social stratification
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Black/White history in Prisons and Society - Social StratificationTRANSCRIPT
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Black/White history
• Jim Crow: Late 1800s to 1960s– System of formal Black-White segregation• After ‘Reconstruction’ in the South
– Supreme Court: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• Plessy: ‘of seven-eighths Caucasian, and one-
eighth African blood’
• Denied a seat on a first class coach in Louisiana
• Court upheld ‘separate-but-equal’
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Civil Rights era
• Civil Rights era– Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of Ed (1954)• Court overturned Plessy
• Rejected ‘separated-but-equal’
• School districts can’t segregate
– Social movement mobilization– Challenge to segregation, 1950s-1960s
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Civil Rights Act (1964)
• Bans employer discrimination based on:– race– sex– religion– national origin
• Allows current inequalities to persist– Past discrimination affects qualifications
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1884-1914: 3,600 lynchings
Murder of James Allen and John Littlefield, Marion, Indiana, 1930
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Executions for rape, 1930-1967
50
405
Not BlackBlack
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Source: BJS, "Prisoners in 2004."
Men in Prison, 2004
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-54 55+
Per
100
,000
Men
White Latino Black
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The Rich Get Richerand the Poor Get Prison
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U.S. v. the world: Incarceration
724564
344109
191145
120118116
978881
6031
USA
Russia
South Africa
Israel
Mexico
England
Australia
China
Canada
Germany
France
Sweden
Japan
India
Rates per 100,000 population: US 2004, others most recent. Source: sentencingproject.org.
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Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Surveys.
People in prison and jail
0
250,000
500,000
750,000
1,000,000
1,250,000
1,500,000
1,750,000
2,000,000
2,250,00019
80
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Update: prison clock
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Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics Correctional Surveys.
People without freedom
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
ProbationParoleJailPrison
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Chance of ever going to prison, men
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
Per
cen
t
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Black Latino White
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001.”
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What the justice system does
• Maintain a visible ‘class’ of criminals
• Project an image– Threat of crime = threat from the poor
• A system designed to fail– Practices that lead to crime, not prevent it
• Turns the middle class against the poor– ideological function
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And how it maintains crime
• Criminalizes victimless crimes– Crimes with no unwilling victim
• Arbitrary power for enforcers– Increases alienation, mistrust of the system
• Prisons are painful and demeaning– Overcomes any deterrent effect
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And how it maintains crime (2)
• Failure to provide job training or jobs
• Life-long stigma– No voting rights for former felons– Registration laws and police records
• No legitimate means of success– No opportunity for ‘legitimate’ means
Update: Today’s NYT
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Florida’s ex-felons in 2000
26,359
57,489
529,666
Non-votersRepublicanDemocrat
With 613,514 disenfranchised ex-felons:Assumes 14% would have voted, 69% of them for Gore.
Bush’s marginin Florida: 537 votes
If ex-felons could vote:Gore wins by 31,003
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Failure to stop crime
• Recent declines– Partly the result of anti-crime policies?
• But still higher than 1960 rates– Same policies didn’t work for many years
• Other explanations– Stabilization of the drug trade– Fewer teenagers– Economic improvement
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Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
California, thousands in prison
480
050
100150200250300350400450500
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Imprisonment (left)
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Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
California prison, murder rate
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 970
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Imprisonment (left)
Murder (right)
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Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
California prison, murder, jobs
050
100150200250300350400450500
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Imprisonment (left)
Unemployment (right)
Murder (right)
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Reiman’s Pyrrhic defeat theory
Pyrrhic victory: victory at such a high cost, it’s
really defeat
Pyrrhic defeatFailure to stop crime benefits the powerful so
much it amounts to success.