Chief)• Largely hereditary, kinship, lineage.
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Societies Based on Levels of Social Inequality
• Class Societies – (Stratification)• …societies that are characterized by groups
that have substantially greater or lesser access to economic resources and power.
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Class:
• …those people who stand in a similar position with regard to their opportunities to acquire the society’s economic rewards.
• …a group determined by the role it plays in economic production.
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Class Consciousness:
• …recognition by the members of a class of the role they play in the production process.
• …the shared awareness that members of a social class have about their common situations and interests.
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Stratification Systems: Cont’d
• Open System -• Class System:• …an open form of stratification based
primarily on economic status, which may be subject to change.
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Social Mobility
• …movement from one social status to another.
• Types of Social Mobility:• Intergenerational Mobility -• …movement up or down the hierarchy by
family members from one generation to the next.
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Types of Social Mobility: Contd’d
• Exchange Mobility:• …changes in people’s social statuses as
they exchange places with one another at different levels of the hierarchy.
• Structural Mobility:• …changes in people’s social statuses as a
result of changes in the structure of the economy.
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Stratification Systems:
• Closed System-• Caste System:• …hierarchy of endogamous divisions in
which membership is hereditary and permanent. Includes inequality both in status and in access to goods and services.
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Caste System: Varnas
• Brahmins - (Priest/Scholars)• Kshatriyas - ( Nobles/Warriors)• Vaishyas - (Merchants/Skilled Artisans)• Shudras - (Common Laborers)• Harijans/Chandeles - (Outcastes )
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Global Distribution of Income
• Grameen “Village” Bank- Muhammad Yunus, founder.
• The Price of a Dream, David Bornstein
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Gerhard Lenski: Distributive Systems
• Distributive Systems - National
• Class Systems - Social criterion ,(wealth, occupation, education, political authority, ethnicity, etc.)
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Analysis of Class
• Marx’s Analysis:• …a class consists of all those people who
share a common relationship to the means of production.
• Bourgeoisie -• …owners of the means of production,
(property, factories, capital)
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Weber’s Analysis
• Hierarchies are based on:• Wealth - Economic status• Power - Political status (party)• Prestige - Social status• For Weber - Stratification can be seen as
emanating from several sources, not simply one’s economic position.
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Marx’s Analysis: Cont’d
• Proletariat -• …those who work for them. (Subordinate
class)• Relationship between the Bourgeoisie and
the Proletariat?
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Marx’s Analysis: Cont’d
• Exploitation:• …the utilization of a subordinate group, by
a group in a superordinate position for its own economic or other advantage. (Surplus wealth)
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Weber’s Analysis: Cont’d
• Weber - a class is comprised of those who stand in a similar position with regard to their opportunities to acquire the society’s economic rewards.
• “Similar position” includes:• Display of a particular life style.
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Webers’s Analysis: Cont’d
• Aware of differences between themselves and other status groups.
• Common consumption patterns…club membership…residential areas…schools…intermarriage